Download - Biology - Chp 3 - The Biosphere - PowerPoint
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Chapter 3
The Biosphere
Chapter 3
The Biosphere
Chapter 3
The Biosphere
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3-1 What is Ecology
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Objectives• Identify the levels of organization
that ecologists study
• Describe the methods used to study ecology
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Ecology• The scientific study of interactions
among organisms and between their environment
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Biosphere• The portion of the planet which all
life exists
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Levels of Organization • To understand relationships within
the biosphere ecologists ask questions about events and organisms that range in complexity from single individuals to the entire biosphere
• Studies can focus on…
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Species• A group of organisms similar to
one another that can breed together
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Populations• Groups of individuals that belong
to the same species and live in the same area
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Communities• Assemblages of different
populations that live in a particular place together with their non-living physical environment
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Ecosystem• Collection of all the organisms
that live in a particular place, together with their non-living environment
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Biome• A group of ecosystems that have
the same climate and similar dominant communities
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Ecological Methods1. Observing
2. Experimentation
3. Modeling
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3 – 2 Energy Flow
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Objectives• Identify the source of energy for
life processes
• Trace the flow of energy through living systems
• Evaluate the efficiency of energy transfer among organisms in an ecosystem
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Producers• Sunlight is the main energy
source for life on Earth
• Some types of organisms rely on the energy stored in organic chemical compounds
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Producers (autotrophs)• Use energy from the environment
to make their own food
Ex.) plants, some algae, certain types of bacteria
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Photosynthesis• Process that converts light
energy, carbon dioxide and water into oxygen, sugars and starches
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Chemosynthesis• The process that converts
chemical energy into carbohydrates
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Consumers (heterotrophs)• Organisms that rely on other
organisms for their energy and food supply
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Herbivores• Eat plants
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Carnivores• Eat animals
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Detritivores• Feed on plant and animal remains
and other dead matter
Ex.) mites, earthworms, snails, crabs
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Decomposers• Break down organic matter
• Ex.) fungi, bacteria
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Feeding Relationships• Energy flows through an
ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to various heterotrophs (consumers)
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Food Chain• A series of steps in which
organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten
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Food Web• A network of complex interactions
formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem
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Trophic Levels
• Each step in a food chain or food web
1st – Producers
2nd – 3rd or higher – consumers
• Each consumer depends on the trophic level below it for energy
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Ecological Pyramid• A diagram that shows the relative
amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food chain or food web
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Energy Pyramid• A diagram that shows the relative
amounts of energy available of each level
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• Only about 10% of energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level
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Biomass Pyramid• Represent the amount of food
available for each trophic level
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biomass• The total amount of living tissue
within a given trophic level
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Pyramid of numbers• Shows the relative number of
individual organisms at each trophic level
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3 – 3 Cycles of Matter
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Objectives• Describe how matter cycles among
the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem
• Explain why nutrients are important in living systems
• Describe how the availability of nutrients affects the productivity of ecosystems
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• Energy is crucial to an ecosystem, but organisms need more than that to survive
• They also need
• Water
• Minerals/nutrients
• Oxygen
• Carbon
• Nitrogen
• Phosphorus
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Recycling in the Biosphere
• Unlike the one way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems
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Evaporation• The process by which water
changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas
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Transpiration• The process by which water can
enter the atmosphere by evaporating from leaves of plants
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Condensation• Forming Clouds
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Precipitation• When water returns to the earths
surface
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Nutrients• All the chemical substances that an
organism needs to live• Every living organism needs
nutrients to grow and carry out essential life functions. Like water; nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through cycles
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The Carbon cycle• There are 4 different kinds of
processes involved in the carbon cycle:
1. Biological processes
2. Geochemical processes
3. Mixed biogeochemical processes
4. Human activity
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The Nitrogen Cycle• All organisms require nitrogen to
make amino acids, which in turn are used to build proteins
• Many different forms of nitrogen occur naturally in the biosphere
• Although nitrogen gas is the most abundant form of nitrogen on Earth, only certain types of bacteria can use this form directly
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Nitrogen fixation• Process of converting nitrogen
gas into useful forms
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The Phosphorus Cycle• Phosphorus is essential to living
organisms because it forms part of important life sustaining molecules such as DNA and RNA
• Unlike carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, phosphorus does not enter the atmosphere
• Phosphorus remains mostly on land in rock and soil minerals, and in ocean sediments
• As the rocks and sediments gradually wear down, phosphate is released
• Plants absorb phosphate then it moves to the rest of the ecosystem
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Nutrient Limitation• Ecologists are often interested in
the primary productivity of an ecosystem
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Primary Productivity• The rate at which organic matter
is created by producers
• If a nutrient is in short supply, it will limit an organisms growth
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Limiting Nutrient• Single nutrient that either is
scarce or cycles very slowly, limiting the growth of organisms in an ecosystem