Dário AhnertSenior Prof. - UESC
PhD Plant Breeding
Breeding for Drought
Resistance in Cacao
El Niño-Southern Oscillation
Source:http://faculty.washington.edu/kessler/ENSO/soi-1950-98.gif
El Niño
La Niña
Índ
ex °
C
Rain Distribution–Cacao Region Bahia (June 2015 - August 2016)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Jun Jul Ago Set Out Nov Dez
Pre
cip
itação
(m
m)
2015
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Jan Fev Mar Abril Maio Jun Jul Ago
Pre
cip
itação
(m
m)
2016
Average/years
2014= 1908,9
2015= 1226,4
2016= 877
CCN 51 Rooted Cutted Plant
•Materials and Methods
Plant material and growth conditions
Self-incompatibleHybridTrinidadTSH-1188
Self-incompatibleHybridTrinidad TSA-792
Self-compatibleForasteroColombiaSPA-5
Self-compatibleForasteroBahiaSIC-2
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilSIC-17
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilSIAL-169
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruSCA-6
Self-incompatibleCriolloMexicoRIM-6
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilRB-48
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilRB-39
Self-compatibleComplex
hybrid BrazilPS-1319
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruPA-150
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruPA-13
Self-compatibleCriolloVenezuelaOC-77
-ForasteroBrazilMOC-2
-ForasteroPeruMO-20
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilMA-15
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilMA-14
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruIMC-76
-ForasteroPeruIMC-27
Self-incompatibleTrinitarioTrinidadICS-98
Self-compatibleTrinitarioTrinidadICS-9
-ForasteroFrench Guiana GU-114
-HybridEcuadorEQX-107
Self-compatibleHybridEcuadorEET-53
-HybridEcuadorEET-103
Self-compatibleHybridCosta RicaCC-40
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilCATONGO
-ForasteroBrazilCAB-274
-ForasteroBrazilCAB-139
-ForasteroBrazilCA-3
-ForasteroBrazilCA-1
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilC SUL-4
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazil C SUL-3
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilBE- 08
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeru(AMZ-15.1)
Gametic
compatibility
Botanical
groupOriginGenotype
Self-incompatibleHybridTrinidadTSH-1188
Self-incompatibleHybridTrinidad TSA-792
Self-compatibleForasteroColombiaSPA-5
Self-compatibleForasteroBahiaSIC-2
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilSIC-17
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilSIAL-169
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruSCA-6
Self-incompatibleCriolloMexicoRIM-6
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilRB-48
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilRB-39
Self-compatibleComplex
hybrid BrazilPS-1319
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruPA-150
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruPA-13
Self-compatibleCriolloVenezuelaOC-77
-ForasteroBrazilMOC-2
-ForasteroPeruMO-20
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilMA-15
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilMA-14
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruIMC-76
-ForasteroPeruIMC-27
Self-incompatibleTrinitarioTrinidadICS-98
Self-compatibleTrinitarioTrinidadICS-9
-ForasteroFrench Guiana GU-114
-HybridEcuadorEQX-107
Self-compatibleHybridEcuadorEET-53
-HybridEcuadorEET-103
Self-compatibleHybridCosta RicaCC-40
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilCATONGO
-ForasteroBrazilCAB-274
-ForasteroBrazilCAB-139
-ForasteroBrazilCA-3
-ForasteroBrazilCA-1
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilC SUL-4
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazil C SUL-3
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilBE- 08
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeru(AMZ-15.1)
Gametic
compatibility
Botanical
groupOriginGenotype
Self-incompatibleHybridTrinidadTSH-1188
Self-incompatibleHybridTrinidad TSA-792
Self-compatibleForasteroColombiaSPA-5
Self-compatibleForasteroBahiaSIC-2
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilSIC-17
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilSIAL-169
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruSCA-6
Self-incompatibleCriolloMexicoRIM-6
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilRB-48
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilRB-39
Self-compatibleComplex
hybrid BrazilPS-1319
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruPA-150
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruPA-13
Self-compatibleCriolloVenezuelaOC-77
-ForasteroBrazilMOC-2
-ForasteroPeruMO-20
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilMA-15
