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BLACK HOLES IN
THE UNIVERSE
Félix Mirabel
Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives. France
&
Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. Argentina
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ASTROPHYSICAL BLACK HOLES
• Short history of the idea of Black Hole (BH)
• First evidences on the existence of black holes
• Discovery of microquasars (mQSQs) and implications
• Impact of black holes on galaxy and cosmic evolution
• Black holes as sources of gravitational waves
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THE IDEA OF BLACK HOLE
First proposed by John Michell in 1783 (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society)
IN THE CONTEXT OF CORPUSCULAR THEORY OF LIGHT:
“…suppose the particles of light to be attracted
in the same manner as all other bodies…”
THERE SHOULD EXIST BLACK HOLES:
“…there should exist in nature bodies from which light could not arrive at us…”
CAN BE DETECTED BY THE MOTION OF COMPANION STARS:
“…we might still perhaps from the motions of these revolving bodies infer the
existence of the central objects with some degree of probability…”
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SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES
(in the context of Newtonian physics)
BLACK HOLES MAY EXIST:
“…tous ces corps devenus invisibles…”
IN VERY LARGE NUMBERS:
“…Il existe donc dans les espaces celestes, des corps
obscurs aussi considerables, et peut etre
en aussi grand nombre, que les etoiles.”
THE LARGEST OBJECTS IN THE UNIVERSE:
“…ne lesserait en vertu de son attraction, parvenir aucun
de ses rayons jusq’a nous; il est donc possible que
les plus grands corps lumineux de l’univers,
soient par cela meme, invisibles.”
Idea remained silent due to the ondulatory theory of light
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RELATIVISTIC GRAVITY
LIGHT IS DEFLECTED AND l MODIFIED NO
MATTER IF IT IS PARTICLES OR WAVES
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RELATIVISTIC THEORY OF BLACK HOLES
Einstein Schwarzchild Eddington Chandrasekhar Oppenheimer
Theory of
gravitation:
black holes
should exist
Horizon:
Rs= 2 G M/c
~3 M/ M
km
White dwarfs:
Rwd = RT
Limit of mass
for white dwarfs:
Mwd < 1.4 M
Neutron stars:
M > 1.4 M
R ~ 20 km
Black holes:
M > 3 M
Black holes have mass, angular momentum, charge (?), but no material surface
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Représentation artistique
du trou noir
Einstein: « Dieu ne joue pas au dés »
Bohr: « Qui êtes-vous Albert Einstein
pour dire à Dieu ce qu’il doit faire ? »
Duel au sommet: A. Einstein vs N. Bohr
Solvay 1927
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SBHs in QUASARS & RADIO-GALAXIES?
SINCE THE 1970´s THE TIME VARIABILITY IN QUASARS & RELATIVISTIC JETS IN
RADIO GALAXIES SUGGESTED THE EXISTENCE OF SUPERMASSIVE BHs
adopted from:
K. Mannheim
(1998)
VLBI: Krichbaum et al. (1999)
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SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES
IN NEARBY GALAXIES
Kinematics of the Ha line with HST
MBH ~ 108 M
in M 87
H2O masers with VLBA
MBH ~ 107 M
in NGC 4258
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SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLE
AT THE GALACTIC CENTRE
•The black hole of ~4 millon solar masses at the Galactic Center
•Infrared monitoring with adaptive optics (Genzel et al., 2008)
•4 x 106 M
confined in a region enclosed by the orbit of the Earth•How could a cluster of massive stars ~107 yrs old exist in such environment ?
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MASSIVE GALAXIES HOST
SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES
•HOW ARE SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES FORMED ?
•ARE THERE BHs OF INTERMEDIATE MASS (102- 104 M
) ?
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STELLAR-MASS BLACK HOLES
DISCOVERED AS X-RAY SOURCES (Giacconi,1962…Nobel Prize in 2002)
IN BINARY STELLAR SYSTEMS:
as predicted by Michell (1783)
M > 3 M
BLACK HOLE
• ~20 BHs dynamically confirmed in
stellar binaries and other 20
additional candidates
• ~ 3 x 108 in the Galaxy
• Assuming ~10 M
this form of mass
is ~4% of total baryonic mass of the
Galaxy
•Outweighs the SMBH at Galactic
Centre by a factor of 103
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DISCOVERY OF A “MICROQUASAR” AT THE GALACTIC CENTRE
Mirabel, Rodríguez et al. (1992)
Black Hole
Belanger et al. 2003
Chandra
8 international workshops on mQSOsIR counterpart still not identified
1990 to 1999
GRANAT
CHANDRA
INTEGRAL
1E 1740-258:
a stellar BH
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QUASAR-MICROQUASAR ANALOGY
The scales of length and time are proportional to MBH
Rsh = 2GMBH/c2 ; DT a MBH
Unique system of equations:
The maximum color temperature
of the accretion disk is:
Tcol a (M/ 10M)-1/4
(Shakura & Sunyaev, 1976)
Waited era of space astronomy
For a given accretion rate:
LBol a MBH ; ljet a MBH ;
j a MBH-1 ; B a MBH
-1/2
(Sams, Eckart, Sunyaev, 96; Rees 04)
QUASAR MICROQUASAR Mirabel & Rodríguez: Nature 1998
ARE THERE APPARENT SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN mQSOs AS IN QSOs ?
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SUPERLUMINAL EJECTION IN A mQSO
1 arc sec
Mirabel & Rodriguez, 1994
VLA
GRS 1915+105
l3.6 cml3.6 cm
Vapp > C Jets have apparent superluminal motions
•GRS 1915+105 (discovered with GRANAT)
•0.5 M
red giant orbiting a 12 M
BH (Greiner et al.)
