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Dr . Nirajan Neupane
Brain ( Encephalon)
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• Covered by meninges ( PAD) subarachnoid space contains CSF
• Cavity is called ventricles ( 4 in no.) filled with CSF
• Weight : 1.4 kg
• Divided into Forebrain , midbrain & hindbrain
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Forebrain/ prosencephalonTelencephalon & Diencephalon
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CerebrumLargest part of brain
• Gyri & sulcus / fissure
• Divided into two cerebral hemisphere by longitudinal fissure(dura - falx cerebri) & connected by corpus callosum
• Each cerebral hemisphere is divided into F-POT lobe by 3 prominent sulci viz central , paraieto-occipital & lateral
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DiencephalonCavity : 3rd ventricle
• Thalamus -2
• Hypothalamus
• Epithalamus
• Subthalamus -2
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Thalamus
• Major relay station of all the sensory neurons except olfactory nerve (to cortex)
• Feedback from basal ganglia/nuclei & cerebellum (to cortex)
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Hypothalamus: (SEAT)2
-Extended from upper part of midbrain to optic chiasm
-Consists gray sheets around 3rd venticle,median eminence & 2 mammillary bodies
-Makes lateral wall & floor of 3rd ventricle
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Epithalamus -Consists of a pineal body & 2 habenular nuclei
-Pineal body contains pinealocytes , glial cells but no neuron ; secretes serotonin & melatonin ( from Tryptophan amino acid)
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• Subthalamus : part of basal ganglia indirect pathway
• Lie below each thalamus
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Limbic system : emotional brain : cortex = cingulate gyrusHippocampus
Amygdala
Septal nuclei
Anterior & DM nuclei of thalamus
Mammillary bodies of hypothalamus
Functions
Smell
Sex drive
Memory / learning
Behavior & emotion
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Basal nucleiPlanning & programming of voluntary movement through direct or indirect pathway
Feedback circuit to cortex
Striatum : caudate & putamen
Globus pallidus
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nuclei
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Brain stemMidbrain,pons & medulla
• Described with cranial nerves lectures
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Cerebellum Little brain
• Part of hind brain( Rhombencephalon)
• Derived from Metencephalon
• Located dorsal to the pons & medulla
• Tentorium cerebelli ( dura)
• Connected to brain stem by 6 cerebellar peduncle
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• Consists of a midline vermis and 2 lateral cerebellar hemisphere
• Internally , outer cortex & inner core (deep seated nuclei & white matter in the pattern of tree called arbor vitae)
• Only axons of purkinje cell leave the cerebellar cortex
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• Functions :
• Posture & balance
• Co -ordination of voluntary motor activity