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BNG-345: Lecture 13
The Spine
Anatomy
Test on Friday
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Learning Objectives
Identify and describe the main regions of the spine
Identify the components of the vertebrae
Identify and describe the function of the components of the discs
Identify the main muscles of the spine
Identify the ligaments of the spine
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Vertebral ColumnConsists of 33 vertebrae
Upper 24 are articulating and separated by intervertebral discs
The lower 9 are fused
5 at sacrum
4 at coccyx
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VertebraeA vertebrae consists of 2 parts:
An anterior part known at the vertebral body
A posterior part known as the vertebral arch
encloses the vertebral foramen
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Vertebral Arch
Formed by a pair of pedicles and a pair of lamina
These support 7 processes
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Intervertebral Foramen
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Curves of Vertebral Column
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Cervical Curve
Convex forward
Starts at 2nd cervical vertebra and ends at 2nd thoracic vertebra
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Thoracic CurveConcave forward
Starts at 2nd thoracic vertebra and ends at 12th thoracic vertebra
Most prominent point corresponds to spinous process of 7th vertebra
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Kyphotic Curve
The thoracic curve is also known as the kyphotic curve
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Lumbar CurveConvex forward
Starts at middle of last thoracic vertebra and ends at sacrovertebral angle
Convexity of lower 3 vertebrae much greater than upper 2
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Lumbar Curve
More prominent in females
Curve also known as lordotic curve
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Sacral CurveConcave downward and forward
Begins at sacrovertebral articulation and ends at coccyx point
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Regions and Vertebrae
Shape
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Cervical SpineC1 and C2 allow the head all its movement
Most mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae regardless of neck length
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Atlas and Axis
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Thoracic Spine
Transverse processes have surfaces to articulate with ribs
Can rotate some, but ribs prevent much flexion
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Lumbar Spine
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Sacral Spine
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Intervertebral Discs
Located between adjacent vertebrae
Forms a fibrocartilaginous joint that allows slight movement between vertebrae
Acts as a ligament
Shock absorber
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Disc Structure & Function
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MusclesSpinal muscles attach themselves to many different vertebrae, arms, legs, head, rib cage, and pelvis
Movements of spine include flexion, extension, lateral bending
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Erector SpinaeMost important extensor muscle group
Returns column to its erect position
It originates at many locations
Subdivisions blend in lower back giving good lumbar strength
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Flexion Muscles
Located in cervical and lumbar region
Rectus abdominis and internal and external oblique contribute to spinal movement
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Trunk Flexion Muscles
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MultifidusLong muscle with fibers that extends from one vertebral process to spinous process of a vertebra several levels above
Helps with extension and rotation
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Ligaments
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Learning Objectives
Identify and describe the main regions of the spine
Identify the components of the vertebrae
Identify and describe the function of the components of the discs
Identify the main muscles of the spine
Identify the ligaments of the spine