Bluetooth Technology & Applications
Presented By: Steve Deutscher
Director Product Management
Motorola
Agenda
• Brief History of Bluetooth • Bluetooth SIG Involvement with Interoperability and
Standardization
• Overview of Bluetooth Technology (hardware & software components)
• Bluetooth Profile Definition and Discussion
• Usage Model Discussion
• Market Overview of Shipping Bluetooth Products
• Product Demonstratation
• Summary Discussion
What’s With the Name?
• Bluetooth is named after King Harold Blatand (or Bluetooth), a 10th Century Danish King who united large parts of Scandinavia which are today parts of Denmark and Norway. The name was chosen to highlight the potential for the technology to unify communication between mobile devices. The name was never intended to remain beyond the lab.
• Bluetooth was originally conceived by Ericsson as an alternative to cables for a mobile phone
Why Bother with Bluetooth?“70% of all calls start or end in the car. 85% of users use cell phones in the car.” – Telematics
Most the major Car manufacturers are committed to Bluetooth in some 2004 model year cars.
Today: 819 total products qualified, 38% are end products, 24 phone models
2003 est: 1300 total products projected,470 End user products, 40 phones models
What is Bluetooth?
• Open Standard for Short Range Wireless Connectivity • Designed for Transmitting Data and Audio Wirelessly• Uses Radio Frequency (RF) Technology in the Unlicensed
2.4Ghz ISM Frequency Band.• Initial Target Applications include PC & PDA Peripherals,
Wireless Audio & Data, Data Synchronization, In-Vehicle (Telematics)
• Future Applications include Wireless Access Points, Healthcare, Industrial Applications, Cordless Telephony, Smart Appliances, Entertainment – Wireless Gaming.
• Provides for Ad Hoc device Connection and Service Discovery
• Promises Lower Power Consumption and Lower Cost per Node Than Competing Wireless Technologies.
Why Bluetooth?• More Robust than Infrared (IrDA).
– RF based, not limited to line-of-sight.– Supports 10 meter range (class 2), versus 1 meter.
• Power Consumption– Bluetooth provides several classes of operation that
provide significant power advantages over other wireless alternatives such as 802.11
• Projected to be Less Costly Than 802.11 & HomeRF.– 802.11 & HRF estimate is > $25 per node, Bluetooth target
is < $ 5 when embedded in volume.– Bluetooth costs will start declining sharply 1st half 2003.
Why Not Bluetooth?• Range
– 802.11 WLAN & HomeRF provide greater connection distance
• Data Rate – Bluetooth today provides 1Mbps raw data rate, lower than
competing technologies, 802.11b (11Mbps), 802.11a (54Mbps)
• Hyped expectations have damaged its credibility• Available 2 years latter than expected• Interoperability problems with early products• Interference from other products in the ISM band• Future Technologies Promise Lower Power, Lower Latency
– wireless USB
Why ISM at 2.4 GHz?• The ISM band at 2.4 GHz fits the Bluetooth goals of
– global applicability– low power– high aggregate capacity
• The overriding reason for the selection of the 2.4 GHz band is that it is one of the few bands that is truly available globally
• Bluetooth implements a frequency hopping scheme to minimize the effects of interference (FHSS) – 79, 1 MHz channels – 1600 hops per second– ARQ and FEC schemes are part of the standard
Wireless Wired Bluetooth Home RF 802.11b Infrared HomePNA Power Line
Technology Positioning
Cable replacement and
Ad hoc networking for mobile devices
Networking in the Home,
Anytime / Anywhere
connectivity
Networking in the SOHO and
Enterprise Markets
Point to point data transport
and Cable replacement
Networking of fixed location devices using
telephone lines
Networking of fixed location devices using power lines
Services Offered
Data and Voice
Data and Voice
Data only Data only Data only Data only
Data Rate ( Mbps )
1 Mbps 1.6 Mbps 11 Mbps 100Kbps - 1 Mbps
1 – 10 Mbps 30 Kbps – 1 Mbps
Range 0 – 10m / 100m 100m 30m 0 – 3m / 5m Fixed Fixed
Occupied Band
2.4Ghz ISM Band
2.4Ghz ISM Band
2.4Ghz ISM Band
Optical n / a n / a
Access Method
FHSS FHSS DSSS n / a n / a n / a
Pro’s Inexpensive Mobility Voice service Robust
performance
Mobility Voice service Good Range
High Data Rate Line of sight = good security
Inexpensive
Inexpensive No new wires PC’s near
phone jacks
Price/ Performance
AC outlets everywhere
Con’s Short Range Expensive & less robust
compared to Bluetooth
High cost for SOHO market
Line of Sight diminishes ease of use
Operability is not simple
No mobility EC Regulatory
Issues N.America based
solution only
Interference / noise on the power lines
Regulatory Issues Shared media
Bluetooth SIG
Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)
• Founded in 1998 with Charter to Promote Widespread Commercial Acceptance of Bluetooth Wireless Technology
• Not-For-Profit Trade Association, Bluetooth SIG, Inc.
