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Biotechnological interventions in aquaculture with special reference to shrimp farming
Saleem Mustafa, Melissa Joseph James &
Annita Yong Seok KianUniversiti Malaysia Sabah
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Aquaculture & Biotechnology
Two important areas of R & D in this century:Aquaculture & Biotechnology
Aquaculture Food producing activity
BiotechnologyTool of increasing production efficiency
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Aquaculture-Biotechnology interface
Biotechnolgical intervention in
mariculture & marine ranching
are considered a most feasible option
of meeting qualitative & quantitative
seafood security.
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Production potential of aquatic animals is
higher:Live in multidimensional environment
Body density similar to aquatic medium
Efficient food conversion
Faster growth
Most having body temperature similar to environment
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Comparative production efficiency
Cattle
Produces 0.454 kg (=1 pound) from 1.8-3.6 kg feed
Catfish
Produces 0.454 kg (=1 pound) from 0.681 – 0.908 kg feed
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Marine aquaculture more economical than freshwater
aquaculture
Freshwater:
Short supply
Multiple uses
- Drinking
- Irrigation
- Power generation
- Sanitation
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Marine aquaculture more economical
Sea water:
- Never in short supply in costal areas.
- Can pump it in any volume needed in
hatcheries, ponds, raceways, etc.
- Can directly stock animals in sea.
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EEZ promulgation
Law of the Sea in the form of EEZ has given maritime countries vast areas in sea for economic exploitation.
Malaysia: Marine area more than land area:
Marine area = 332,673 sq.km
Land area = 330,434 sq.km
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Vast marine area
Potential of vast marine area should be exploited using sustainable methods.
Interest in aquaculture is picking up.
Annual growth of aquaculture – 9.2% since 1970.
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Contribution of aquaculture to global food security:
Significant
46 million tons by weight
This is quarter of world food supply
Production expected to rise to 50 million tons by 2010.
Contribution by value = US$ 57 billion
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Application of biotechnology
Application of biotechnology essential for any quantum jump in aquaculture production.
Biotechnology getting more & more intricately linked to aquaculture.
Modern aquaculture can be appropriately described as a discipline of ‘Aquaculture Biotechnology’.
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Biotechnological tools needed:
Environmental remediation to minimize or mitigate the impact of stressors.Efficient artificial feeds
- Microencapsulation - Bioencapsulation
Disease management-probiotics & vaccines.
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Main areas of aquaculture biotechnology
GenomicsDeals with genetic material of aquaculture
animals. BiocomplexityBiological conditions arising from interactions: - within biological systems & - between biological systems & physical environment.
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Main areas of aquaculture biotechnology
Biocellular technology
Application of techniques to exercise control on, hormones, maturation, spawning, fertilization, development, growth & artificial feeding.
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Main areas of aquaculture biotechnology
Biosecurity
Focuses on issues pertaining to culture infrastructure.
Environmental security aspects.
Diagnostics for specific pathogens.
Issues relating to GMOs.
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Types of aquaculture systems
Based on:
Groups of of aquatic animals used in culture
Species
Combination of single or multiple species
Stocking density
Culture facilities
Other conditions
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Focus of our current research is on marine shrimp
(Penaeus monodon)
Major problems in shrimp farming:
Poor seed quality
Disease outbreak
We focused attention on seed quality.
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Factors determining egg quality:
Intrinsic qualities of egg.
Environment where eggs are spawned, fertilized & develop.
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Intrinsic qualities of egg:
Genetic heritage
Biochemical constituents
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Inherited genetic material:
Genetic capital of Tiger prawn broodstock was intact.
- No. of alleles/locus = 1.7
- Polymorphic loci = 33.3%
- Observed heterozygosity, Ho = 0.194
(exceeded He 0.122)
Data suggested no genetic degradation.
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Nutritive & biochemical factors
Egg needs chemicals, nutrients, various raw materials & a regulatory mechanism to direct the developmental processes.It is important to know:
- what gets into oocytes - How it gets there - What role it plats there - What is its fate in the oocyte
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Shortage or inappropriate quantities of these
substances:Poor egg quality.
Egg will not be able to sustain development of viable embryo.
Non-viability of eggs, & death of eggs & larvae.
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Broodstock condition
If female broodstock is poorly nourished:
inadequate transfer of nutrients to developing ovary.
Poor quality eggs.
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No de novo synthesis of sterol & HUFA in shrimp:
Sterol & HUFA should be in diet.
Both are important in development & maturation of ovary.
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Our experimental trials: 4 dietary treatments
Squid (40%)+Mussels (30%)+Trash fish (30%)
Squid 30%)+Mussel (25%)+Trash fish (25%)+Blood worm (20%)
Squid 930%)+Mussel (25%) + Trash fish (25%) + Bioencapsulated bloodworm (20%)
Squid (30%)+Mussel (25%)+Trash fish (25%)+Madmac (20%)
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Findings from feeding trials:
Live bloodworm bioencapsulated with tricalcic phosphate: Ca3 (PO4)2 most effective in development of egg quality.Accelerated RNA & protein biosynthesis.
Promoted deposition of cholesterol in oocytes.
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Improvement in egg quality resulted in significant:
Increase in egg & larval survival.
Increase in hatching rate.
Increase in metamorphosis of nauplii to zoea stage.
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Main Biotechnological procedures involved:
Bioencapsulation of live bloodworm collected from low energy coastal bays in the tidelands.
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Biotechnological procedures involved:
Chemical filtration of seawater - adsorption of toxic metals on charred waste of palm oil industry.
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Biotechnological procedures involved:
Induced breeding of tiger prawn in captivity:
- ablation of one eyestalk to remove
X- organ-sinus gland complex
a quick surgical operation.
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Thank you for your kind attention.