Download - Bluetooth Radio and Baseband
Institute of Electronics112/04/22
National Chiao Tung University
Bluetooth Radio and Baseband
Kuei-Ann [email protected]
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Part ARADIO SPECIFICATION
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CONTENTS1 Scope 2 Frequency Bands and Channel Arrangement 3 Transmitter Characteristics 4 Receiver Characteristics 5 Appendix A 6 Appendix B
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2 FREQUENCY BANDS AND CHANNEL ARRANGEMENT
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3 Transmitter Characteristics 3.1 Modulation Characteristics 3.2 Spurious Emissions
3.2.1 In-band Spurious Emission 3.2.2 Out-of-Band Spurious Emission
3.3 Radio Frequency Tolerance
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TRANSMITTER POWER CHARACTERISTICS
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3.1 MODULATION CHARACTERISTICSGFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying) with a BT=0.5.The Modulation index must be between 0.28 and 0.35. A binary one is represented by a positive frequency deviation.The symbol timing shall be better than +20 ppm.
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3.2.1 In-band Spurious Emission
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3.2.2 Out-of-Band Spurious Emission
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4 Receiver Characteristics 4.1 Actual Sensitivity Level 4.2 Interference Performance 4.3 Out-of-band Blocking 4.4 Intermodulation Characteristics 4.5 Maximum Useable Level 4.6 Spurious Emissions 4.7 Receiver Signal Strength Indicator (optional) 4.8 Reference Interference-signal Definition
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4.1 ACTUAL SENSITIVITY LEVEL
The actual sensitivity level is defined as the input level for which a raw bit error rate (BER) of 0.1% is met. The requirement for a Bluetooth receiver is an actual sensitivity level of -70 dBm or better.
In order to measure the bit error rate performance; the equipment must have a loop back facility as specified in Test Mode Specification.
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The signal to interference ratio shall be:
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In-band InterferenceIn-band Interference
LL
0 fM
Hz
f1
0 -
MH
zf
10 +
MH
zf
20 +
MH
zf
20 -
MH
zf
30 -
MH
zf
30 +
MH
z2400 M
Hz
2500
dBm71-
dBm60-
dBm30-dBm27-
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4.3 OUT-OF-BAND BLOCKINGThe out of band blocking is measured with the wanted signal 3 dB over the reference sensitivity level. The interfering signal shall be a continuous wave signal.The BER shall be 0.1 %.
The Out of band blocking requirements:
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Out-of-Band InterferenceOut-of-Band Interference
0 f
MH
z2400 M
Hz
2500L LL L
MH
z2000 M
Hz
3000 MH
z3001M
Hz
1999MH
z30
GH
z75.
12
dBm27-
dBm10-
dBm67-
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4.4 INTERMODULATION CHARACTERISTICSThe reference sensitivity performance, BER = 0.1%, shall be met under the following conditions:
1. The wanted signal at frequency f 0 with a power level 6 dB over the reference sensitivity level.
2. A static sine wave signal at f 1 with a power level of -39 dBm.
3. A Bluetooth modulated signal at f 2 with a power level of -39dBm. Such that f 0 =2f 1 -f 2 and f 2 -f 1 =n*1 MHz where n can be 3, 4, or 5.
The system must fulfil one of the three alternatives.
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Intermodulation characteristic Intermodulation characteristic
MHzn MHzn
3,4,5=n
dBm39-
dBm64-
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4.5 MAXIMUM USEABLE LEVELThe maximum useable input level the receiver shall operate at shall be better than -20 dBm. The BER shall be less or equal to 0,1% at -20 dBm input power.
4.6 SPURIOUS EMISSIONSThe spurious emission for a Bluetooth receiver shall not be more than:
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4.8 REFERENCE INTERFERENCE-SIGNAL DEFINITION
A Bluetooth modulated interfering signal is defined as:Modulation = GFSKModulation index = 0.32%BT= 0.5+1%Bit Rate = 1 Mbps +1 ppmModulating Data = PRBS9Frequency accuracy better than +1 ppm.
