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BiologySylvia S. Mader
Michael Windelspecht
Chapter 41
Reproductive Systems
Modified D. Herder
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41.1 Asexual Reproduction
• Invertebrates:• Sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, annelids, • Hydras: outgrowth (bud) of the parent• Flatworms: split in half• Sponges, annelids, & echinoderms can have the ability to regenerate from
fragments
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Reproduction in Hydra
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parentalpolyp
budding ofnew polyp
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Sexual Reproduction
– Most animals are dioecious
• Separate sexes
– Some are monoecious (hermaphroditic)
• Contain both male & female sex organs
• Most cross-fertilize
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Sexual Reproduction
• Gonads
– produce gametes
– Parthenogenesis
• Unfertilized egg develops into a complete individual
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Sexual Reproduction
– Many aquatic use external fertilization
– Internal fertilization (copulation)
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Strategies
– Oviparous: deposit eggs in the external environment• Aquatic animals (frogs)
– Ovoviviparous retain their eggs, though do not provide direct nutrients (sea horse)
– Viviparous retain eggs and provide nutrients to them (humans)
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• Reptiles & birds provide eggs– Oviparous– Development takes place in shelled egg containing
extraembryonic membranes– Yolk – Parents often tend eggs & young
• Placental mammals are viviparous– Do not lay eggs– Placenta –exchanges material between mother &
developing embryo– Development inside female– Care of zygote and embryo
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Parenting in Birds
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– Testes: paired gonads suspended in scrotum
– Sperm: produced by testes in seminiferous tubules
• Tubes packed with cells undergoing spermatogenesis
• Mature within epididymis
• Eventually enter vas deferens (ductus deferens)
– Semen: (seminal fluid) contains
• Sperm
• Secretions from
– Seminal vesicles
– Prostate gland
– Bulbourethral glands
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Male Reproductive System
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Testis and Sperm
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interstitialcells
immaturesperm
Sertolicell
uncoiledseminiferous
tubule
lobule
testis
scrotal sac
b. Seminiferous tubules100 µm
vas deferens
epididymis
a. Testis, cut to show lobules(b): © Anatomical Travelogue/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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MITOSIS MEIOSISI MEIOSISII
spermatogonium(diploid)
primaryspermatocyte(diploid)
secondaryspermatocyte(haploid)
earlyspermatid(haploid)
latespermatid(haploid)
immature sperm(haploid) acrosome
head
middle piece
tail
nucleus ofSertoli cell
end piece
d. Spermc. Spermatogenesis
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Testis and Sperm
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Male Reproductive System
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Hormonal Control of the Testes
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hypothalamus
LH
FSH
testis
GnRH
anteriorpituitary
--
-
-
++
Seminiferoustubulesproducesperm
plus inhibin.
Interstitialcells
producetestosterone.
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41.3 Female Reproductive System
• Oocyte (egg) bursts from an ovary • Swept into oviduct • Fertilization normally occurs in the oviduct• Ciliary action moves the developing embryo to the uterus• Embryo embeds in the uterine lining (endometrium)
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Female Reproductive System
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oviduct
ovary
fimbriae
uterus
urinary bladder
pubic bone
urethra
glans clitoris
labium minora
labium majora
vaginal orifice
a. b.
anus
vagina
rectum
cervix
monspubis
glansclitoris
urethra
labiamajora
vagina
labiaminora
anus
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Female Reproductive Organs
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Hormonal Control of Ovaries
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hypothalamus
LH
FSH
estrogen progesterone
GnRH
oocyte
follicle
-/+-
-
-/+
+
anteriorpituitary
+
corpusluteum
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Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
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Ovarian Cycle
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egg
sperm
MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS II
Ovarian cycle
5. Corpus luteum develops.
a.
b.
vesicular (Graafian) follicle
oocyte
2. The secondary follicle contains a secondary oocyte.
1. A primary follicle contains a primary oocyte.
primaryfollicles
secondaryfollicle
6. Corpus luteum degenerates.
corpusluteum
3. Vesicular (Graafian) follicle develops.
secondaryoocyte
4. Ovulation: Oocyte is released.
first polarbody
second polarbody
Sperm enters, andmeiosis II goesto completion.
secondary oocyte(23 chromosomes)
primary oocyte(46 chromosomes)
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