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilMA-14
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruIMC-76
-ForasteroPeruIMC-27
Self-incompatibleTrinitarioTrinidadICS-98
Self-compatibleTrinitarioTrinidadICS-9
-ForasteroFrench Guiana GU-114
-HybridEcuadorEQX-107
Self-compatibleHybridEcuadorEET-53
-HybridEcuadorEET-103
Self-compatibleHybridCosta RicaCC-40
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilCATONGO
-ForasteroBrazilCAB-274
-ForasteroBrazilCAB-139
-ForasteroBrazilCA-3
-ForasteroBrazilCA-1
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilC SUL-4
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazil C SUL-3
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilBE- 08
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeru(AMZ-15.1)
Gametic
compatibility
Botanical
groupOriginGenotype
Self-incompatibleHybridTrinidadTSH-1188
Self-incompatibleHybridTrinidad TSA-792
Self-compatibleForasteroColombiaSPA-5
Self-compatibleForasteroBahiaSIC-2
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilSIC-17
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilSIAL-169
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruSCA-6
Self-incompatibleCriolloMexicoRIM-6
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilRB-48
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilRB-39
Self-compatibleComplex
hybrid BrazilPS-1319
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruPA-150
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruPA-13
Self-compatibleCriolloVenezuelaOC-77
-ForasteroBrazilMOC-2
-ForasteroPeruMO-20
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilMA-15
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilMA-14
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruIMC-76
-ForasteroPeruIMC-27
Self-incompatibleTrinitarioTrinidadICS-98
Self-compatibleTrinitarioTrinidadICS-9
-ForasteroFrench Guiana GU-114
-HybridEcuadorEQX-107
Self-compatibleHybridEcuadorEET-53
-HybridEcuadorEET-103
Self-compatibleHybridCosta RicaCC-40
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilCATONGO
-ForasteroBrazilCAB-274
-ForasteroBrazilCAB-139
-ForasteroBrazilCA-3
-ForasteroBrazilCA-1
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilC SUL-4
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazil C SUL-3
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilBE- 08
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeru(AMZ-15.1)
Gametic
compatibility
Botanical
groupOriginGenotype
Self-incompatibleHybridTrinidadTSH-1188
Self-incompatibleHybridTrinidad TSA-792
Self-compatibleForasteroColombiaSPA-5
Self-compatibleForasteroBahiaSIC-2
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilSIC-17
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilSIAL-169
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruSCA-6
Self-incompatibleCriolloMexicoRIM-6
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilRB-48
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilRB-39
Self-compatibleComplex
hybrid BrazilPS-1319
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruPA-150
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruPA-13
Self-compatibleCriolloVenezuelaOC-77
-ForasteroBrazilMOC-2
-ForasteroPeruMO-20
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilMA-15
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilMA-14
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruIMC-76
-ForasteroPeruIMC-27
Self-incompatibleTrinitarioTrinidadICS-98
Self-compatibleTrinitarioTrinidadICS-9
-ForasteroFrench Guiana GU-114
-HybridEcuadorEQX-107
Self-compatibleHybridEcuadorEET-53
-HybridEcuadorEET-103
Self-compatibleHybridCosta RicaCC-40
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilCATONGO
-ForasteroBrazilCAB-274
-ForasteroBrazilCAB-139
-ForasteroBrazilCA-3
-ForasteroBrazilCA-1
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilC SUL-4
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazil C SUL-3
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilBE- 08
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeru(AMZ-15.1)
Gametic
compatibility
Botanical
groupOriginGenotype
Self-incompatibleHybridTrinidadTSH-1188
Self-incompatibleHybridTrinidad TSA-792
Self-compatibleForasteroColombiaSPA-5
Self-compatibleForasteroBahiaSIC-2
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilSIC-17
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilSIAL-169
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruSCA-6
Self-incompatibleCriolloMexicoRIM-6
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilRB-48
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilRB-39
Self-compatibleComplex
hybrid BrazilPS-1319
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruPA-150