Institute of Electronics112/04/22
National Chiao Tung University
Bluetooth BasebandBluetooth Baseband
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Bluetooth hardwareBaseband
HCI
Physical Bus(USB, PCCard…) Firmware
LM
Bluetooth hardwareBaseband
HCI
Physical Bus(USB, PCCard…) Firmware
LM
Bluetooth Host
Other Higher Layer Driver
HCI Driver
Physical Bus Driver(USB, PCCard)
Bluetooth HostOther Higher LayerDriver
HCI Driver
Physical Bus Driver(USB, PCCard…)
Baseband Packet
2.4GHzBT Radio
BT Link Controller
BT Link Manager & I/O HOST
1. General Description
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System Partition
SH In
terf
ace
Packet Composer
Coder
Hop Net Encry.
CLK32k
CLK13M
Packet Composer
GFSKfc=1M
Demod
Con
trol B
uffe
r 2
871b
x2
0~78
42
27
4
X
VCO
DAX2M~81M2.4Ghz
X ADFH Acq
2M~81M2.4Ghz
1M
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Specification Overview : HCI Packet
OpCode (2 bytes) Parameter Length(1 byte)
Parameters (the rest of the packet)
Command Packet:
Parameters…
Parameters (the rest of the packet)
Event Packet:Parameter Length
(1 byte)Event Code
(1 byte)
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Specification Overview
Connection Handle (12 bits)
Flags(4 bits)
Data (the rest of the packet)
ACL Packet:
SCO Packet:
Length (2 bytes)
Connection Handle (12 bits)
Data (the rest of the packet)Length (1 byte) Data
Reserved(4 bits)
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Create_ConnectionHold_ModeWrite_Page_TimeoutRead_BD_ADDRead_RSSI
Examples
Specification Overview
Command Groups(OGF) Link Control Link Policy Host Controller & Baseband Informational Status Testing
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545
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Propagation Scheme:
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Band Selection : 79MHz or 64MHz Channel Selection : 1MHz With digital synthesizer being controlled by LM/HCI signaling
2. PHYSICAL CHANNEL
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FH (1600 hops/s)/TDD ChannelSlot numbering range : 0 ~ 227-1
625 s
t
t
master
slave
f(2k) f(2k+1) f(2k+2)
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• FSK DATA MODULATION• PERIODIC CHANGES IN THE CARRIER FREQUENCY
SPREADS THE SIGNAL• CARRIER FREQUENCY CHANGES AT A SPECIFIED
HOP RATE• CARRIER FREQUENCY HOPS AFTER A PRESCRIBED
TIME• TOTAL SYSTEM BANDWIDTH INCLUDES ALL OF THE
CHANNEL FREQUENCIES USED IN HOPPING
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
AMPLITUDEAMPLITUDE
FREQUENCYFREQUENCY
AP96358 2-13AP96358 2-13
TIMETIME11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010 1111 1212
f1f1
f2f2f3f3
f4f4f5f5
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f(2k) f(2k+1) f(2k+2)
625 s
t
TX
1250 s
RX TX
Master Timing
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625 s
t
1250 s
TXRX RX
f(2k) f(2k+1) f(2k+2)
Slave Timing
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Multi-slot PacketsMulti-slot Packets
f(k)
625 s
f(k+1) f(k+2) f(k+3) f(k+4)
f(k+3) f(k+4)f(k)
f(k)
f(k+5)
f(k+5)
f(k+5)
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Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO) Link•circuit switching•symmetric, synchronous services•slot reservation at fixed intervals
Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) Link•packet switching•(a)symmetric, asynchronous services•polling access scheme
SCO(Synchronous Connection-Oriented Link ) :1. LM protocol sending SCO setup ( Tsco ( counted in slots), Dsco )2. SCO send in Tsco3. Clock wrap-around should be resolved with LMP setup message.4. CLK(k+1)=CLK(k)+Tsco
3. PHYSICAL LINKS
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Packet FormatPacket Format
access code packet header payload
72 54 0-2745
4. Packets
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Access Code ComposerPreamble+Sync.+(Tail)
HeaderComposerAM_ADDR +TYPE +FLOW+SEQN +ARQN +HEC
Payload Composer
PACKET COMPOSER
6.LogicalChannel
8.9.TX/RXRoutine & Timing
14.Security
Link ControllerLink Manager
10 ChannelControl
Controler
13.BD_ADD, 10CLK...
