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Bone Development
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Composition of Bone
Approximately 33%-Organic Collagen Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) Contain Chondroitin sulfate Resilience and toughness
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Composition of Bone
Approximately 66% Inorganic Calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite),
calcium carbonate and magnesium phosphate
Hardness and rigidity Radiopaque-xray cannot penetrate Decalcify with acid—bone biopsies Alkaline phosphatase plays a role in
mineralization
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Review the components
Osteocytes Osteiod Lacunae Canaliculi
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Review
Osteoblasts Form new bone Periosteum and endosteum holds in
reserve Osteoclasts
Bone destroying
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Terms
Ossification=true bone formation Calcium deposited in osteoid matrix
Calcification=calcium salts deposited in other tissue Generally pathologic!!
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Types of new bone formation
Endochondral ossification=replacing fetal cartilage model with bone
Intramembranous ossification=fibrous tissue infiltrated by osteoid tissue Flat bones-i.e. skull
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Intramembranous Ossification
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Endochondral Ossification
Cartilage pattern Ossification process starts in the midshaft
Replacing cartilage with bone Osteoblast or osteoclasts?
Ossification centers-primary (diaphysis) and secondary (epiphysis)
Physis-proliferation of cartilage Bone growth!
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Ossification Centers
Primary Ossification Center
Secondary Ossification Center
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Endochondral Ossification
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What controls bone length growth??
Growth hormone Stimulates release of insulinlike growth factors
( in liver and cells near growth plate) Stimulate chondrocyte-increase cartilage
production in epiphyseal cartilage Androgens (Testosterone> estrogen)
Ultimately, brings on epiphyseal closure Stimulate ossification center vs. cartilage
production
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Mechanical Stress to bone
Static vs. Dynamic load Stretch Compression Bending Torsion (twisting) Shearing
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Remodeling
Continuous turnover of bone in mature animals Atrophy Hypertrophy Reshapes to minimize
mechanical stress
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Hormonal control of remodeling
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Types of Fractures
Simple vs. Open Fracture
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Types of Fractures
Greenstick fractures vs.
Complete fracture
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Types of Fractures
Physeal fracture –young animals
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Where are the fractures??
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Types of Fractures Comminuted fractures
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Fracture Repair
Apposition and Immobilization Process
Clot formation Granulation tissue Periosteal and endosteal osteoblasts Release osteoid to produce callus Callus becomes ossified Remodeling-osteoclasts remove excess
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Callus formation
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This workforce solution was funded by a grant awarded under the Workforce Innovation in Regional Development (WIRED) as implemented by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration working in partnership with the Colorado Department of Labor and Employment, the Metro Denver Economic Development Corporation, and the City and County of Denver's Office of Economic Development. The solution was created by the grantee and does not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Labor. The Department of Labor makes no guarantees, warranties, or assurances of any kind, express or implied, with respect to such information, including any information on linked sites and including, but not limited to, accuracy of the information or its completeness, timeliness, usefulness, adequacy, continued availability, or ownership. This solution is copyrighted by the institution that created it. Internal use by an organization and/or personal use by an individual for non-commercial purposes is permissible. All other uses require the prior authorization of the copyright owner.