Download - Biomass Smoke Aerosol: Spatial and Temporal Pattern over the US October 2005 [email protected]
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Estimation of Smoke Mass
• The estimation of smoke mass from speciated aerosol data has eluded full quantification for many years
• CIRA, Poirot and others have • While full quantification is still not in hand, a proposed
approximate approach yields reasonably consistent results
• The smoke quantification consists of two steps:– Step 1: Carbon apportionment into Smoke and NonSmoke parts– Step 2: Applying factors to turn OCSmoke and OCNonSmoke into
Mass
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Smoke Quantification using Chemical Data
– Step 1: Carbon apportionment into Smoke and NonSmoke partsCarbon (OC & EC) is assumed to have only two forms: smoke and non-smoke
OC = OCS (Smoke) + OCNS (NonSmoke)EC = ECS (Smoke) + ECNS (NonSmoke)
In each form, the EC/OC ratio is assumed to be constantECS/OCS = rs (In smoke, EC/OC ratio rs =0.08)ECNS/OCNS = rns (In non-smoke, EC/OC ratio rns = 0.4)
With thes four equations, the value of the four unknowns can be calcualted OCS = (rns*OC –EC)/(rns-rs) = (0.4*OC – EC)/0.32OCNS = OC-OCSECS = 0.088*OCSECNS = 0.4*OCNS
– Step2: Apply a factor to turn OC into MassThe smoke and non-smoke OC is scaled by a factor to estimate the mass
OCSmokeMass = OCS*1.5OCNonSmokeMass = OCNS*2.4
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Smoke Excess OC – EC Calibration of Smoke Composition
• Smoke (excess) PM25, EC and OC yields calibration• Ratios for Kansas, Big Bend and Quebec smoke are similar• Good news for OC apportionment
PM25
ECOC
Smoke:EC/OC = 0.08PM25/OC = 1.5
EC/OC Ratio
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OC–EC Non-Smoke Calibration by Iteration
• Non-smoke ratios are more difficult• EC/OC of about 0.2-0.4 is reasonable• Outside this range is not
EC/OC Non-Smoke = 0.15 EC/OC Non-Smoke = 0.2
EC/OC Non-Smoke = 1EC/OC Non-Smoke = 0.4
Negative Smoke – not Possible Maybe??
Maybe?? Too little non-smoke too much smoke
Smoke OC
Non Smoke OC
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Measured and Reconstructed PM25 Mass
• Regional ‘calibration’ constants we applied to OC and Soil
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OCS, OCNS and PM25 Seasonal PatternAverage over 2000-2004 period
PM25Mass
OCS Smoke
OCNS NonSmoke
Day of Year
Mexican Smoke
Agricultural Smoke
Urban NonSmoke Carbon
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OC Smoke Spatial Pattern
Dec Jan Feb
Sep Oct Nov
Mar Apr May
Jun Jul Aug
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EC NonSmoke
Dec Jan Feb
Sep Oct Nov
Mar Apr May
Jun Jul Aug
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PM2.5 (blue) and ‘SmokeMass’ (red)
Smoke Events
Kansas Ag Smoke
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Example OC ‘Smoke’ Events
Smoke Events
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Seasonality of OC
Percentiles
• IMPROVE/STN Inconsistencies Not shown here
Great Smoky Mtn:
Episodic OC in the Fall season
Chattanooga::
Elevated and Persistent OC
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GRSM Seasonal Pattern of Percentiles
PM25
OC
SO4
Soil
Episodic
Episodic
OC in Fall dominates episodicity - Smoke Organics?
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Monthly Maps of Fire Pixels
• Fire pixels are necessary but not sufficient• Some Fire pixels produce more smoke aerosol than others …by at least factor of 5
NOAA HMS – S. Falke
Jan Feb Mar Apr
AugJun JulMay
Sep Oct Nov Dec
Smoke
Kansas Ag Smoke
No Smoke
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Summary
• Developments (CIRA, Poirot, others) • OC and EC can be reasonably apportioned between Smoke
and NonSmoke components
• The reconstructed mass can be matched to the measured PM25
Problems of OC Apportionment
• Need to incorporate biogenic OC!• IMPROVE and STN OC don’t match
• Some coefficients may need regional/seasonal calibration