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Building Water Reuse from
the Ground Up:
Lessons Learned over 4 Decades
Earle Hartling
Water Recycling Coordinator
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Los Angeles County
Sanitation Districts
⚫ Serving 5.6 million people in 78 cities
⚫ One ocean disposal facility
⚫ 10 water reclamation plants
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Los Angeles County
Sanitation Districts
⚫ Serving 5.6 million people in 78 cities
⚫ One ocean disposal facility
⚫ 10 water reclamation plants
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Recycled Water Program –
Where we came from
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019
MGD
Recycled and Discharged to River
Recycled and Beneficially Reused
Ocean Disposal
Post-WWII
Whittier Narrows
Other JOS WRPs
76-77 drought
86-92 drought
1998 El Niño 2006-
drought
1989 Peak
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Recycled Water Program –
Where we came from
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019
MGD
Recycled and Discharged to River
Recycled and Beneficially Reused
Ocean Disposal
Post-WWII
Whittier Narrows
Other JOS WRPs
76-77 drought
86-92 drought
1998 El Niño 2006-
drought
1989 Peak
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Recycled Water Program –
Where we are now
⚫ High quality recycled/reclaimed water
⚫ 100,000 acre-feet/year beneficially used
⚫ 950 individual sites
⚫ Over 20 distribution systems
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Recycled Water Program –
Where we are now
⚫ High quality recycled/reclaimed water
⚫ 100,000 acre-feet/year beneficially used
⚫ 950 individual sites
⚫ Over 20 distribution systems
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Direct Nonpotable Uses
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1995 Beneficial Plan
⚫ Physical Issues
⚫ Regulatory Compliance
⚫ Institutional Arrangements
⚫ Monetary Considerations
⚫ Public Acceptance
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Physical Issues
⚫ Have technical/engineering solutions
⚫ Generally deal with either:
• Quantity
• Quality
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Recycled Water
Supply vs. Demand
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019
REUSED
PRODUCED
MGD
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Recycled Water
Supply vs. Demand
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2019
REUSED
PRODUCED
MGD
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JOINT OUTFALL SYSTEM
Annual Average Effluent Flows
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
2000 2005 2010 2015 2019
MG
D
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Problem –
Daily Supply/Demand Offset
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
358:0
0 A
M
10:0
0 A
M
Noo
n
2:0
0 P
M
4:0
0 P
M
6:0
0 P
M
8:0
0 P
M
10:0
0 P
M
Mid
nig
ht
2:0
0 A
M
4:0
0 A
M
6:0
0 A
M
Supply
Demand
Theoretical WRP vs.
Hypothetical Reuse System
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Solutions – Demand Side
Daily Operational Storage
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Solutions – Demand Side
Daily Demand Shift
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Solutions – Supply Side
Flow Equalization
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Solutions – Supply Side
Flow Equalization
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Problem –
Seasonal Supply vs. Demand
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
MG
D
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Supply
Demand
Pomona WRP – 2018 Flows
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Solution – Seasonal Storage
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Solution – Seasonal Storage
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Solution –
Groundwater Recharge
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Problem –
Recycled Water Quality
⚫ Minimum treatment levels
⚫ Microbial levels
⚫ Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs)
• Chemicals of Emerging Concern (CECs)
⚫ Salinity
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Solution –
Minimum Treatment Level
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Solution –
Microbial Quality
⚫ Generally 90% total coliform non-detects
⚫ 7-day median total coliform < 2
⚫ No viable Giardia or Cryptosporidium
⚫ 3 virus in 1,152 samples, 1.6 million liters
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Solution – MCLs
⚫ Drinking water standards
⚫ All Primary MCLs are met:
• Heavy metals
• Trace organics
• Radioactivity
• Minerals
• Nitrogen
⚫ Secondary MCL for turbidity
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Solution – MCLs
⚫ Drinking water standards
⚫ All Primary MCLs are met:
• Heavy metals
• Trace organics
• Radioactivity
• Minerals
• Nitrogen
⚫ Secondary MCL for turbidity
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Solutions – Salinity
Demand Side
⚫ Reconfigure landscape plants
⚫ Modify irrigation schedule
⚫ Apply soil treatments
⚫ Rebalance cooling tower chemicals
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Solutions – Salinity
Supply Side
⚫ High TDS sewage diverted around WRPs
• 500-800 mg/L TDS at WRPs
• 1,500 mg/L TDS at ocean disposal plant
⚫ Industrial waste pretreatment
⚫ Advanced treatment via RO
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Regulatory Compliance
⚫ Most recycled/reclaimed regulations
originated in California – Title 22
⚫ Treatment levels and effluent quality
⚫ On-site requirements
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Regulatory Solutions –
Facilities Identification
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Regulatory Solutions –
Best Practices
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Regulatory Solutions –
Supplemental Water
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Institutional Arrangements
Highly segmented and complex water
supply hierarchy in Southern California
⚫ City water departments
⚫ Municipal water districts
⚫ Mutual water companies
⚫ Investor-owned utilities
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Institutional Arrangements
Highly segmented and complex water
supply hierarchy in Southern California
⚫ City water departments
⚫ Municipal water districts
⚫ Mutual water companies
⚫ Investor-owned utilities
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Institutional – Solutions
⚫ Easements
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Institutional – Solutions
⚫ Easements
⚫ Shared facilities
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Institutional – Solutions
⚫ Easements
⚫ Shared facilities
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Institutional – Solutions
⚫ Easements
⚫ Shared facilities
Cal Poly, University
Forest Lawn Cemetery
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Institutional – Solutions
⚫ Easements
⚫ Shared facilities
⚫ Interagency coordination
• Service duplication
• “Stay in your lane”
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Institutional – Solutions
⚫ Easements
⚫ Shared facilities
⚫ Interagency coordination
• Service duplication
• “Stay in your lane”
Recycled Water Producer
Regional Water Distributor
Retail Water Provider
Reuse SiteEnd User
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Monetary Considerations
⚫ Economic Analysis – Should it be done?
⚫ Financial Analysis – Can it be done?
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Monetary Considerations
⚫ Water pricing
⚫ Future water costs
⚫ Alternative financing
• Parcel charges
• Low interest loans/grants
• Strategic partnerships
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Public Acceptance – Problems
⚫ Perceived health risks – “yuck” factor
⚫ Growth inducement
⚫ Special interests
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Public Acceptance – Problems
⚫ Perceived health risks – “yuck” factor
⚫ Growth inducement
⚫ Special interests
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Public Acceptance – Solutions
⚫ Accessible technical information
⚫ Public “information”, not “education”
⚫ Qualified expert testimony
⚫ Outside allies
⚫ Community supporters
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Public Acceptance – Solutions
⚫ Project website
⚫ News media
⚫ Social media
⚫ Speakers bureau
⚫ Facility tours
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Questions?