Download - Bluetooth tutorial-2001
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Dominique Chomienne & Michel EftimakisNewLogicNewLogicNewLogicNewLogic
Bluetooth is a trademark owned by the BluetoothSIG, and licenced to NewLogic
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Tutorial Agenda
• Bluetooth Marketing view• Bluetooth network topology• Bluetooth protocol
• RF• Baseband• LC, LM• HCI• L2CAP• Higher layers
• Bluetooth implementation• Bluetooth “live” demo !!!
Tutorial
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Marketing View
Marketing slides ahead
Tutorial
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The Last Ten Meters
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Systems
Personal AdPersonal Ad--hoc hoc NetworksNetworks
Cable Cable ReplacementReplacement
Landline
Data/Voice Data/Voice Access Access PointsPoints
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Target products
Intelligent DevicesIntelligent Devices Audio PeripheralsAudio Peripherals• Headsets• Speakers• Stereo Receiver
Data PeripheralsData Peripherals• Mice• Keyboards• Joysticks• Cameras• Digital Pens• Printers• LAN access points
Embedded ApplicationsEmbedded Applications• Cars: Power lock controls• Grocery store updates• Closed Systems• Industrial systems• MIDI musical instruments
• PCs• Cellular Phones• PDAs
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Usage Models
• Computer to Computer File Transfer• Dialup Networking• Synchronization• 3 in 1 Phone• Ultimate Headset• Computer Speakerphone• Cordless Computer• Instant Postcard• Hidden Computing• Conference Table• …
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Characteristics
• Unlicensed 2.4GHz radio band• ISM (industrial, scientific,medical) band - Available worldwide• Also used by Microwave ovens, 802.11, HomeRF…
• Gross data rate of 1 Mbit/s• Basic 10m range extended to 100m with amplifiers• TDMA - TDD - Frequency hopping• Mixed voice / data paths• Encryption• Low power• Low cost• Extremely small• Ubiquitous radio link
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Market Projections
2001E2002E
2003E2004E
2005E2006E
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
2001E 2002E 2003E 2004E 2005E 2006ETotal Bluetooth Chipsets (in millions) 48,1 207,7 492,1 921,1 1477 2216
Average Price Per Chipset (in millions of $) 8,50 5,10 4,08 3,26 2,68 2,28Bluetooth Chip Market Revenue (in millions of $) 409 1059 2008 3006 3953 5042
Source: Merrill Lynch
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Who is Bluetooth?
• Harald Blaatand “Bluetooth” II• King of Denmark 940-981
• Son of Gorm the Old (King of Denmark) and Thyra Danebod(daughter of King Ethelred of England)
• This is one of two Runic stones erected in his capital city of Jelling (central Jutland)
• This is the front of the stone depicting the chivalry of Harald
• Harald controlled Denmark and Norway
• Harald thinks mobile PCs and cellular phones should seamlessly communicate
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Network Topology
Tutorial
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Piconet - 1
Unit HUnit C
Unit B
Unit D
Unit AUnit F
Unit G Unit E
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Piconet - 2
• A piconet is characterized by the master• Frequency hopping scheme• Access code• Timing synchronization
• Master determines the bit rate allocated to each slave
• Slaves do not synchronize to the master• Calculate offsets to master’s Bluetooth clock• Monitor timing drift
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Piconet - 3
• Only one master• Dynamically selected• Roles can be switched
• Up to 7 active slaves• Active piconet
• Up to 255 parked slaves• Can be reactivated quickly
• No central network structure• “Ad-hoc” network
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Piconet A
Piconet B
Piconet C
Scatternet - 1
Master A
Master B
Master C
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Piconet A
Piconet B
Master A
Piconet C
Scatternet - 2
Master B
Master C
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Scatternet - 3
• Interconnected piconets• One master per piconet• Few devices shared between piconets
