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Building Papers: Products, Standards
and Installation
BETECJune 10.2004
Arlington, VADave Olson
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Presentation Summary
• Product Review• Product Standards • Building Codes• Product Installation
•Exposure •Product Compatibility
• Research and Development Projects
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Asphalt Saturated Kraft Paper Timeline
• 1960’s 10 Minute Paper, 30 Minute Paper• Mid 1960’s Paper integrated onto expanded metal
lath/woven wire• 1979 UBC Requirement for 2 layers Grade D• 1980’s 60 Minute Paper, 2 Ply Products• 2000’s Rainscreen combinations• 2004 IRC/IBC Requirement for 2 layers Grade D
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Review of Major Manufacturers
• Fortifiber Building Systems Group– Fernley, NV– Los Angeles, CA
• Hal Industries– Surrey, British Columbia
• Davis Wire– Irwindale, CA
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Manufacturing Process
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Products
• Asphalt-saturated Kraft paper (Grade D) also available in 2-ply rolls– 10 minute– 30 minute– 60 minute
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2-Ply Products
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Review of ProductsFormulations to Address a Wide Variety of Applications
Major Manufacturers Fortifiber Davis Wire
Fortifiber Hal
Davis Wire
Fortifiber Hal
Davis Wire
Fortifiber Davis Wire
Fortifiber Hal
Davis Wire
Fortifiber Hal
Davis Wire
Water Holdout ASTM D-779 20-Minutes 30-Minutes 60-Minutes 110-Minutes 133-Minutes 150-Minutes
Vapor Permeability ASTM E-96
200 Grams 29 perms
170 Grams 25 perms
75 Grams 11 perms
95 Grams 14 perms
103 Grams 15 perms
67 Grams 10 perms
Tensile Strength MD ASTM D-828 CD
70 lb. f/inch 29 lb. f/inch
68 lb. f/inch 31 lb. f/inch
70 lb. f/inch 60 lb. f/inch
144 lb. f/inch 58 lb. f/inch
144 lb. f/inch 58 lb. f/inch
160 lb. f/inch 110 lb. f/inch
Number of Plies (Layers of paper) One One One Two Two Two
Roll Sizes 40”x324 Sq Ft 500
40”x324 Sq Ft 500 40”x240 Sq Ft 40”x162 Sq Ft
250 40”x162 Sq Ft
250 40”x162 Sq Ft
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Paperback Woven Wire Rolls
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Paperback Expanded Metal Lath Sheets
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Innovative Rainscreen
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Asphalt Saturated Kraft Paper
A single layer of cellulose fibers. The fiber source is mostly from virgin, unbleached softwood pulp and may have a small percentage of recycled fiber. This results in paper having a:
•More uniform fiber structure
•Small pore size
•Dense fiber matrix.
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Asphalt Building PaperTop View (200X)
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Roofing Felt
Felt consists of multiple layers of loosely laid cellulose fibers. The fiber source is unbleached softwood pulp and a high percentage of recycled fibers. This results in felt having a:
•Less uniform fiber structure
•Larger pore size
•Bulky matrix.
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No.15 Roofing Felt
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Felt and Kraft Paper to Scale
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Water Vapor Transmission Characteristics
Vapor Transmission vs %RhIsothermal at 70 deg F
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% Rh
Perm
eanc
e HD 30
JT 20
Super 60
#15 Felt
Super Jumbo Tex 60
Jumbo Tex 20Heavy Duty 30
#15 Felt
Uncorrected Experimental DataActual Permeance + 50%
P d t b h i t d i t t
Fred Baker - April 12, 2004
Fortifiber Corporation Confidential Information
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Federal Specification UU-B-790a
• Federal Specification for Building Paper, Vegetable Fiber:–(Kraft, Waterproofed, Water Repellant and Fire Resistant)–Classifies paper in terms of:
• 4 Types
• 4 Grades
• 12 Styles
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Federal Specification UU-B-790a
Paper Types
–Type I - Barrier Paper–Type II – Concrete Curing Paper–Type III – Fire resistant–Type IV – Insulation tape paper
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Federal Specification UU-B-790a
Paper Styles
Style 1a, Uncreped, not reinforcedStyle 1b, Uncreped, not reinforced, red rosin sizedStyle 2, Uncreped, not reinforced, saturated““““Style 11 - Reinforced
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Federal Specification UU-B-790a
Paper Grades
–Grade A – High water vapor resistance–Grade B - Moderate water-vapor resistance–Grade C – Water resistant–Grade D – Water –vapor permeable
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Federal Specification UU-B-790a
TABLE 14-1-A-GRADE REQUIREMENTSGRADE
PHYSICAL PROPERTY REQUIREMENT A B C D
