Download - Biology EOCT Test A year in review
The Georgia Biology EOCT Test
The science test is comprised of five domains:
Cells & Heredity (25%)Ecology (17%)Structure and Properties of matter (26%)
Eukaryotic cells • true nucleus and organelles•plants, animals, protists,
and fungi are eukaryotesProkaryotic cells • lack a nucleus and
membrane bound organelles
•bacteria
Cell membrane -passage of materials into and out of the cell
Nucleus - controls cell functions; DNA
Nucleolus – produces ribosomes
Mitochondria- cell energy Ribosome- protein synthesis Vacuole- cell storage Lysosome- cell digestion
Endoplasmic reticulum- chemical synthesis
Golgi apparatus- packages proteins for secretion
Cell wall (plants )- rigid outer wall
Chloroplasts (plants only)- photosynthesis
Centrioles (animals only) - cell division
Cilia – short hair like structures
Flagella – long whip like tails
All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit of organization of all organisms.
All cells come from other cells all ready in existence.
CellTissue – functioning
group of cellsOrgan – functioning
group of tissuesOrgan System –
functioning group of organs
Organism – functioning group of organ systems
Homeostasis Steady State Self-adjusting mechanism that helps to
maintain your internal environment
Diffusion- movement of materials form a higher concentration to a lower concentration Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic
Osmosis- diffusion of water through a Membrane
Passive transport is the movement of materials without energy Diffusion, osmosis,
facilitated diffusionActive Transport
requires energy Pumps, exocytosis,
endocytosis
ElementsElements Building Building BlocksBlocks
UsesUses
CarbohydratCarbohydratesesEx-sugar,starchEx-sugar,starch
C,H,OC,H,O Mono-Mono-saccharidesaccharidess
EnergyEnergy
LipidsLipidsEx-butter, oilEx-butter, oil
C,H,OC,H,O Fatty Acids Fatty Acids & glycerol& glycerol
EnergyEnergy
ProteinsProteinsEx-meat, Ex-meat, cheesecheese
C,H,O,N,SC,H,O,N,S Amino Amino AcidsAcids
Structure, Structure, growth & growth & repairrepair
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Ex-DNA,RNAEx-DNA,RNAC,H,O,N,PC,H,O,N,P NucleotideNucleotide
ssGenetic Genetic InformatioInformationn
6 CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Occurs in chloroplastsTwo parts:
Light reaction Calvin cycle (dark reaction)
Cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to a form the cell can use.
Energy is stored in an ATP molecule (adenosine triphosphate) .
The process of breaking down food molecules to release energy
Occurs in the mitochondriaTwo types:
Aerobic – requires oxygen Anaerobic – occurs without oxygen
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Inseparable cycles
The Cell Cycle
Interphase
Mitosis PMAT
Cytokinesis
Somatic Cells
ReproductiveCells
ASEXUAL Diploid cells produced
by mitosis, binary fission
Identical copy produced
SEXUAL Gametes, haploid cells,
produced by meiosis Gametes combine
during fertilization to produce diploid cell
First diploid cell known as a zygote
Zygote grows into an embryo through mitosis
Infinite possibilities
DNA - blueprint for life Double helix Nucleotides are the building
blocks Contains a deoxyribose
sugar, phosphate group, and
4 bases: Adenine - Thymine Cytosine – Guanine
Copies itself by Replication
DNA Deoxyribose ThymineDouble
strandedFound only in
nucleus
RNARiboseUracil Single stranded
Transcription mRNA copies the
message from DNA in the nucleus
Translation Forms a protein by
translating the message on RNA into an amino acid sequence
A TRAIT is each variant for a characteristic. For example, a flower’s color may be red of white (trait).
An ALLELE is an alternative version of a gene.
Two alleles that are the same are said to be HOMOZYGOUS.
Two alleles that are different are said to be HETEROZYGOUS.
A DOMINANT allele is represented by a capital letter (ex. D). A dominant allele always makes its presence known in a phenotype
A RECESSIVE allele is represented by a lower case letter (ex. d). In a heterozygote, it is usually masked by a dominant allele, and only is expressed if both alleles are recessive (ex. dd).
PHENOTYPE is the way an organism looks.
GENOTYPE is the genetic makeup of an organism.
A Punnett square is used to predict what will happen when a male and a female reproduce.
Principle of Dominance – some forms of a gene or trait are dominant over the others
Principle of Segregation – when forming sex cells the paired alleles separate so that each egg or sperm carries only on form of the allele
Principle of Independent Assortment – each pair of alleles segregates independently during the formation of the egg or sperm
Gene mutations – affect individual genes Substitution GAU instead of GAA – calls for a different
amino acid Frameshift – entire line gets shifted – calls for different
amino acid chain Chromosomal mutations – affect entire
chromosome Duplication – extra chromosome Deletion – missing chromosome Inversion – chromosome reattaches backwards Translocation – segment of chromosome attached to
another pair
Forensics - DNA sequence of every person is unique and can be used for identification
Medicine-Diagnosis of genetic diseases and the development of cures and gene therapy
Agriculture-Using genetic technology, plants are mutated to improve disease resistance and crop output
Natural selection - how species evolve by adapting to their environment also known as survival of the fittest
Evidence Fossil record Antibiotic resistance Adaptations Vestigial organs Homologous structures Embryonic development Genetic makeup
Taxonomy – classification of organisms based on structure, behavior, development, genetic make-up
Evolutionary theory is the basis for taxonomy
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Aristotle first classified plants and animals
Carolus Linnaeus developed basis of system used today
Eubacteria – the earliest
Archaebacteria – closest to eukaryotes
Protista – most diverse, all other eukaryotes evolved from protista
Fungi – decomposersPlantae – producersAnimalia –
Invertebrates & Vertebrates
Individual
Population
Ecosystem
Population – group of a single species living in the same place
Communities - group of interacting populations
Ecosystem – the community and its environment
Biome – group of ecosystems with the same communities
Biosphere – the circle of life
Climate – temperature and rainfall6 major biomes
Tundra Coniferous Forest Deciduous Forest Grasslands Desert Tropical Rainforest
Amount of light, oxygen and salinity Lakes Ponds Wetlands▪ Marshes▪ Swamps▪ Estuaries
Coral Reefs Deep Ocean
Food Chains – one path of energy flow
Food Webs – complex model that expresses all the possible feeding relationships in a community
FoodSpaceWaterAir Shelter
Saprovores
Saprovoresor Carnivores
Carnivores
Carnivores
Herbivoresor omnivores
Herbivores
Predation + - Predator kills the prey for food
Competition - - both compete for same resources
Parasitism + - parasite lives in or on host
Mutualism + + symbiotic relationship in which both benefits
Commensalism + 0 symbiotic relationship in which one benefits and the other is not harmed
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solute and a solvent. A solute is the dissolved substance in a solution. There
is less of it. salt in salt water
sugar in soda carbon dioxide in soda A solvent is the dissolving medium. You have more of
it. water in salt water
water in sodas