Luis F. Rodriguez
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POWERFUL DARK JETS FROM BLACK HOLES
Radio (Dubner et al); X-rays: (Brinkmann et al)
SS433/W50
• ATOMIC NUCLEI MOVING AT 0.26c
• MECHANICAL LUMINOSITY > 1039
erg/sec
• NON RADIATIVE JETS = “DARK” JETS
• >50% OF THE ENERGY IS NOT RADIATED
1o = 60 pc1arcsec
VLA l20cm
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à neutrons
tcombustion > tchute
HORIZON IS THE BASIC CONCEPT OF BLACK HOLE
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GAMMA-RAY BURST = FORMATION OF STELLAR BLACK HOLES
THE MOST ENERGETIC EXPLOSIONS AFTER THE “BIG BANG”
Associated to Hiper-novae (SNe Ic)
Universal time line since the formation of the first stars
or by implosion (Mirabel & Rodrigues, Science)
Stellar collapse & super-relativistic jets
GRB & galaxies @ z>8 (T~500 Myr)
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QSO - mQSO - GRB ANALOGYHAVE THE SAME 3 BASIC INGREEDIENTS (Mirabel & RodrÍguez, S&T 2002)
• AN UNIVERSAL MAGNETO-HYDRODINAMIC MECHANISM FOR JETS?
• WHAT IS THE ROLE OF BHs IN GALAXY AND COSMIC EVOLUTION ?
neutron star
no
no
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M=(m1 x m2 )^3/5 /(m1 +m 2 )^1/5 =c^3 /G [5/96 π^−8/3 x f^ −11/ 3 f ˙ ] ^3/5 ,
• Luminosity distance of 410 ± 170 Mpc (z~0.09)
• Merger of a 36 M
& 29 M
BHs with a final BH of 62 M
and 3 M
radiated in GWs
• Peak GW energy of 3.6 x 10^56 erg/s with no electromagnetic or neutrino counterpart
• Surprised because of the rapid detection and large masses of the black holes
GRAVITATIONAL WAVES FROM A BINARY BLACK HOLE
Abbott et al. (LIGO & Virgo collaborations (Physical Review Letters, 11 Feb 2016)
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FROM MASSIVE STELLAR BINARIES TO BBHs
MASSIVE STELLAR BINARY
>70% found in multiple systems
BH HIGH MASS X-RAY BINARY
BH-HMXB
e.g. Cygnus X-1 in the Milky Way
BINARY BLACK HOLE
BBH GW150914
• Because of the low metallicities and implosion of massive stars, Mirabel+2011
predicted a prolific formation of BH-HMXBs at the dawns of the universe (N&V Nature)
• The black holes that merged producing the source of gravitational waves GW150914
had masses of 30-40 M
, and it is believed that they must have been formed by direct
collapse (Belczynski et al. 2016).
Can observational evidences be obtained for
BH formation by implosion of massive stars?
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HOW ARE BLACK HOLE BINARIES FORM ?
CORE COLLAPSE MODELS:
DELEYED VERSUS DIRECT COLLAPSE AS A
FUNCTION OF THE MASS OF THE CORE:
Massive black holes (M>10 M
) should form
without luminous SNe & energetic kicks
(Fryer & Kalogera; Woosley & Heger; Nomoto et al.)
BUT THERE WERE NO OBSERVATIONS
TO TESTS THESE MODELS
USE THE KINEMATICS OF mQSOs TO
TEST THE CORE COLLAPSE MODELS
Mirabel & Irapuan Rodrigues (2001-2009 )
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THREE RUNAWAY BLACK HOLES
XTE J1118+480 MBH~7 M M*~0.4 M kpc; Vp=145-210 km/s
GALACTOCENTRIC ORBIT FOR 230 Myrs
Yellow: Sun White: BH binary
• GRO J1655-40: Fossil of a HPN (Israelian et al. Nature 1999)MBH~5-7 M M*~2 M;D=1-3 kpc; Vp=112 km/s (Mirabel et al. 2002)
• V404 Cyg MBH~9 M M*~0.8 M Vp= 39 km/s (Miller-Jones et al. 2015)
Mirabel, Dhawan, Rodrigues et al. (Nature 2001)
GALACTOCENTRIC ORBIT (230 Myrs)
Yellow: Sun White: binary BH
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TROUS NOIRS: "ÉTOILES CANNIBALES"
Irapuan Rodrigues
The Angeles Time
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TWO BLACK HOLES WITH >10 M
WERE FORMED IN THE DARK
• V 45 M
Mirabel & I. Rodrigues (Science, 2003)
BHs WITH > 10 M
WERE FORMED BY IMPLOSION
• Peculiar motion of GRS 1915+105 of
V = 22 ± 24 km/s with a BH of 12 M
is on the Galactic plane and can be
explained by Galactic diffusion.
• Two LGRBs at z ~ 0.1 with no bright
SNe: M(56Ni) < 10 -3 M
℉
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BINARY BLACK HOLES ARE PROLIFIC
SOURCES OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVES
SINCE THE DAWNS OF THE UNIVERSE
OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCES
• Black holes with ~10 M
can be formed by implosion
BBHs with components as low as 10 M
can be formed
• 75% of all stars with >15 M
are in binaries and in 1/3 of the
cases merge before collapse (Sana et al. Science 2014)
up to ~50% could end as BHXRBs. Uncertainties:
1) Fraction of HMXBs & 2) Metallicity effects on Binary evolution
• Absence of stellar progenitors with > 18 M
among the 45
progenitors of core collapse supernovae in the local Universe
(Smartt, 2015)