• Requires Members to Accept SIG Legal and Trade Mark License Agreements
• Bluetooth SIG Members
– Promoter Members: Ericsson, Nokia, Toshiba, Intel, IBM, Motorola, 3COM, Microsoft, Lucent (now Agere Systems)
– Associate / Adopter Members: Over 2,000 Companies• Associate Members pay $7,000 (<$100M in rev) & $40,000 (>$100M in rev) per year• Adopter Member pays no fees but cannot participate in
Working Groups and Expert Groups
Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)• Bluetooth (SIG) Maintains Product Core Specification and Profile
Specifications – Specs can be found at www.bluetooth.com
• SIG Coordinates Un-PlugFest Sessions for Testing Interoperability – Unplugfest-10 held in San Francisco February 10th – 14th
• Sponsers Bluetooth Developers Conference– Dec 12th – 14th in San Jose, CA
• Administers the Bluetooth Qualification Program– Policy Making is handled by the Bluetooth Qualification Review Board
(BQRB)– Policy Execution is Handled by a Bluetooth Qualification Administrator
(BQA), responsible to the BQRB– Testing and Reporting is Handled by a Bluetooth Qualification Test
Facility (BQTF) – currently 15 recognized by SIG– Product Listing is Handled by a Bluetooth Qualification Body (BQB)
after product meets specification – 33 recognized
Bluetooth SIG Delegation
Bluetooth SIG
Bluetooth Qualification Administrator
(BQA)
Bluetooth Qualification Test
Facility (BQTF)
Bluetooth Qualification Review Board (BQRB)
Bluetooth Qualification
Body (BQB)
Bluetooth Technical
Advisory Board (BTAB)
Bluetooth Architecture Overview
Bluetooth Technical Overview
• BT supports 1 Mbit/sec data rates – divided between data and voice channels.
– Capable of supporting one asymmetric data channel and up to 3 voice channels or one channel supporting both voice and data.
– Effective Asymmetric Data Rate is 780K (721K up, 56K down) or 432.6K symmetric data rate.
• Networks of BT Devices are supported, Piconet (1 to 8 devices – 1 master up to 7 slave devices), multiple Piconets (Scatternets) also supported in BT specification.
• BT Supports 3 Output Power Classes
• BT Supports Multiple Power Saving Modes – Hold, Sniff, Park
Bandwidth
• The raw Bluetooth data rate is 1Mbit/s – Bandwidth required for packet overheads , access code,
header etc– Optimise by using larger slot packets– Same overhead, more payload
Access Header Payload Guard
1 Slot 1/3 Data
3 Slot 7/9 Data
5 Slot 13/15 Data
Slot based
• The air interface supports multi-slot packets– The lightest SCO (voice link) reserves every 3rd slot– Significantly reduced throughput
t
t
f(k) f(k + 1) f(k + 2)625S
f(k + 3) f(k + 4) f(k + 5) f(k + 6)
f(k + 3) f(k + 4) f(k + 5) f(k + 6)
f(k + 5) f(k + 6)
t
The Piconet
• Point to Multipoint• 1 master with up to a maximum of 7 active slaves• A Piconet can have many slaves in Park mode• Any member of a Piconet can be part of another Piconet (Scatternet)
MasterSlave
Power Classes
• Bluetooth allows for different classes of transmitter output power
Class 3
Class 2
Class 1
Mandatory Power Control
2520151050-5-10-15
Max Transmit Power / dBm
1 0 [1mW]3
10 +5 [2.5mW]2
100+20 [100mW]1
Range [meters]max Output Pwr [dBm]Power Class
• Power saving modes– To ensure that connected devices do not remain Active
at all times 3 power savings modes have been defined:» HOLD» SNIFF» PARK
– Allows for large networks to be formed with Active devices selected only when required.