13.Sync. Code Composer
5..ARQHandler
5.CoderHEC - CRC- FEC
12.Voice Coding
Coder
7.Whitening
GFSK
11.Hopper
Modem
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Access CodeAccess Code
PREAMBLE SYNC WORD TRAILER4 64 4
34 24 6
LSB MSB
BCH LAP BRKR
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1. Generate information sequence;2. XOR this with the “information covering” part of the PN overlay sequence;3. Generate the extended BCH codeword;4. XOR the codeword with all 64 bits of the PN overlay sequence;
SYNC WORD
145
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Access Code TypesAccess Code Types Device Access Code (DAC):
unit identifier derived from unit LAP
Channel Access Code (CAC): channel identifier derived from master LAP
Inquiry Access Code (IAC): reserved identifier derived from reserved address
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Packet HeaderAM_ADDR HEC
3 1 8
AM_ADDR
TYPE
FLOW
ARQN
slave active member address
payload type
LC flow control
ACK/NAK
parameter information
FLOW1
ARQN1
SEQN TYPE4
SEQN retransmit ordering
HEC header error check
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Packet Types
0000000100100011
NULLPOLLFHSDM1
NULLPOLLFHSDM1
1
0100010101100111
HV1HV2HV3
DH1
2DV1000
1001101010111100
DM3DH33
110111101111
DM5DH54
TYPESEGMENT ACL linkSCO link
AUX1
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Link Control Packets
ID packet IQ packet NULL packet POLL packet FHS packet
ID packet consists of DAC or IAC.It has a fixed length of 68 bits. It is a very robust packetsince the receiver uses a bit corrector to match the received packet to the known bit sequence of the ID packet.
Parity bits | Lap | NA| SR| SP| UAP |NAP | Class of | AM-ADDR | CLK27-2| Page Scan device Mode
34 24 2 2 2 8 16 24 3 26 3
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Data Rates (kb/s)Data Rates (kb/s)
Maximum packet size: 28x8+16(crc)+72(access)+54(header)=366
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Payload Header
reservedL_CH FLOW2 1 5 4
00
01
10
11
-
UA/UI
UA/UI
LM
reserved
continuation of L2CAP message
start of L2CAP message
LMP message
L_CH channel information
LENGTH4
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Forward-Error Correction (FEC) 1/3 rate: bit-repeat code 2/3 rate: (15,10) shortened Hamming code
Automatic Retransmission Query (ARQ) 1-bit fast ACK/NAK 1-bit sequence number header piggy-backing
5. Error Control Coding
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ARQ (I)
MASTER
SLAVE 1
SLAVE 2
A B B CX
Z Z
G F H
NAK ACK
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ARQ (II)ARQ (II)
CRC check
ACK/NAK
RX
new
retransmissionTX
ACK/NAK
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ARQ Scheme
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Error Checking
HECCRC
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Error Checking
HECCRC
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6. Logical Channels
Logical ChannelsLogical Channels Control Channels:
LC link control LM link manager
Traffic Channels: US synchronous user data UA asynchronous user data UI isochronous user data
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7. Data Whitening
For Header and Payload
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8. TX/RX Routines
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BITSTREAM PROCESSES
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9. TX/RX Timing
RX/TX cycle of Bluetooth master transceiver in normal mode for single-slotpackets.
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RX/TX cycle of Bluetooth transceiver in PAGE mode.
