Download - Body Fluids Dr.Mohammed Sharique Ahmed Quadri Assistant prof. Physiology Al Maarefa College
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Body Fluids
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
Dr.Mohammed Sharique Ahmed QuadriAssistant prof. Physiology
Al Maarefa College
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OBJECTIVES By the end of this lecture you should be able to• Describe of body fluid compartments as intra-cellular fluid
(ICF) Extra-cellular fluid (ECF), interstitial fluid, trans-cellular fluid and total body water.
• Describe the composition of each fluid compartment, in terms of volume and ions and represent them in graphic forms.
• Describe daily intake and output of water and maintenance of water balance.
• Define osmolarity• Define Isotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic• Name the causes of ECF hyper tonicity and hypo tonicity and
its effects on body? • List factors influencing fluid compartments.• Physiology factor: age, sex, adipose tissue, etc. Pathological
factors: Dehydration, fluid infusion.
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HUMAN BODY COMPOSITION
Human Body Composition:
Water ---- 60%
Protein --- 18%
Fat -------- 15%
Mineral --- 07 %
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BODY WATER
• Body water makes 60% of body weight.
• Therefore body water is about 42 liters in 70 kg person.
• Body water is distributed between TWO major compartments:1. INTRACELLULAR FLUID (ICF)2. EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)
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BODY WATER DISTRIBUTIONWe will see how this 42 liters of water is distributedbetween ICF and ECF • Total body water : approx. 42 lit in 70 Kg body wt
• Intracellular Fluid (Within body cells):2/3 of TBW (40%of body wt.) 28 L in 70kg body wt.
• Extracellular Fluid (Out side body cells) :1/3 of TBW(20% of body wt.) 14L in 70 kg body wt.
( ECF IS DIVIDED INTO INTERSTITIAL FLUID AND PLASMA ).
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EXTRA CELLULAR FLUID
• Extracellular fluid (ECF)- 14 lit is divided into: - Interstitial fluid --- 11 liters - Plasma -------------- 3 liters
Note-- Interstitial fluid is the fluid which is distributed between the cells or surrounding the cells.
Plasma – It is fluid portion of blood.
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Minor ECF compartment :
-Transcellular fluid -Lymph
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OTHER EXTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENT
• There are other TWO Minor Extracellular fluid compartments also:
1. Lymph
2. Transcellular fluid
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Minor ECF Compartment (cont) 1. Lymph : fluid returned from the interstitial fluid to plasma by
Lymphatic System.
2. Transcellular Fluid• It is small fluid volume secreted by specific cells in the body.• Example :• Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)- it surrounds the Brain and Spinal
cord• Intra ocular fluid - in the eye • Synovial fluid – lubricating joints • Pericardial fluid, Intra pleural fluid
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Classification of Body Fluids
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Variation in water levels
• Lean tissue have higher fluid content than fat tissue
• Gender: males have more lean tissue hence more body fluids
• Age: Lean tissue lost with the age hence body fluid decreases with age
Lean tissue : Muscle tissue without fat
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Barriers Separating Body-Fluid Compartments
• Barrier between plasma and interstitial fluid– Blood vessel walls
• Barrier between ECF and ICF– Cellular plasma membranes
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Extracellular Fluid[Plasma & Interstitial Fluid]
• Water and electrolyte are freely exchanged between plasma and interstitial fluid passively through pores of thin capillary membrane.
• But Plasma protein can not pass from plasma to interstitial fluid.
• Therefore plasma and interstitial fluid are nearly same in composition except that plasma has protein and interstitial fluid doesn’t have protein.
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Extracellular Fluid [ECF] &
Intracellular Fluid [ICF]
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Extracellular Fluid [ECF] & Intracellular Fluid [ICF]
• ECF and ICF are separated by plasma membrane.
• Plasma membrane is selectively permeable.
• There is passive transport and active transport occurring through the plasma membrane.
• There is difference between ECF and ICF.
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Ionic Composition of the Major Body-Fluid Compartments
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Important Differences Between ECF & ICF
INTRACELLULAR FLUID [ICF]
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID [ECF]
1. ICF has more protein 1. No protein in Interstitial Fluid.
Protein present in Plasma.2. More Potassium ion (145 mmol / l)
2. Less Potassium ion (4 mmol / l)
3. Less Sodium ion (10 mmol / l)
3. More Sodium ion (145 mmol / l)
4. More Phosphate ion
4. More Chloride ion
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Na+ and K+ Concentration In ECF & ICF
Q. Why Na+ is more in ECF and K+ more in ICF?
Ans: It is due to the Na+- K+ ATPase pump which pumps 3 Na+ outside the cell and 2 K+ inside the cell.
