Download - biomlecules_2
![Page 1: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biological molecules 1
Biomolecules
Molecules that make up living things
![Page 2: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Types of Biological Molecules
ProteinsWater Lipids
Nucleic acids Carbohydrates
![Page 3: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Organic Compounds Most Biomolecules are organic This means they are based on
Carbon and include hydrogen Includes carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins and nucleic acids Also includes vitamins
Biological molecules 3
![Page 4: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Biological molecules 4
Macromolecules
Large biomolecules Many of these are polymers.
Polymers: long molecules built by linking together small, similar subunits (monomers)
![Page 5: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Biological molecules 5
Building up polymers Condensation polymerization (aka
as dehydration synthesis) removes an OH and H during synthesis of a new molecule. ATP
![Page 6: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Biological molecules 6
Polymerization Diagram Water is formed and ATP is
required Water
(H2O)
Monomers Polymer
ATP ADP+pi
energy
![Page 7: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Biological molecules 7
Breaking down polymers Hydrolysis breaks a covalent bond
by adding OH and H from a water molecule
![Page 8: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Biological molecules 8
Hydrolysis Diagram
Water is required Water
(H2O)
Polymer Monomers
![Page 9: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Types of Biomolecules
Biological molecules 9
![Page 10: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Biological molecules 10
Carbohydrates Carbohydrate means “hydrated” carbon
Composing elements C, H, O
Hydrogen and Oxygen are in a ratio of 2:1
Can be simple monomers like glucose
Can be complex polymers like cellulose
![Page 11: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Biological molecules 11
Groups of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
sugars
Monosaccharides (monomers)
Disaccharides( Dimers)
Polysaccharides (polymers)
![Page 12: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Biological molecules 12
Monosaccharides C6H12O6
Fructose Galactose Glucose
![Page 13: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Biological molecules 13
Importance: Energy source: used as a reactant
in respiration Monomer Unit: used to form:
Dimers (disaccharides) and Polymers (polysaccharides)
![Page 14: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Biological molecules 14
Disaccharides
Lactose: glucose + galactose Maltose: glucose + glucose Sucrose: glucose + fructose
sucrose
![Page 15: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Biological molecules 15
Condensation to form Disaccharides
![Page 16: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Biological molecules 16
Importance: Energy storage: sucrose is a store of
energy in sugarcane and sugar beets
Energy transport: carbohydrate is transported in plants as sucrose
![Page 17: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Biological molecules 17
Polysaccharides
![Page 18: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Biological molecules 18
Structural Carbohydrates
Chitin – arthropod exoskeleton and fungal cell wall modified form of cellulose
![Page 19: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Try making a Concept map
Use the following terms to construct a concept mapMonosaccharidePolysaccharideDisaccharidePolymerMonomerCarbon 19
hydrogen oxygen glucose sucrose cellulose Starch Chitin
Glycogen Amylases Respiration Plants Animals Energy
storageAny others
![Page 20: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Biological molecules 20
Protein C,H,O,N and some have S(a few might also have P due to Addition of P in modification process but P is not a component of amino acids)
insulin:C254H377N65O76S6
![Page 21: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Made by Ribosomes Amino acids are
JOIN together by PEPTIDE BONDS Following a
sequence dictated by the DNA
Biological molecules 21
DNA
mRNA
Polypeptide?/Protein
Transcription
Translation
![Page 22: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Biological molecules 22
20 naturally occurring and encoded by DNA
About half can be made by our body and about half need to be consumed(Between 8-10 are essential)
![Page 23: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Biological molecules 23
Amino Acids
Glutamine (gln)
Aspartic Acid (asp)
Phenylalanine (phe)
![Page 24: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Biological molecules 24
20 different amino acids encoded by the DNA
![Page 25: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Folding of polypetides to form Proteins
Biological molecules 25
Shape of a proteins are important because
This determines how they interact with other molecules
This determines their particular function
![Page 26: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Biological molecules 26
Primary Structure
phe glu tyr ser iso met phe glu
Peptide(phosphodiester) bonds
secondary Structure
![Page 27: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Biological molecules 27
Tertiary Structure
Quaternary Structure
![Page 28: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Summary
Biological molecules 28
![Page 29: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Biological molecules 29
![Page 30: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Biological molecules 30
CATALYSTS eg. lipase
![Page 31: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
REGULATION(hormones) Eg Insulin
Biological molecules 31
![Page 32: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Biological molecules 32
STRUCTURAL eg.Keratin
![Page 33: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Biological molecules 33
STRUCTURAL eg. Histone Protein
![Page 34: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Biological molecules 34
TRANSPORT: eg haemoglobin
![Page 35: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Biological molecules 35
TRANSPORT: protein channels or carrier proteins
![Page 36: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Biological molecules 36
IMMUNITY: eg Antibodies
![Page 37: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Biological molecules 37
CONTRACTILE: eg Actin and Myosin
![Page 38: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Biological molecules 38
Muscle contraction and relaxation
![Page 39: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Biological molecules 39
Surface receptors
![Page 40: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Secondary Energy source
Biological molecules 40
respiration
![Page 41: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Try making a Concept map Amino acid R group Peptide bond Polypeptide Catalysts Hormones Structures Transport
Biological molecules 41
Transport Haemoglobi
n Immunity antibodies Protein
channels Proteases Carbon
Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Monomer Polymer Amino
group energy
![Page 42: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Biological molecules 42
Lipids Composing elements C, H, O
Lipids are loosely defined as groups of organic molecules that are insoluble in water. Their chemical formula vary considerably.
