Download - British Colony (1858-1947 CE)
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British Colony(1858-1947 CE)
• British East India Company attracted by wealth of Mogul India (spices, cotton, silk, indigo, salt, tea, and opium)
• Royal Charter in 1600 – allowed access to ports by Mogul emperors
• 1858 – British Crown assumed direct control (“The British Raj”)
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Independence (1947)
• 1885 – Indian National Congress founded– Leaders educated in England– Eventually gained 15 million
members and 70 million participants
• Mohandas Gandhi– Leader of Indian nationalism– Lawyer educated in London– Non-violent civil disobedience
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Hindu-Muslim Relations
• Muslim minority worried about how they would be treated in an independent India
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League demanded an independent Muslim state
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Partition (1947)
• Two states: India and Pakistan (East & West)• 12.5 million people displaced• 500,000 – 1 million people dead (estimates)• Problems:– Independence was declared prior to partition so the
new states had to maintain order– No plans for large population movements– Breakdown of law and order; riots, massacres and
death from the journey
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India-Pakistan Conflicts
• Competition for strategically located states (ex: Kashmir)– Autonomous under British; chose to remain autonomous
after independence– 70% Muslim but the Maharaja of Kashmir was Hindu– 1947, 1965, 1971 wars for Kashmir – Status has not changed – split between India, Pakistan, and
China– Water
• India buildup of military/nuclear power– Himalayas no longer provide protection (Who does India need
protection from?)
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