Dry Tensile Strength 20 20 20 20Lbs/inch width, both directions Water resistance 24 16 8 1/6Permeation of water through papers,hours minimumWater vapor transmissionMaximum 4 6 - -Minimum - - - 35Grams per sq. meter per 24 hours
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UU-B-790a February 5, 1968 SUPERSEDING
Fed. Spec. UU-B-790 July 9, 1964
FEDERAL SPECIFICATION
BUILDING PAPER, VEGETABLE FIBER:
(KRAFT, WATERPROOFED, WATER REPELLENT AND FIRE RESISTANT)
1. SCOPE AND CLASSIFICATION 1.1 Scope. This specification covers building papers composed predominantly of
sulphate pulp fibers. 1.2 Classification. 1.2.1 Types, grades and styles. The building papers shall be of the following types,
grades and styles, as specified (see 6.2): Type I – Barrier Paper Grade A – High water-vapor resistance. Grade B – Moderate water-vapor resistance. Grade C – Water resistant. Grade D – Water-vapor permeable. Style 1a – Uncreped, not reinforced. Style 1b – Uncreped, not reinforced, red rosin sized. Style 2 – Uncreped, not reinforced, saturated. Style 3 – Creped one direction, not reinforced. Style 4 – Uncreped, reinforced. Style 5 – Creped one direction, reinforced. Style 6 – Creped two directions, not reinforced. Style 7 – Creped two directions, reinforced. Type II – Concrete-curing paper. Grade E – Moisture rentative. Style 8 – Regular color, reinforced. Style 9 – White, reinforced. Type III – Fire-resistant paper. Grade F – Water repellent. Style 10 – 56-pound paper. Type IV – Insulation tape paper. Grade G – High tensile strength – water resistant. Style II – Reinforced.
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Building Codes/Product Standards
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Asphalt Saturated Kraft Paper Terminology – Code Review
Uniform Building Code Weather-resistive barrier
International Building Water-resistive barrierCode
International Residential Weather-resistant sheathingCode paper
National Building Code Wall sheathing membraneOf Canada
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Water Management Assembly
• Drainage Plane
• Drainage Space
• Flashing• Weep holes
•EEBA Water Management Guide
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ICC Acceptance Criteria AC # 38
Dry Tensile Strength Lbs/inch width, both directions
Water Resistance Permeation of water through paper, hours minimum
Water Vapor Transmission Grams per sq meter per 24 hours
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ICC Acceptance Criteria AC # 38
Grade D Requirements
Dry Tensile Strength 20lbs both machine and cross direction
Water Resistance 10 minutes
Water Vapor TransmissionMaximum no limitMinimum 35 grams
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Product Standards
ASTM D-779 Water Resistance of Paper, Paperboard, and other Sheet Materials by the Dry Indicator Method ( Boat Test)
ASTM D-828-93 Tensile Properties of Paper, Paperboard using Constant Rate of Elongation Apparatus
ASTM E-96-95 Water Vapor Transmission of Materials
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U.B.C. Requirements
Section 1402.1 Weather resistive barriers. All weather –exposed surfaces shall have a weather resistive barrier to protect interior wall covering. Such barrier shall be equal to that provided for in the U.B.C. Standard 14-1 for kraft waterproof building paper or asphalt saturated rag felt.
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U.B.C. Requirements
2506.4 Weather resistive Barriers. Weather resistive Barriers shall be installed as required in Section 1402.1 and, when applied over wood based sheathing, shall include two layers of Grade D paper.
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U.B.C. Installation Requirements
Such felt or paper shall be applied horizontally, with the upper layer lapped over the lower layer not less than 2 inches. Where vertical joints occur, felt or paper shall be lapped not less than 6 inches.
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2003 I.B.C Requirements
1404.2 Water –resistive barrier. A minimum of one layer of No. 15 asphalt felt, complying with ASTM D 226 for Type 1 felt shall be attached to the sheathing, with flashing as described in Section 1405.3 in such a manner as to provide a continuous water resistive barrier behind the exterior wall veneer.
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2003 I.B.C.Requirements
2 layers of Grade D weather resistive barrier behind stucco over wood based sheathing
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2003 I.R.C Requirements
R703.2 Weather resistant sheathing paper. Asphalt saturated felt free from holes and breaks, weighing not less than 14 lbs per 100 square feet (0.683 kg/m2) and complying with ASTM D 226 or other approved weather-resistant material shall be applied over studs or sheathing of all exterior walls as required by table R703.4.