Hold mode
• In Hold mode a slave is required to temporarily halt transmission– Hold mode is typically used when a Master is establishing a link
with a new device
t
t
LMPHold
Hold time
Sniff mode
• In Sniff mode a slave enters a low duty cycle mode of operation– but is still an active member of the piconet– Master can only transmit after ‘sniff’ interval
t
t
LMPSniff
Sniff time Sniff time
Park mode
• In Park mode a slave enters a low duty cycle mode of operation– and is no longer an active member of the piconet
t
t
LMPPark
Park time Park time
Beaco
n
Beaco
n
Voice and Data
• The air interface supports two basic bearer type:• Asynchronous ConnectionLess (ACL) -
Data– packet switching– asynchronous, (a)symmetric services– polling access scheme
• Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO) - Audio
– circuit switched– symmetric synchronous services– slot reservation at fixed intervals
Mode of operation• The Bluetooth specification includes modes of
operation that allow devices to find other devices and be found
Inquiry mode – allows for a device to discover the Bluetooth device
addresses of other Bluetooth devices that are within range
Inquiry Scan mode– makes a device available to be discovered Active mode– The device is continuously active (always discoverable)
• The Bluetooth specification also allows filters to be specified thus limiting the discoverability of devices
Establishing a connection
• The Bluetooth specification includes modes of operation that allow devices to perform a connection to any devices found during an inquiry.
Page mode – Allows a connection to be established
Page Scan mode– makes a connection possible
• Private devices need not enter Inquiry Scan mode at all, a device pre-programmed with a specific Bluetooth address can bypass inquiry and go straight to paging
Master – slave switch
• The Bluetooth Specification defines a mechanism whereby the Bluetooth device that is the master of a link can be changed
– The master slave switch can be initiated by either the master or the slave
Initiating LM LM
LMP_Switch_Request
LMP_Accepted
The challenges for co-existing networks
• If networks are to coexist successfully they need to achieve:– Connection time – Data rates– Quality of service (particularly audio quality)– Ease of use
• Some functions will still be best served by wires!
Typical Bluetooth Module
Flash
Crystal
Other Components
BB/RF IC
Other Components - Active
• LNA• Used to improve the receive sensitivity• NF < 2dB• G = 10 to 15dB• Integrated or discrete solutions are available
• PA• Used for Class 1 operation• Around 20-30dB gain required, with 23dBm
saturated power
2nd Half 2003 Today
10x10x1.0mm (+ Antenna) 7x7x1.0mm (+ Antenna)
1st Half of 2003
15x15x1.4mm (+ Antenna)
BC02
49CSP
Evolution of Bluetooth Hardware Modules
Die Shrink & Integration
Protocol Overview
Protocol Layers
Link Control
• Link Control hardware implements the RF, Baseband, & Link Manger portions of the BT specification.– Establishes Connections, error control, and authentication – Performs low level device discovery, link setup &
configuration– Link managers on separate devices communicate via Link
Management Protocol– Provides Host Control Interface (HCI) connection
• Host Controller Interface– Used to isolate BT hardware from transport protocol such as RS-232, USB,
UART, SPI
Link Protocols
• L2CAP Protocol (Logical Link Control & Adaptation Protocol)– Provides interface to link controller – Provides protocol multiplexing, segmentation & re-assembly of
packets, negotiation & QOS between devices – Lower priority than LMP packets
• Telephony Control Protocol (TCS)– Provides voice and data control, group management, and
connectionless control
• Service Discovery Protocol (SDP)– Provides means for determining what BT services are available on a specific
devices
• RFCOMM– Simple transport protocol providing serial data transfer
Bluetooth Profile & Product Overview
Profile Structure
D O C U M E N T T Y P E
T y p e U n i t O r D e p a r t m e n t H e r eT y p e Y o u r N a m e H e r e T y p e D a t e H e r e
G e n e r i c A c c e s s P r o f i l e
S e r v i c e D i s c o v e r yA p p l i c a t i o n P r o f i l e
T C S B i n a r y b a s e d p r o f i l e s
C o r d l e s sT e l e p h o n y P r o f i l e
I n t e r c o m P r o f i l e
S e r i a l P o r t P r o f i l e
D i a l - u p N e t w o r k i n gP r o f i l e
F a x P r o f i l e
G e n e r i c O b j e c t E x c h a n g eP r o f i l e
L A N A c c e s s P r o f i l e
F i l e T r a n s f e rP r o f i l e
O b j e c t P u s h P r o f i l e
S y n c h r o n i z a t i o nP r o f i l e
H e a d s e t P r o f i l e
H a n d s - F r e e P r o f i l e
• The Bluetooth profile structure contains numerous dependencies as depicted in this Figure.
