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Blue Revolution: Farming Water to Grow Food
Chris Hartleb Professor of Fisheries Biology
Director Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility Aquaponic Innovation Center
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Revolutions
• American • French • Industrial • Green
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Blue Revolution
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If Modern Agriculture Were Invented Today – It Probably Wouldn’t Be Allowed
• It pollutes the environment – Pesticides – Fertilizers – Nutrients
• Feed and waste • Damages habitats and wildlife • Domesticated animals are stocked at high densities
– Hormones – Antibiotics
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All Farming Alters and Damages The Environment
• Most agriculture has the luxury of polluting the landscape first and worrying about the consequences later.
• Aquaculture is “Johnny come lately” • Must address environmental, social, and economic concerns.
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For Comparison
Black Angus beef versus Atlantic salmon Hanging weight of Black Angus is 70% of live weight; edible meat is 42% of live
weight. Gutted Atlantic salmon is 84% of live weight; salmon fillet is 50% of live weight.
Benthos under a salmon cage chemically remediates in 6 months – 1 year; & biologically remediates in 2 years.
An old growth forest cleared for cattle pasture will remediate in >200 years.
Type of food Live weight (kg)
Edible portion (kg)
Yield Spatial footprint (ha)
Remediation time (years)
Atlantic salmon 2,500,000 1,250,000 0.50 1.6 2
Angus beef cattle 2,976,190
1,250,000 0.42 6,982 >200
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Where Will They Come From?
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Aquaculture Overtakes Commercial
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Fish Facts
• Global fish production has grown at an average annual rate of 3.2% over the past 50 years. – Per capita fish consumption
has increased from 9.9 kg in the 1960’s to 19.2 kg in 2012.
• Population growth • Expansion of fish
production
Producer National total (million tons)
Share of world total (%)
China >41 61.7
India 4.2 6.3
Vietnam 3.08 4.6
Indonesia 3.06 4.6
Bangladesh 1.7 2.6
Norway 1.3 2.0
Thailand 1.2 1.9
Chile 1.07 1.6
Egypt 1.01 1.5
Myanmar 0.89 1.3
Philippines 0.79 1.2
Brazil 0.71 1.1
Japan 0.63 1.0
Republic of Korea 0.48 0.7
USA 0.42 0.6
Top 15 subtotal >61.7 million 92.7
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Trade Imbalance
• Fish and fish products are the single largest food commodities that are traded internationally.
• 80% of seafood consumed in U.S. is imported. • 1% of seafood imported into U.S. is inspected.
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How Should Aquaculture As An Industry Grow?
– Technology innovation and transfer: • Breeding • Disease control • Feeds & nutrition • Low impact production systems
– Spatial planning – Reward sustainability – Shift to low-trophic species
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Aquaculture Uses More Wild Fish Than It Produces
• Aquaculture uses ½ metric ton of wild fish to produce one metric ton of farmed seafood.
• Net producer of protein • Fish are best at feed conversion
• Fish don’t need fishmeal and oil. • It is nearly the perfect balance for
nutrition • Fish meal content of fish feed was 70%
in 1972 but is 35% today.
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Farmed Fish Aren’t Safe To Eat
• No Farmed fish are on the “avoid” list due to contaminants. – Only one ocean ranched fish is on the avoid list and it is
due to pollution (Atlantic salmon). – U.S. seafood it regulated by:
• Food & Drug Administration • National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration • U.S. Department of Agriculture • Environmental Protection Agency
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Farmed Fish Are Contaminated
• Growth hormones are not allowed in U.S. aquaculture. • Non-theraputic use of antibiotics is not allowed in U.S.
aquaculture.
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Fish Waste Harms the Ecosystem
• Only net-pen aquaculture was identified.
• Modern net-pen facilities must meet strict federal and state standards.
• Farmers monitor feed input because it is the most expensive part of the operation.
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Farmed Fish Don’t Taste Good
Rank Type Pounds/person
1 Shrimp* 4.10
2 Canned tuna 2.80
3 Salmon* 1.84
4 Tilapia* 1.34
5 Pollock 1.19
6 Catfish* 0.92
7 Crab 0.61
8 Cod 0.44
9 Pangasius (Basa, Asian catfish)*
0.43
10 Clams? 0.34
• You’re already eating them. • > 50% of seafood consumed
is farm-raised.