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SLAVE RESPONSE/MASTER RESPONSE
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Multi-slave transmission
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10. Channel Control
• CLKN native clock• CLKE estimated clock• CLK master clock
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Clock Derivation
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State Transition
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OverallOverallstandby
initiating?
sent out DAC?waken by DAC?
page scan inquiry scan pageinquiry
Masterresponse?
Slaveresponse?
inquiryresponse?
connection
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NONO
NO
MASTERMASTERSLAVESLAVE
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Page / Page ScanPage / Page Scan
mastermaster slaveslave
page scanwindow Tw
DAC(slave ID)
Slave ID
Slave ID
FHS
(ack)
(data)
standby
page
Masterresponse
connection
standby
page scan
Slaveresponse
connectionyes
yes
no no
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Page TrainsPage Trains
f(k) f(k+1)f(k-8) f(k-7) f(k+7)A
f(k-9) f(k+8)f(k-16) f(k-15) f(k+15)B
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Connection Setup
train A A A A B B
10 ms
MASTER
SLAVE
11.25 ms
B B
FHS
scan f(k)sleep
CONNECTION
f(k+1)
1.25ms
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Inquiry / Inquiry ScanInquiry / Inquiry Scan
mastermaster slaveslaveinquiry scanwindow Tw
IAC(slave ID)
FHS
standby
Inquiry
Inquired?
(page...)
standby
Inquiry scan
Inquiryresponse
(page...)
yes yes
no no
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Inquire
train A A A A B
10 ms
INQUIRER
STANDBY
11.25 ms
A
FHS
scan f(k)
sleep RAND2
f(k+1)
1.25ms
f(k)
A
f(k+1)
FHS
f(k+2)
sleep RAND1
A A A
A A A A
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625 s
FHS
f(k+1) f’(k+1) f(k+4)f(k)
f(k+1)
f’(k)
IQ IQ IQ
Inquiry Response
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Sniff ExampleSniff Example
MASTER
SLAVE 1
SLAVE 2
ACL ACL
SNIFF INTERVAL
ACL
lost
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Park Mode
master
active slave
parked slaves
BEACON PM_ADDR
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Park Example
MASTER
SLAVE X
SLAVE 2
ACLPARK INTERVAL
SLAVE Y
BC BCACL
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0 4 6 8 6264662 78 1 3 737577
segment 1
segment 2
segment 3
Europe/US
Japan/France/Spain
79
23
32
16
16
8
Segment length# of hops
11. Hop Selection
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ADDXOR
PERM5 ADD
XOR
mod 79
Y2
X
A B
Y1
C D E F
5
54
5 5
5
5
9
5
7 7
7024
7813
77
Block diagram of the hop selection kernel for the 79-hop system
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Continous Variable Slope Delta-Continous Variable Slope Delta-Modulation (CVSD)Modulation (CVSD)
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 . . . . . . .
12. Bluetooth Audio
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13. Bluetooth Address
Bluetooth Device Address (BD_ADDR) 48-bit IEEE 802 address 24-bit lower address part (LAP) 8-bit upper address part (UAP)
Active Member Address (AM_ADDR) 3-bit active slave address all-zero broadcast address
Parked Member Address (PM_ADDR) 8-bit parked slave address
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14. Bluetooth Security
In order to accommodate for different types of applications, four types of link keys have been defined:• the combination key KAB
• the unit key KA
• the temporary key K master
• the initialisation key K init
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REFERENCE DESIGNS
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RF ASIC BB ASIC
Flash
- Rx/Tx- regulators- clocking
- Rx/Tx Control- ARM7TDI- CVSD codec- Applic. IF
Control
Data
Bluetooth Module
Vappl1.8V, 2.78 or 3.3V
Applic. IF
3.0 .. 5.2 V 13MHz
1.8 V
42
13 MHz 32 kHz
HW Blocks
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BB ASIC: Block Diagram
ReceiverHW Link
Controller
MCUSubsystem
Clock, Reset,
Watchdog
Power Control
Unit
DataIF
UnitResetX13 MHz
SysResetXClock Truncs
Buffer/MCURAM
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VLSI Technologies
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HAVE A NICE LUNCH