• A profile is dependent upon another profile if it re-uses parts of that profile, by implicitly or explicitly referencing it.
• A profile has dependencies on the profile(s) in which it is contained directly and indirectly.
Keyboards, Mice, Remotes, ScannersHuman Interface (HID)
Cordless Phone Usage – In Home & Enterprise1.1Cordless Telephony (CTP)
Ad Hoc Networking0.95 Personal Network Access (PAN)
Computer, PDA 1.1File Transfer (FTP)
Used by file transfer and Synch Profiles1.1Generic Object Exchange (GOEP)
Wireless Synchronization (phonebook, calendar, notes)1.1Synchronization (IrMC4 based)
Wireless Fax Capability / PC’s, PDA, CellPhones1.1Fax
Wireless Data Access / PC’s, PDA, CellPhones1.1Dialup Networking (DUN)
Wireless Headsets, Wireless Carkits, Cellphones1.1Headset
Required Profiles: Service Discovery, Generic Access1.1Bluetooth Core (SDP, GAP)
Automotive, Distributed Computing0.95Phone Access (PAP)
Stereo Headset, A/V Usage
Automotive
Wireless Printing
Still Camera
Description - Uses
0.95Audio Distribution/Remote Control
0.95SIM Access (SAP)
0.95aPrinting (BPP)
0.95cBasic Imaging (BIP)
Automotive Applications, Speaker Phone, Headset0.96Handsfree (HFP)
VersionFunction / Profile
Bluetooth Profiles
0.95
Shipping Phone Products
• 8910– Spec 1.1– Headset AG– DUN GW– Fax GW– Handsfree 0.96– GSM GPRS 900/1800
• 6310i– Spec 1.1– Headset AG– OPP Client– OPP Server– DUN GW– Fax GW– Handsfree AG– GSM GPRS 900/1800/1900
• 6310– Spec 1.1– Headset AG– OPP Client– OPP Server– DUN GW– Fax GW– GSM GPRS 900/1800
• 7650– Spec 1.1– OPP Client– OPP Server– FTP Server– DUN GW– Fax GW
Nokia
Motorola
• T280i – Spec 1.1
– Headset AG
– OPP Client
– OPP Server
– DUN GW
– Fax GW
– HFP 0.96
– GSM GPRS 900/1800/1900
Philips
• Fisio 820 - (Cellon)– Spec 1.1
– Headset AG
– OPP Client
– OPP Server
– DUN GW
– Fax GW
– GSM GPRS 900/1800
SonyEricsson
• P80x– Spec 1.1– Headset AG– OPP Client– OPP Server– DUN GW– GSM 900/1800/1900
• T68i– Spec 1.0b– Headset AG– Sync Server– OPP Client– OPP Server– DUN GW– Fax GW– Handsfree AG – GSM 900/1800/1900
Sharp
• SH2101V– Spec 1.1– OPP Client– OPP Server– DUN GW– WCDMA
• SHP0006– Spec 1.1– OPP Client– OPP Server– DUN GW– PHS
Sony Vaio
Computers: (DUN, FAX, FTP, GOEP, LAN)
Compaq EVO N400-CIBM
• Cameras (BIP)– Sony – DSC-FX77
(available Nov 2003)
• PDAs– Toshiba Pocket PC E570
+ Toshiba Bluetooth SDIO– IPAQ 3910– Palm
Cameras & PDAs
Wireless Headsets (Headset Profile migrating to Handsfree Profile)
Motorola BTHS Nokia HDW-2 BlueSpoon Jabra BT-300
Ericsson HBH-60 Ericsson HBH-30
Computer Peripherals
• Bluetooth enabled USB dongles & PC Cards (TDK, Xircom, 3COM and many more)
• Bluetooth enabled Keyboards, Mice & printer adapters (Logitech, Microsoft, HP etc) – Serial & HID profile support
Summary
• Bluetooth got off to a slow start but Momentum is Building
• Key Revenue Generators Today are Audio related (Headsets & In-Vehicle Applications) and Data Related
• Currently 819 Qualified Products listed on the SIG web site, more added daily
• For Further BT V1.1 Specification and Profile details, go to www.bluetooth.com