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UWSP-Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility Bayfield, WI
• The mission of the UWSP-Northern Aquaculture Demonstration Facility is to promote public education and advance the discovery, dissemination and application of knowledge for sustainable aquaculture in a northern climate.
– This is accomplished through technology transfer, applied research, demonstration, education and outreach.
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All Types of Production Systems
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Recirculating (Recycle) Aquaculture
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Flow-through (Raceways)
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Ponds
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UWSP-NADF Recipe for Success = Partnerships
• Protocol for lake herring production Collaboration with Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
Stock enhancement for Great Lakes • Feasibility of raising Arctic char in recirculating systems
AquaTerra, Bristol, WI • Atlantic salmon
Vancouver, BC • Hybrid walleye
Northside Enterprises, Black Creek, WI
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Growth Rates of Walleye & Hybrids
Weig ht g ain of H ybrid Walleye R eared in R ec yc le S ys tem at 23 C
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
50 66 95 114 159 192 235 270 310 370 430 490 560
Da ys P ost Ha tc h
Gra
ms
F ingerling phas e IID GR =0.5 g/day
Growout phas e III-IVD GR =1.4 g/day
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Edible Success Hybrid walleye in under 1-year
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Promote Responsible Aquaculture
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Aquaponics • Aquaponics is an integrated, soilless system for
raising fish and plants. • Benefits:
• Sustainable and natural • Highly efficient • Conservative uses of resources, water, space
and labor • Free of pesticides, herbicides and chemical
fertilizers • Produces both a protein and a vegetable crop
from one integrated system • Continuous production of food 365 days per
year
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Nutrient Film Technique
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Media Beds
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Raft / Deep Water Culture
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Compromise
Plants
Compromise: Temperature: 70-80oF / 21 - 26oC pH = 7.0
Bacteria
Parameter Optimum Range
Temperature: Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter
68 – 86oF / 20 – 30oC 82 – 100oF / 28 – 38oC
pH: Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter
7.8 – 8.0 7.3 – 7.5
Parameter Range
Temperature 60-80oF / 15-26oC
pH Preferred: 5.8 - 6.2 Maximum: 7.0 - 7.5
Parameter Range
Temperature 60-80oF / 15-26oC
pH 7.0 – 8.0
Fish
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Why It Works
• Diet similarities • Heterotrophic additions • Controlled environment agriculture =
year-round production
Fish Plants
Phosphorus Phosphorus
Manganese Manganese
Copper Copper
Iron Iron
Potassium Potassium
Calcium Calcium
Magnesium Magnesium
Zinc Zinc
Cobalt Boron*
Selenium Molybdenum*
Iodine Sulfur*
Protein Nitrogen
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Aquaponics as a Commercial Industry Status - • Small but rapidly growing industry –
experiencing exponential growth. • Driven by:
• Food security & Food quality • Community demand for locally grown • Limited fresh water and land
Industry Needs - • Industry and student demand for further
education in aquaponics.
• Enthusiasm > Knowledge
• Employment opportunities
• Food security for all nations
• Currently have
• Investors looking to establish large commercial ventures.
• Students looking for information on how to pursue a career in aquaponics.
• Further research in crop diversity and system efficiency
Aquaponics survey respondents by zip code (Love et al. 2014. PLoS ONE 9(7).)
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Aquaponics Innovation Center
• Funded as part of the UW-System Economic Development Incentive Grant
UWSP-Aquaponics Innovation Center
Nelson and Pade, Inc.® Demonstration Greenhouse
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Aquaponics Innovation Center
Meeting the Needs of an Industry • Educational opportunities • Economic incubator for an industry • Catalyst for economic growth • Commercialize discoveries • New business innovation • Economic development in blue-green industry
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Results • Growing an Industry
– Partnership – Education – Research – Innovation
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Change
• Aquaculture needs to improve – < 30 years of large-scale commercial aquaculture – Domestication
• People need to change. – Farm down the food chain – Water recycle systems
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How Green is the Blue Revolution?
Enjoy!