• Master/Slave• Slave/Slave• Need special features
• No central network structure• “Ad-hoc” network
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Scatternet applications
• Roaming between access points
• Data exchange across piconets
NetworkAP AP
Mobile
PC
Mouse
Headset
Mouse
KeyboardPrinter
PC
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Protocol
Tutorial
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Generalities on protocol stack
Link Manager
HCI
L2CAP
Link Controller
RFCOMM
API
OBEX
SDP TCS
Baseband
Radio
Data link
Physical
NetworkTransportSession
PresentationApplication7
6543
2
1ISO OSI Layers
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Radio - 1
• Unlicensed 2.4GHz radio band• ISM (industrial, scientific,medical) band• Also used by Microwave ovens, 802.11, HomeRF…
• Fast frequency hopping• 1600 (or 3200) hops/s• 79 frequencies• 1 MHz spacing• 220 µs switching time
2402Frequency (in MHz)2480
79 frequency channels
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Radio - 2
• Basic 10m range (with 0 dBm radio)• Extended 100m range (20 dBm)• Power classes
• Class 1• Maximum output power: 100 mW (20 dBm)• Minimum output power: 1 mW (0 dBm)
• Class 2• Maximum output power: 2.5 mW (4 dBm)• Minimum output power: 0.25 mW (-6 dBm)
• Class 3• Maximum output power: 1 mW (0 dBm)
• RSSI-based power control
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Baseband - 1
• TDMA – Time division multiple access• TDD – Time division duplex
625 µs
t
t
master
slave
f(2k) f(2k+1) f(2k+2)Packet
Bluetooth frame
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Baseband - 2
• Multi-slot Packets625 µs
f(k) f(k+1) f(k+2) f(k+3) f(k+4) f(k+5)
f(k) f(k+3) f(k+4) f(k+5)
f(k) f(k+5)
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Baseband - 3
Master
Slave 1
Slave 2
Slave 3
SCO SCO SCO SCO
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Baseband - 4
• Packet format
• Packet types• HV1, HV2, HV3 - Voice packets• DV - Mixed voice/data• DM1, DM3, DM5 - Protected data packets• AUX1, DH1, DH3, DH5 - Unprotected data packets• NULL, POLL, ID, FHS - Baseband control packets
Access code Packet Hdr Payload
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Baseband - 5
• Data rates
DM1
DH1
DM3
DH3
DM5
DH5
108.8
Packet type
Symmetric max rate (kb/s)
Asymmetric max rate (kb/s)
172.8
2/3
no
2/3
no
FEC
2/3
no
258.1
390.4
286.7
433.9
AUX1 no 185.6
108.8108.8
172.8172.8
54.4387.2
86.4585.6
36.3477.8
57.6723.2
185.6185.6
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Baseband - 6
• Data error protection• FEC (Forward Error Correction)
• 1/3 FEC - Repeat each bit 3 times• 2/3 FEC - (15,10) shortened Hamming code
• ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request)• Unnumbered
• CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)• HEC (Header Error Check)• Payload CRC
• Encryption• Whitening
data redundancy
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Baseband - 7
• Bluetooth native clock• 3.2 kHz (312.5 µs period) - 25 ppm• 28-bit free running counter (~ 1 day period)• Never resynchronized
• Estimated clock for paging• Piconet clock
• Native clock of the master• Slaves maintain a relative offset to their
native clocks• Drift compensation necessary
master
slave 2slave 1
slave 4slave 3
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MASTER Y
SLAVE Ay
SLAVE By
SLAVE Dy
MASTER X
SLAVE Ax
SLAVE Cxy
SLAVE Bx
native
offset y
offset x
X Y
Baseband - 8
• Scatternet case• Master/Slave units use 1 offset• Slave/Slave units use 2 offsets
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Link Controller - 1
• Standby• Device powered on
• Inquiry• Discover devices in the area• Collect addresses
• Page• Connect to a specific device
• Inquiry scan• Discoverable state
• Page scan• Device waiting to join a piconet
• Connection• Actively on a piconet• Master or slave
Standby
Inquiry Page
Connection
Inquiry Scan
Page Scan
Master
Slave
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Link Controller - 2
• Modes in connection state• Active
• Maximum 7 slaves• Sniff
• Low-power active mode• Hold
• One-time interval• Park
• Virtually unlimited number of slaves• Beacon• Broadcast communication
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Link Controller - 3
• Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO) Link• Circuit switching• Symmetric, synchronous services• Slot reservation at fixed intervals
• Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) Link• Packet switching• (A)symmetric, asynchronous services• Polling access scheme
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Link Controller - 4
• Logical channels• Control channels:
• LC link control• LM link manager
• Traffic channels:• US synchronous user data• UA asynchronous user data• UI isochronous user data
• Channel mapping• Packet header:
• LC• Packet payload:
• LM, US, UA, UI
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Link Manager - 1
• Link Manager:• Closely Related to
Link Controller• No Real-time Functions
LMP
L2CAP Voice
Higher Layers
User Data
Control
HCI
Radio Frequency
Link Controller
Link Manager
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Link Manager - 2
• Piconet management• Attach and detach slaves• Master-slave switch• Establishing ACL and SCO links• Handling of low power modes: Hold, Sniff, Park
• Link configuration• Supported features• Quality of Service, usable packet types• Power Control
• Security management• Authentication• Encryption including key management
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Link Manager - 3
• ACL Link Setup and RemovalM
aste
rM
aste
r
Slav
eSl
ave
Baseband ConnectionBaseband Connection
Authentication / Pairing (optional)Authentication / Pairing (optional)
Encryption Setup (optional)Encryption Setup (optional)
Set ACL Link ParametersSet ACL Link Parameters
DetachDetach
Exchange Supported FeaturesExchange Supported Features
Traffic
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Link Manager - 4
• SCO Link Setup and Removal• Setup Negotiation
1. Master-initiated 2. Slave-initiated
Mas
ter
Mas
ter LMP_sco_reqLMP_sco_req
LMP_accepted *LMP_accepted *
Request
Slav
eSl
ave
* or LMP_not_acceptedM
aste
rM
aste
r
LMP_sco_reqLMP_sco_req
LMP_accepted *LMP_accepted *
LMP_sco_reqLMP_sco_req
Possibly other Parameters
Slav
eSl
ave
Request
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Link Manager - 5
• Link Information Commands• LMP Version• Supported Features
• Packet Types• Low Power Modes• Master-Slave Switch• Power Control• SCO Air Mode Parameters• L2CAP• Encryption
• Timing Accuracy • Clock Offset• Name of Device
Req
uest
ing
LMR
eque
stin
g LM
Ans
wer
ing
LMA
nsw
erin
g LMRequestRequest
ReplyReply
Requesting informationon Remote Device
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Link Manager - 6
• Security (1): Authentication• Challenge Response Scheme (ISO/IEC 9798-2)• 32 Bit - Authentication Code (MAC)• Authentication of Master, Slave or both
LMP_au_randLMP_au_rand
LMP_sresLMP_sres
Verifier
Random No.
MA
C
Address_BKey
?
Claimant
MA
C
Address_BKey
Compare
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Link Manager - 7
• Security (2): Pairing• Authentication requires a common secret key• Pairing includes:
• Generation of Initialization Key• Generation of Link Key• Mutual Authentication
Mas
ter
Mas
ter
Slav
eSl
ave
Mutual AuthenticationMutual Authentication
Link Key : KUnit or KCombLink Key : KUnit or KComb
Kinit (LMP_in_rand)Kinit (LMP_in_rand)
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Mas
ter
Mas
ter
Link Manager - 8
• Security (3): Encryption• Prerequisites
• Successful authentication (at least one direction)
• Common Link Key available• Negotiation in 3 Steps:
• Using encryption• (Point-to-Point / Broadcast)
• Key size:• Regulations may occur• Negotiation based on
preferred and allowed key length
• Start encryption
1. Encryption Mode
2. Key Size
3. Start Encryption
4. Stop Encryption
Slav
eSl
ave
Encrypted TrafficEncrypted Traffic
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Link Manager - 9
• Security (4): Key Generation• Options for Keys
• Unit Key from Master or Slave• Combination Key: calculated from random numbers (secure
exchange)• Temporary Key
• Temporary and combination keys can be changed at any time
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L2CAP - 1
RFBaseband
Audio Link Manager LMPLMPL2CAP
TCS SDP RFCOMMApplications
DataCo
ntro
l
What is L2CAP?