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2003 I.R.C Installation Requirements
Such felt or material shall be applied horizontally, with the upper layer lapped over the lower layer not less than 2 inches (51 mm). Where joints occur, felt shall be lapped not less than 6 inches (152 mm).
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2003 I.R.C Installation Requirements
Exception: Such felt or material is permitted to be omitted in the following situations.
• In detached accessory buildings.• Under panel siding with shiplap joints or battens.• Under exterior wall finish materials as permitted in
Table R703.4• Under paperbacked stucco lath.
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2004 IRC Changes
Exceptions allowing a builder not to use a weather resistive barrier have been eliminated.
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2004 IRC Changes
RB 224 IRC will require the use of a weather resistive, vapor permeable barrier with performance equivalent to two layers of Grade D paper behind stucco
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NFPA 5000
37.3.1.2 Barriers shall be a minimum of one layer of building paper meeting the Federal Specification UUB-790a, Specification for Building Paper, Vegetable Fiber: Kraft Waterproofed, Water Repellent, and Fiber Resistant for Kraft waterproof building paper with Type 1 felt in accordance with ASTM D-226, Standard Specification for Asphalt Saturated Organic Felt Used in Roofing and Waterproofing.
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NFPA 5000 Installation Requirements
37.3.1.4 The barrier shall be applied horizontally and lapped upper layer over lower layer in weatherboard fashion for lengths of not less than 3 in. (76 mm) horizontally and 6 in. (152 mm) vertically.
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NFPA 5000
2 layers of Grade D weather resistive barrier behind stucco over wood based sheathing
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National Building Code of Canada
Subsection 9.23.17.3 Wall Sheathing membrane 1. Except as provided in Articles 9.23.17.4, 9.23.17.5,
9.23.17.6., at least one layer of sheathing membrane shall be applied beneath siding, stucco or masonry.
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National Building Code of Canada Installation Requirements
Shall be applied so that joints are lapped not less than 4”
Applied horizontally, the upper sheets shall overlap the lower sheets.
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CAN/CGSB-51.32-M77, Sheathing, Membrane, Breather Type
Width Tolerance -6 mm
Pliability Shall not crack when bent 90ºaround a15mm mandrel at-10± 2ºC
Tensile Strength 3.5 N/mm
Water Vapour PermeanceMin. 170 ng/Pa·s·m²Max. 1400
Water Vapour Permeance (max) after 2900accelerated aging
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Applications
• Weather barriers must be installed in shingle lap fashion
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Design Considerations
• Paper based products allowed for “Walls” within 30º of vertical
• Paper based products are not allowed on “Roofs”with a slope of less than 60º from horizontal
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Product Exposure Limits
• Davis Wire Cover product as soonas possible
• Fortifiber Cover product as soon as possible
• Hal Cover product as soonas possible
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Product Compatibility
• Compatible with all dissimilar products in contact with WRB
• Use systems of products from manufacturers that have tested for compatibility
• Document compatibility with sealant manufacturer
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Applications
• Weather-resistive barriers are used behind:– Three-Coat
Portland Cement Plaster (Stucco)
– One Coat– EIFS
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Applications
• Water-resistive barriers are also used behind:
– Other claddings such as Stucco Brick, Hardboard Siding, Vinyl, Aluminum, Fiber Cement and Wood Siding
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System Requirements
• The success of the system depends on all of the components in the building envelope performing equally well.
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Proper Installation
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www.fortifiber.com
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Review of Current Building Science Findings
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Northwest Wall and Ceiling Bureau
• Project Objective:
– To determine if a stucco wall assembly would drain water between the basecoat and the WRB
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Additional Observations
– Stucco basecoat developed shallow random waves that channel water down the wall
– Natural drainage channels were created on the back of the stucco
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• Project Findings:
• Proper installation of WRB and integration with flashing is one of the most important factors in the successful performance of exterior walls
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• Project Findings:
– 2 layers of WRB was shown to provide better drainage control than one layer behind all types of cladding not just stucco.
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– Building paper swelled when wet and shrank when dry creating natural drainage channels in stucco
– 2 layers of building paper create an airspace behind stucco providing drainage
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References– American Society Testing Materials– Building Science Corporation– Davis Wire– Fortifiber Building Systems Group– Hal Industries– International Code Council– National Building Code of Canada– National Fire Protection Association– Northwest Walls and Ceiling Bureau– Oakridge National Lab– United States General Services Administration