Include: fats oils Waxes Phospholipids steroids: sex hormones and cholesterol some vitamins glycolipids (lipids with carbohydrates attached)
![Page 43: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Biological molecules 43
Lipid structure Most lipids are composed of a of
glycerol molecule with attached fatty acids
Triglyceride
Phospholipid
Fatty acid
Fatty acid
Fatty acid
GLYCEROL FATTY ACIDS
Fatty acid
Fatty acid
PO4
HYDROPHYLIC END
HYDROPHOBIC END GLYCEROL
FATTY ACIDS
![Page 44: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Lipid structure Some lipids have a four ringed
structure Eg. Cholesterol and other lipids
that are derived from cholesterol
Biological molecules 44
![Page 45: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Steroid HormonesProgesterone: responsible for changes associated with the menstrual cycle and with differentiation factor for mammary glands
Aldosterone: raises blood pressure and fluid volume, increases Na+ uptake
Testosterone: male sex hormone synthesized in the testes, responsible for secondary male sex characteristics
Estradiol: an estrogen, principal female sex hormone, produced in the ovary, responsible for secondary female sex characteristics
Cortisol: involved in stress adaptation, elevates blood pressure and Na+ uptake, numerous effects on the immune system
Biological molecules 45
![Page 46: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Saturated fats:
Their fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms(have maximum number of hydrogen atoms)Straight structureUnhealthy fats usually from animal sourcesSolid at room temperature(20°C)
Biological molecules 46
Saturated fatty acid
![Page 47: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Unsaturatedfats
Their Fatty acids have:Have some carbon atoms that are double bonded(not fully hydrogenated)Kinked in shapeHealthy From plant sources Liquid at room temperature (20°C)
Biological molecules 47
Unsaturated fatty acid
![Page 48: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Biological molecules 48
Importance; Biological Role
Used to store energy (approx 36 kj/gram)
Lipids are often stored in special adipose tissue, within large fat cells
Fat cell
Lipids are concentrated sources of energy and can be broken down (through fatty acid oxidation in the
mitochondria) to provide fuel for aerobic respiration
Mitochondrion (false color TEM)
![Page 49: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Biological molecules 49
Importance; Biological Role
An important structural component of membranes
Phospholipids are the primary structural component of all cellular membranes, such as the plasma
membrane (false color TEM above).
![Page 50: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Biological molecules 50
Importance; Biological Role
acts as a shock absorber and good insulator
Fat absorbs shocks. Organs that are prone to bumps and shocks (e.g.
kidneys) are cushioned with a relatively thick layer of fat.
The white fat tissue (arrows) is visible in this ox kidney
Stored lipids provide insulation in extreme
environments. Increased body fat levels in winter reduce heat
losses to the environment.
![Page 51: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Biological molecules 51
Importance; Biological Role
Water proofing of some surfaces
Transmission of chemical messages via hormones
Waxes and oils, when secreted on to surfaces
provide waterproofing in plants and animals.
![Page 52: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Biological molecules 52
Forming a triglyceride NOT a Polymer
![Page 53: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Try making a Concept map Glycerol Fatty acids Steroids Ring
structure Triglycerides Saturated unsaturated
Biological molecules 53
lipases Carbon Insulation Phospholipi
d Membrane Hormones Energy
storage
Hydrogen Oxygen Waxes Oils Fats Shock
absorption
![Page 54: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Biological molecules 54
Nucleic Acids Composing elements: C, H , O, P, N Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Encodes information used to assemble proteins.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Reads DNA-encoded information to
direct protein synthesis.
![Page 55: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Biological molecules 55
DNA nucleotides
![Page 56: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Biological molecules 56
Nucleotide structure
3’
Deoxyribose
(sugar)
Phosphate group Nitrogen base
(A,G,C,T)
5’
![Page 57: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Biological molecules 57
OH
![Page 58: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Biological molecules 58
Nucleotide structure
3’
5’
![Page 59: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Biological molecules 59
![Page 60: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Biological molecules 60
purines pyrimidines
![Page 61: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Biological molecules 61
![Page 62: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Biological molecules 62
![Page 63: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Try Making a Concept map Nucleotide Monomer Polymer DNA mRNA RNA tRNA rRNA
Biological molecules 63
genetic information
Amino acids Ribosome carbon
Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus
![Page 64: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
END OF PRESENATION
Biological molecules 64
![Page 65: biomlecules_2](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022032515/563db887550346aa9a9482b3/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)