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L2CAP - 2
• Logical Link Control and adaptation Protocol (L2CAP)
• Protocol Multiplexing• Goal: Pass packets used by a particular network protocol to
the appropriate handler• Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR)
• Goal: Hide data link packet lengths from network-layer protocols
• Quality of Service• Goal: Negotiate and enforce QoS contracts
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L2CAP - 3
• Protocol Architecture• Connection-oriented
• Channel identifier used to label each connection• Channel is assumed to be full-duplex• QoS flow specification assigned to each channel direction
• Datagram-based, no Streams• Packet boundaries are preserved• L2CAP does NOT perform retransmission• L2CAP does NOT perform Flow Control
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L2CAP - 4
• L2CAP Packet Format
• Length• Specifies the length of the payload in bytes
• Destination Channel ID (DCID)• Identifies the channel to which the packet will be delivered
• Payload• Data received from and sent to the network layer• Maximum transmission unit (MTU) limits payload sizes
Length(16 bits)
DCID(16 bits)
Payload(0-65535 bytes)
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L2CAP - 5
• L2CAP Channel EstablishmentD
evic
e A
Dev
ice
A
Dev
ice
BD
evic
e B
Link Manager ConnectionLink Manager Connection
L2CAP_CONNECTION_RESPONSEL2CAP_CONNECTION_RESPONSE
L2CAP_CONFIGURATION_REQUESTL2CAP_CONFIGURATION_REQUEST
L2CAP_ CONFIGURATION _RESPONSEL2CAP_ CONFIGURATION _RESPONSE
L2CAP_CONFIGURATION_REQUESTL2CAP_CONFIGURATION_REQUEST
L2CAP_ CONFIGURATION _RESPONSEL2CAP_ CONFIGURATION _RESPONSE
L2CAP_CONNECTION_REQUESTL2CAP_CONNECTION_REQUEST
TrafficTraffic
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L2CAP - 6
• Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR)• Use logical channel information from Baseband
• LCH=10 implies start of an L2CAP packet• LCH=01 implies continuation of L2CAP packet
Access Code(72)
Header(54)
PayloadHeader
L2CAP Header L2CAP Payload
Payload
Baseband packet
L2CAP packet
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L2CAP - 7
• SAR Example
f1
DH1
L2CAP Packet
DH5 DH1
Datagram Datagram
L2CAP Packet
DH5
f2 f3 f4
DH1 DH5 DH1DH5
f1 f2
Source Destination
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Service Discovery Protocol
SDP - 1
RFBaseband
Audio Link Manager LMPLMPL2CAP
TCS SDP RFCOMMApplications
Data
Cont
rol
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SDP - 2
• Protocol Architecture• Connectionless - Client/Server
• SDP defines How services are represented in the DB• Server database describes all the services available on a device
(Service records)
• SDP defines How to access to the server DB information
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SDP - 3
• SDP Client/Server Model• Transaction identifier used to label each SDP transaction
• Protocol Data Unit Format
SDP ResponseSDP Response
SDP RequestSDP Request
Client Application Server Application
SDP Client
SDP Server
PDU id(1 bytes)
Transaction Id(1 bytes)
Parameter Length(2 bytes)
Parameter 1-N(Parameter Length bytes)
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SDP - 4
• Service Discovery• Searching for Services
• What are the Services provided by the remote device ?• IrDA-like printer• Headset• AudioGateway• …
• Browsing for Services• What are the Service Attributes ?
• e.g. : ( L2CAP, PSM=RFCOMM ), ( RFCOMM, CN=1 ), ( PostscriptStream)
• Accessing to the Services (not in the scope of SDP)
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RFBaseband
Audio
Applications - 1
Link ManagerL2CAPData
Data
TCS
CTP
SDP RFCOMM Control
HP SPP OBEX PPPTCP/IP
Data
APPLICATIONS
DataVoice
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Applications - 2
• CTP : Cordless Telephony Profile• HP : Headset Profile• SPP : Serial Port Profile• PPP : Point To Point Protocol• OBEX : Object Exchange Protocol
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Implementation
Tutorial
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Implementation choices
• Trade-offs (Flexibility, cost, performance, size, power consumption)
ApplicationApplicationASICASIC
ROM/ROM/FlashFlash
BBBB
RFRF
ProcProc
ApplicationApplicationASICASIC
ROM/ROM/FlashFlash
RFRFBBBBProcProc
ApplicationApplicationASICASIC
ROM/ROM/FlashFlash
BBBB
RFRF
ApplicationApplicationASICASIC
ROM/ROM/FlashFlash
RFRF BBBB
Bluetooth module
Bluetooth single chip
Bluetooth IP + Bluetooth RF
Bluetooth IP + RF IP
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ASIC / ASSP
Processor
RAMROM /Flash
ApplicationLogic
Integration example
• BOOST integrated approach• Bluetooth radio• Bluetooth baseband core• Bluetooth software stack
Core
Software
Radio
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Live Demo
Tutorial
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References
Tutorial
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References
• http://www.bluetooth.com - Bluetooth specifications online• http://www.newlogic.com• Books:
• Bluetooth: Connect without Cables - Jennifer Bray & Charles Sturman• Bluetooth Revealed: The Insider's Guide to an Open Specification for
Global Wireless Communications - Brent A. Miller,Chatschik Bisdikian