Blood, Lymph & Immune System CH 9
• Blood, lymph and Immune systems share common cells, structures, and functions
Blood
• A connective tissue
– Composed of plasma (liquid medium), solid components are suspended within
• 8% of total body weight
• Erythrocytes
• Leukocytes
• Thrombocytes
Blood Cell Formation
• Formed in Bone Marrow: Skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis and the long bones of arms and legs
• Develop from a Stem Cell
Blood Cell Development
• Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis = development & maturation of blood cells
– Erythropoiesis
– Leukopoiesis
– Thrombopoiesis
Following Maturation
• Blood leave bone marrow and enters circulation
• Red Blood Cells
• White Blood Cells
• Thrombocytes
Red Blood Cells (RBC’s) Erythrocytes
• Most numerous of circulating blood cells
• Have an iron-containing compound Hemoglobin
– Carries and exchanges
O2 for CO2
• Live 120 days
White Blood Cells (WBC’s) Leukocytes
• Protect against invasion by pathogens and foreign substances
• Remove debris from injured tissue
• Aid in the healing process
• Can enter tissue spaces
– Inflammation & Immune response
• Two groups: Granulocytes & Agranulocytes
Granulocytes
• Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Neutrophils
• Most numerous leukocyte in the circulation
• Highly motile and Phagocytic
• First cell to phagocytosis at the site of injury or infection
Eosinophils
• Release substances that neutralize toxic compounds
• Increase during allergic reactions and animal parasite infestations
Basophils
• Release histamines and heparin when tissue is damaged
• Histamines: initiate inflammation
• Heparin: anticoagulant
Agranulocytes
• Monocytes and Lymphocytes
Monocytes
• Mildly phagocytic within the blood
• In the tissue become macrophages – ingesting pathogens, dead cells,
Lymphocytes
• B cells (humoral immunity) and T cells (cellular immunity)
• Custom made immune response aimed at specific antigens
• Release potent chemicals that rupture the cells of what it attacks
Thrombocytes/Platelets
• Smallest formed elements found in blood
• Initiate blood clotting
– Series of reactions of specific factors
Blood Types
• Four Groups: A, B, AB, and O
• Based on specific antigens on the surface of RBC’s
• Rh Blood factor
– Negative or Positive
Lymph System
• Consists of a fluid called Lymph
– Monocytes and lymphocytes are suspended
• Network of transporting vessels lymph vessels
• Includes nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils
Functions of the Lymph System
• Spleen: filters cellular debris, bacteria, parasites, infectious agents
• Thymus: transforms lymphocytes into T cells
• Tonsils: masses of lymphatic tissue, filters that protect the upper respiratory tract
Lymph System Flow
• Blood Capillaries seep extracellular fluid
• Some extracellular fluid enters lymph capillaries
• Lymph eventually enters Lymph nodes
Lymph System Flow Cont.
• From R upper body enter Right Lymphatic Duct draining into Right Subclavian Vein
• From the rest of the body enters Thoracic duct draining into left subclavian vein
• Re-deposited into circulating blood, becoming plasma, cycle begins again
Immune System
• Layers of resistance
– Innate & acquired
• Immunocompetent:
Anemia
• Oxygen Carrying capacity of blood is deficient
O2 O2
RBC’s --- RBC’s --- RBC’s --- RBC’s
You’re Weak
Causes of Anemia
• Erythropenia: Decrease in Circulating RBC’s
• Hypochromasia: Decrease in the amount of hemoglobin
• Hematocrit: Decrease in the volume of packed
erythrocytes
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
• Infectious Disease
• Caused by Human Immuniodeficiency Virus (HIV)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IExRHL7D_NI&feature=related
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWbprBw-yGE&feature=related
Allergy
• Acquired abnormal immune response
Autoimmune Disease
• Failure of body to distinguish between self and non-self
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m3BvQT_KX3Y
Myasthenia Gravis
• Autoimmune Disorder
• Affects the Nueromuscular Junction • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mt0efT2xk2Y
Exacerbations & Remissions
• Exacerbations are flare ups
• Remissions are latency (hidden/undistinguishable) periods
Edema
• Abnormal accumulation of fluids in the intercellular spaces of the body
Causes of Edema
• Hypoproteinemia, poor lymph drainage, high sodium intake, increases capillary permeability and heart failure.
Ascites
• Closely associated to Edema
• Fluid collects in the peritoneal or pleural cavity
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvuvlcgbG90
Hemophilia
• Is a hereditary disorder in which the blood-clotting mechanism is impaired
– Sex gene linked
– Hematomas, and hemarthrosis
Infectious Mononucleosis “kissing disease”
• Acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus
– Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly
Leukemia
• An oncological disorder of the blood-forming organs, characterized by an overgrowth (proliferation) of blood cells
– Often the white blood cells
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImG8LpVEzbU
Hodgkin Disease
• A malignant disease of the lymph system, primarily the lymph nodes
– Dyspnea and dysphagia
Kaposi Sarcoma
• Malignancy of connective tissue, including bone, fat, muscle, and fibrous tissue.
Bacteremia
• Presence of viable bacteria circulating in the bloodstream usually transient in nature
Graft Rejection
• Destruction of a transplanted organ or tissue by the recipient’s immune system
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
• After bone marrow transplant, the immune cells in the transplanted marrow produce antibodies against the host’s tissues
Hematoma
• Localized accumulation of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue due to a break in or severing of a blood vessel
Hemolysis
• Destruction of RBC’s with a release of hemoglobin that diffuses into the surrounding fluid
Lymphadenopathy
• Any disease of the lymph nodes
Septicemia
• Serious, life-threatening bloodstream infection that may arise from other infections (blood infection or blood poisoning)
Serology
• Laboratory test to detect the presence of antibodies, antigens, or immune substance
Titer
• Blood test that measures the amount of anitbodies in blood; commonly used as an indicator of immune status
Blood Culture
• Test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
• Series of tests that include hemoglobin; hematocrit; RBC, WBC, and platelet counts; differential WBC;
Differential Count (Diff)
• Test that enumerates the distribution of WBC’s in a stained blood smear by counting the different kinds of WBC’s and reporting each as a % of the total examined
Hemoglobin (Hgb) value
• Measurement of the amount of hemoglobin found in a whole blood sample
Hematocrit (Hct)
• Measurement of the percentage of RBCs in a whole blood sample
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
• Test that measures the length of time it takes blood to clot, screens deficiencies of clotting factors and effectiveness of anticoagulation therapy
Prothrombin time (PT)
• Test that measures the time it takes for the plasma portion of blood to clot. It is used to evaluate portions of the coagulation system
Lymphadenography
• Radiographic examination of lymph nodes after injection of a contrast medium
Lymphangiectomy
• Removal of a lymph vessel
Transfusion
• Infusion of blood or blood components into the bloodstream
– Autologous: recipient’s own blood
– Homologous: Donors blood
Transplantation
• Grafting of living tissue from its normal position to another site or from one person to another
Abbreviations
• AIDS RBC
• PT WBC
• PTT
• CBC
• Hgb
• Hct
• HIV
• IV
Medical word elements
• Erythr/o lymph/o
• Granul/o lymphangi/o
• Hem/o myel/o
• Hemat/o phag/o
• Immun/o plas/o
• Leuk/o ser/o
• Lymphaden/o thromb/o
Medical Word Elements
• Xen/o a- /an-
• -emia macro-
• -globin micro-
• -graft mono-
• -osis poly-
• -penia allo-
• -phil
• -poiesis