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruPA-13
Self-compatibleCriolloVenezuelaOC-77
-ForasteroBrazilMOC-2
-ForasteroPeruMO-20
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilMA-15
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilMA-14
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeruIMC-76
-ForasteroPeruIMC-27
Self-incompatibleTrinitarioTrinidadICS-98
Self-compatibleTrinitarioTrinidadICS-9
-ForasteroFrench Guiana GU-114
-HybridEcuadorEQX-107
Self-compatibleHybridEcuadorEET-53
-HybridEcuadorEET-103
Self-compatibleHybridCosta RicaCC-40
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilCATONGO
-ForasteroBrazilCAB-274
-ForasteroBrazilCAB-139
-ForasteroBrazilCA-3
-ForasteroBrazilCA-1
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazilC SUL-4
Self-incompatibleForasteroBrazil C SUL-3
Self-compatibleForasteroBrazilBE- 08
Self-incompatibleForasteroPeru(AMZ-15.1)
Gametic
compatibility
Botanical
groupOriginGenotype
•Materials and Methods
• Seminal seedlings
• Cacao Germplasm Bank of the Cacao
Research Center (CEPEC);
• The experiment was conducted in a
greenhouse at CEPEC/CEPLAC, Ilhéus, Bahia,
Brazil
Leaf Water potencial :
Scholander et al., 1965
Leaf water potential (ΨWL)
2º or 3º mature leaf
Orthotropic axis between 2:00 and
4:00 am)
Total leaf areas(TLA)
Individual leaf areas (ILA)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
LI-COR 3100
Digital calipers
stem diameter
(CD)
plant height (H)
75°C
Root dry biomass (SDB)
Leaf dry biomass (LDB)
Stem dry biomass (SDB)
Total dry biomass (TDB)
leaf number (LN)
Leaf area (TLA)Leaf number (LN) Stem diameter (CD)
HUNT, 1990
Specific leaf area
(SLA)
Leaf mass ratio (LMR)
Leaf area ratio (LAR)
Root/shoot (R/S)
CONCLUSIONS
• In general, soil water deficit influenced negatively
biomass production, except for clones EET 53, ICS9,
MA15, OC77, PA150, PS1319, and SPA5;
• Variables LDB (leaf dry biomass), TDB (total dry
Bio..), TLAP (total leaf area), RGR (relative growth) ,
and Mg (magnesium) can be used for selection of
tolerance to drought;
• Genes NCED5, PP2C, psbA and psbO incresed
expression in non tolerant clones;
• Resistant clones increased volume of fine roots
under drought conditions.
SIC-17sSIC-17c
C.Sul-4sC.Sul-4c
SIC-2c SIC-2s
MO20sMO-20c
MA15sMA-15c
PA-13c PA-13s
OC-77sOC-77c
Figura 6- Área radicular (A) genótipos que apresentaram reduções significativas em relação ao controle, (B)
genótipos que não apresentaram reduções significativas em relação ao controle. (c-controle; s-seca).
Comparação de médias pelo teste-t (P<0,01).
68%
51%
17%
17%
4%
AB
CC-40sCC-40c
51%
35%
16%
Results and Discussion
MATERIAL E MÉTODOSGenetic material and experimental procedures
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Table 1- T. cacao genotypes used in diallel crosses
Accessions have different levels of drought tolerance (SANTOS et al., 2014)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
12 months after sowing
Fig 2 - Diallel crosses in CEPEC
Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil -
2012
DEFICIT Gradually water
suspended for 60
days
(ΨWL) -2.0 to -2.5 MPa
Manually
CONTROL Irrigation to maintain
for 60 days
water content in the
field capacity(33 kPa)
(ΨWL) -0.1 to -0.5 MPa
(126 plants)
(126 plants)
Scholander et al., 1965
Leaf water potential (ΨWL)
2º or 3º mature leaf
Orthotropic axis between 2:00
and 4:00 am)
6 replication
Leaf water potential (ΨWL)
6 replication
Soil water deficit influenced negatively biomass production, except for SCA 6x IMC 67, Catongo x SCA 6, MOC 01 x Catongo, Catongo x IMC 67 and RB 40 xCatongo.
Superiority of additive genetic effects (CGA) was found over non-additivegenetic effects (SCA)
SCA 6 had the highest general combining ability to shoot increment and theroot system in both hydric regimes.
Progenies PUCALA x Catongo, PUCALA x MOC 01, IMC-67 x TSH 1188 andMOC 01 x IMC 67 were the most susceptible to drought.
There were differences in combining abilities of the parents and influence ofthe water regime over morphological characters (except LN and LMR).
The growth variables CD, TLA, LDB, SDB, RDB, TDB, RL, RV, RD < 1 mm and 1< RD < 2 mm were the variable that most contributed in the separation of T.cacao genotypes tolerant to water stress and can be used in selecting plantstolerant to drought
CONCLUSIONS
Fig. 2. Biplot graphical analysis based on the mean of 21 cacao progenies under stress conditions (ΨWL
between -2.0 and -2.5 MPa) for CD, stem diameter; TLA, total leaf area; LDB, leaf dry biomass; SDB, stem
dry biomass; TDB, total dry biomass; RDB, root dry biomass; RL, root length; RV, root volume; RD, fine
(RD < 1 mm) and medium (1 <RD <2 mm) root diameters.
Thank you!!!!