Biology Semester 1 Study Guide

Part 1: Scientific Investigations

YouareconductinganexperimenttodetermineifincreasedUVradiationfromthedecreaseintheozonelayeris killing off frog tadpoles. After examining all of the data available in the library, you hypothesize thatincreased UV radiation from the sun is killing off the tadpoles. You design an experiment. There are 100tadpolesinafivegalloncontainerofwaterthatiscoveredbyglassthatfiltersoutUVradiation).Anotherfivegalloncontainerof100tadpolesiscoveredwithacrylicPlexiglas,whichwillnotfilterouttheU.V.radiation.Youthenplacethegroupsoutsideforaperiodofamonth,andobservetheresults.Theresultsshowedthatbothgroupsendedwithatadpolepopulationof96.Re-writethehypothesisintheif…then…format.

Iftadpolesare_________________________________________,

then________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

Whichisthecontrolgroup?

Whichistheexperimentalgroup?

Identifytheindependentvariableinthisexperiment.

Identifythedependentvariableinthisexperiment.

Nameatleast2constantsintheexperiment.

Whichvariablewouldyouusetolabelthex-axis,ifyouweretographthedata?

Whichvariablewouldyouusetolabelthey-axis?

Doesthedatasupportthehypothesis?Ifnot,inferwhatmightbecausingadecreaseinfrogpopulation?

Afteryouanalyzedyourresults,youcameupwithaconclusion.Isyourconclusionconsideredatheory?Whyorwhynot?

Part 2: Characteristics of Living Things

Listthecharacteristicsoflivingthings.Brieflydescribeeach.

Whatishomeostasis?Defineandgiveanexampleofapositivefeedbackloopandanegativefeedbackloop.

Whatthelevelsoforganizationthatallorganismsareapartof?Createaflowchartordiagram.

Drawafoodchainthatincludesexamplesofthefollowing:

• autotroph• heterotroph

Labelthedifferentlevels(producer,primaryconsumer,etc).WhatdecreasesasyoumoveUPthefoodchaintohigherandhigherlevels?

Chooseoneelement(C,S,N,P)andsketchonewaythatitmaycyclethroughanecosystem.Includeatleast5linksalongthispathway,andbesurethatyoudrawacompletecycle.Includeandlabelbothabioticandbioticpartsofthiscycle.

Whatdoesitmeantosaythatcellsaredifferentiated?Howisdifferentiationdifferentfromadaptations?

Part 3: Energy, Systems

Describe the law of conservation of energy inyourownwords.

Createa table that listsexamplesofkineticandpotential energy. Include the following in thetable,plusmoreexamplesofyourown:

• Glucose• ATP• Sunlight• Cellmovement• Food• Pyruvate

What is the difference between chemical andradiantenergy?Giveexamples.

Part 4: Biochemistry

Explainthedifferencebetweenamonomerandpolymer,inyourownwords.Foreachofthepolymers/macromoleculesontheright,describethem,giveanexample,andlisttheirmonomers(ifpossible)

Starch (Carbohydrate) Nucleic Acids Proteins

Glucose,C6H12O6,isanorganiccompound.Whatelementinglucosemakesit“organic”?Whatthingscanbebuiltwithglucose(giveexamples).

Whatotherchemicalelements(besidesC,H,andOfromglucose)arefoundinlivingcells?

CreateaflowchartthatshowshowATPbecomesADP.Includethefollowingterms:

q ATPq ADPq Phosphateq Energystoredq Energyreleased

Part 5: Cells

Labeltheimagetotheright.Identifyifthisisaplantoranimalcell.

DrawyourOWNleaderlinestolabelthepartsoftheplantcell.

• Usethesametermsasthatoftheanimalcellfromthepreviouspage,EXCEPTmicrovilliandcentrioles.

• Inaddition,labelthestructuresthatareuniquetoplantcellsthatareabsentinanimalcells.

Inyourownwords,explainthecelltheory.

MakeaT-charttoshowthefundamentaldifferencesbetweenprokaryoticandeukaryoticcells.Giveanexampleofeach.

Completethefollowingtablebyfillingthemissinginformation.Someorganellepartsmaybeusedmorethanonce.

Structure/Function CellPart

1. Storesmaterialwithinthecell

chloroplasts 2.

3. Thesitesofproteinsynthesis

4. Transportsmaterialswithinthecell

nucleolus 5.

6. Organellethatmanagesorcontrolsallthecellfunctionsinaeukaryoticcell

Centrosomes

7. Digestsexcessorworn-outcellparts,foodparticlesandinvadingvirusesorbacteria

8. Smallbumpsthatmakeproteinlocatedonportionsoftheendoplasmicreticulum

9. Providestemporarystorageoffood,enzymesandwasteproducts

10. Firm,protectivestructurethatgivesthecellitsshapeinplants,fungi,mostbacteriaandsomeprotests

Mitochondria 11.

12. Packagesproteinsfortransportoutofthecell

13. Everythinginsidethecellincludingthenucleus

14. Sitewhereribosomesaremade

15. Themembranesurroundingthecell

Cytoskeleton 16.

17.ThinthreadsofDNApackagedwithprotein,duringlateinterphase

18. Consistofhollowtubeswhichprovidesupportforthecell

19. Smallhair-likestructuresusedformovementorsensingthings

20. Composedofaphospholipidbilayer,proteins,andcarbohydrateside-chains

21. Longerwhip-likestructuresusedformovement

Classifythefollowingorganellesintooneoffourcolumnsbasedontheirroleinmetabolism.Lysosomes,Mitochondria,C.Membrane,Vesicles

Ingestion Digestion Respiration Excretion

Putacheckmarktoindicateifthefollowingorganellesarefoundinplantcells,animalcells,prokaryoticcells,orall.

Organelle PlantCell AnimalCell Prokaryoticcell

CellWall

Vesicle

Chloroplast

DNA

Cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

Endoplasmicreticulum

Golgiapparatus

Lysosome

Mitochondria

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Plasmamembrane

Vacuole

Ribosome

NucleoidRegion

Part 6: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (Aerobic and Anaerobic)

Nameandlabelthestructuretotheright.Whattypesofcellscontainthisorganelle?

Writetheequationforphotosynthesis.Indicateduringwhichpartofphotosynthesis(lightreactionorCalvincycle)eachpartismadeorused.

CreateachartontherighttocompareandcontrastthelightreactionandtheCalvincycle.Includethefollowingthings:

q Wheretheoccurq Whattheyuseq Whattheymakeorproduceq Themainpurposeorgoalofthisstage

Nameandlabelthestructuretotheright.Whattypesofcellscontainthisorganelle?

Writetheequationforcellularrespiration.

Writeageneralequationforfermentation.Whatmakesthisprocessdifferentfromcellularrespiration?

Lacticacidcausesmusclesoreness.Whywouldthehumanbodyperformanaerobicrespirationifitcausespain?Explain.

Describe,howcellulosecanbeusedtocreateethanolforpoweringcars.Whatstepsmustbetakentofermentthecellulose?

Complete the chart below:

Whereinthecelldoesitoccur?

Startingmaterials Productsmade

Glycolysis

Kreb’s cycle

Electron transport chain

Part 7: ATP Dependent Processes

Explainthedifferencebetweenpassiveandactivetransportofsubstancesacrossthemembrane.Whichoftheseprocess(es)require(s)cellularrespiration?Justify.ATPispotentialenergyneededtodrivefutureworkdonebythecell.Besidestransportingsubstancesacrossthemembrane,nameotherexamplesofcellworkdependentuponATP.Usingtheimageprovided,explainwhyaplantcellwouldrequirebothchloroplastandmitochondria.