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‘Important Things To Remember’
• Both Interstitial Fluid and Plasma have same composition except that Plasma has more protein.
• ICF and ECF are different as plasma membrane is selectively permeable and Na+ - K+ ATPase pump is operating.
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‘Important Things To Remember’
• ECF
Na+ 140 mmol / l (135-145 mmol / l) K+ 4 mmol / l (3.5 – 5 mmol / l) Cl- 105 mmol / l (100 – 110 mmol / l)
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Fluid Balance
• In order to maintain stable water balance, water INPUT must equal water OUTPUT.
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H2O Input and Output
• Input• Drinking liquids
• Eating solid foods
• Metabolically produced water
(oxidation of carbohydrate, lipid, proteins)
• Output – Insensible loss• Lungs• Evaporation from
skin– Sensible loss• Sweating• Feces• Urine excretion
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Daily Water Balance
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Fluid Balance
• Fluid Balance is regulated by: 1- ECF Volume
2- ECF Osmolarity
- ECF volume helps to maintain blood pressure and will be discussed later with blood pressure.
We will discuss ECF Osmolarity.
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ECF OSMOLARITY What is Osmolarity ? • Osmolarity is the concentration of solute
particles dissolved in the fluid.
• Increased Osmolarity means higher concentration of solute and less concentration of water.
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ECF Osmolarity (cont)
• As Na+ is the main solute in ECF, it is responsible for ECF Osmolarity.
• In ICF K+ is responsible for ICF Osmolarity.
• Normally ECF and ICF are ISOTONIC (having same Osmolarity).
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Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity• Normally Osmolarity of ECF and ICF are the same
(they are isotonic). Why ?• Because total concentration of Na+ and other solutes
in ECF is equal to total concentration of K+ and other solutes inside the cell.
Remember Osmolarity of ECF-285 mmol/l (275-295)
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Importance of regulating ECF Osmolarity
PROBLEM
If there is water loss from the ECF , what will be its effect?
Answer – ECF will become Hypertonic.
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Hypertonic Extracellular Fluid• Conditions of water loss
– Diarrhea – Vomiting – Sweating – Less water intake.
• If ECF becomes hypertonic, water moves from inside to outside of cell by osmosis (i.e. from ICF to ECF).
• As water leaves the cell – cell shrinks.
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Clinical Application• In mild Dehydration (loss of water) and mild hyper
tonicity :– There is dry skin – Dry tongue thirst – Sunken eyes.
• In case of severe Hyper tonicity ( Hyper Osmolarity) of ECF, it may affect BRAIN CELLS and BRAIN FUNCTION --- person may become mentally confused.
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HYPOTONIC ECF
PROBLEM What will happen if ECF becomes Hypotonic (that is
having less Osmolarity) ? • Answer – When ECF becomes Hypotonic , water will
enter the cell, and cell will swell ( Get bigger).
NOTE – Usually Hypo tonicity does not occur because when we take more water, we loose water in urine, but it can happen in Abnormal conditions.
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Hypotonic Extracellular Fluid(cont) Clinical Application
• Renal failure: Patient can not pass urine , ECF will become hypotonic .
• When ECF becomes hypotonic, water enters into the cell by Osmosis and cells swells (increase in size).
• Swelling of BRAIN cells will cause Brain Dysfunction E.g. – headache, vomiting, confusion, drowsiness and coma. This is called WATER INTOXICATION.
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ISOTONIC SOLUTIONS
What will happen if we give Isotonic solution?
• Answer – If we give ISOTONIC SOLUTION like 0.9% saline (Isotonic saline) intravenously, ECF will remain ISOTONIC , there will be no net movement of water into or out of the cells. Only ECF volume will increase.
NOTE – In case of Diarrhea, vomiting , Isotonic saline is given intravenously .
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References
• Human physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, seventh edition
• Text book physiology by Guyton &Hall,11th edition
• Text book of physiology by Linda .s contanzo,third edition