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© 2008 Townsend Press
Fourth Edition
John Langan
Fourth Edition
John Langan
TEN STEPS TO BUILDING COLLEGE READING SKILLS
TEN STEPS TO BUILDING COLLEGE READING SKILLS
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Chapter One: Dictionary Use
THIS CHAPTER IN A NUTSHELL
• You should own both a paperback and a hardbound dictionary.
• Your computer (if you have one) may have a built-in dictionary; also, you can easily visit an online dictionary.
• Use spelling hints to help you look up in the dictionary a word you cannot spell.
• A dictionary entry will tell you how a word is spelled and pronounced and give you various meanings of the word. It will also provide other helpful information about words.
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OWNING YOUR OWN DICTIONARIES
You can benefit greatly by owning two dictionaries:
• a paperback dictionary you can carry with you
• a desk-sized, hardcover dictionary that you keep in the room where you study
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DICTIONARIES ON YOUR COMPUTER
If you use a computer, you can look up a word in an online dictionary.
In addition, a dictionary may come with your computer software.
• Pages 35 and 36 in your textbook give more information on these dictionaries.
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FINDING WORDS IN THE DICTIONARYUsing Guidewords to Find a Word More Quickly
Guidewords are the two words at the top of each dictionary page. • The first guideword is the first word on that page. • The second guideword is the last word on the page. • All the word entries on that page fall alphabetically between the two guidewords.
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FINDING WORDS IN THE DICTIONARY
Which word below would be found on the dictionary page with the guidewords armful / arsenic?
Using Guidewords to Find a Word More Quickly
art aroma allow
armful | arsenic
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FINDING WORDS IN THE DICTIONARY
Which word below would be found on the dictionary page with the guidewords armful / arsenic?
Using Guidewords to Find a Word More Quickly
art aroma allow
armful | arsenic
Explanation The word aroma falls alphabetically between armful and arsenic. The word art comes after arsenic. The word allow comes before armful.
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FINDING WORDS IN THE DICTIONARYFinding a Word You Can’t Spell
Hint 1: If you’re not sure about the vowels in a word, you will have to experiment.
• Vowels often sound the same. So try an i in place of an a,
an i in place of an e, and so on.
• If, for example, you don’t find a word that sounds as if it
begins with pa, try looking under pe, pi, po, pu, or py.
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FINDING WORDS IN THE DICTIONARYFinding a Word You Can’t Spell
Hint 2: These groups or combinations of letters often sound alike.
• If your word isn’t spelled with one of the letters in a pair or group shown below, try another in the same pair or group.
• For example, if it isn’t spelled with a k, it might be spelled
with a c.
c/k c/s f/v/ph g/j qu/kw/k s/c/z
sch/sc/sk sh/ch shun/tion /sion w/wh able/ible ai/ay
al/el/le ancy/ency ate/ite au/aw ea/ee er/or
ie/ei ou/ow oo/u y/i/e
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FINDING WORDS IN THE DICTIONARYFinding a Word You Can’t Spell
Hint 3: Consonants are sometimes doubled in a word.
• If you can’t find your word with a single consonant,
try doubling it.
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LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
All of the following information may be provided in a dictionary entry:
1 Spelling and Syllables2 Pronunciation Symbols and Accent Marks3 Parts of Speech4 Irregular Forms of Words5 Definitions (Meanings)6 Synonyms7 Usage Labels
Sample Dictionary Entry
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LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
1 Spelling and Syllables
• The dictionary first gives the correct spelling and
syllable breakdown of a word.
• Dots separate the syllables from one another. In the entry above, disrespect is divided into
three syllables:
dis • re • spect
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LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
do•nate com•pen•sate o•be•di•ent
1 Spelling and Syllables
How many syllables are in these words?
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LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
do•nate com•pen•sate o•be•di•ent
1 Spelling and Syllables
How many syllables are in these words?
2 syllables 3 syllables 4 syllables
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LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
2 Pronunciation Symbols and Accent Marks
• The information in parentheses shows how to pronounce the word.
• It includes two kinds of symbols: pronunciation symbols and accent marks.
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LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
• The i in disrespect has the symbol µ. This tells you
that the i is pronounced like the i in the word sit. • The first e in the word also has the symbol µ. It is also pronounced like the i in the word sit.
2 Pronunciation Symbols and Accent MarksPronunciation Key
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LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
• The second e in disrespect is pronounced like the e in what word?
2 Pronunciation Symbols and Accent MarksPronunciation Key
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LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
• The second e in disrespect is pronounced like the e in what word?
2 Pronunciation Symbols and Accent MarksPronunciation Key
ten
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LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
• The line (’) after the t at the end of disrespect is a bold accent mark. It shows which syllable has the strongest stress.
• The first syllable (dis) has a lighter accent mark (’) after it. That syllable is more stressed than the unaccented second syllable but less strongly stressed than the last syllable.
2 Pronunciation Symbols and Accent Marks
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LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
2 Pronunciation Symbols and Accent Marks
Which syllable is most strongly stressed in each of the words below?
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LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
2 Pronunciation Symbols and Accent Marks
Which syllable is most strongly stressed in each of the words below?
secondsecondthirdfirstthird
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LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
3 Parts of Speech
In the entry for insult, the abbreviations v. and n. tell us that insult is both a verb and a noun.
v. —n.
Every word in the dictionary is either a noun, a verb, an adjective, or another part of speech.
In dictionary entries, the parts of speech are shown by letters in italics.
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LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
3 Parts of Speech
Here are the most common abbreviations for parts of speech:
n. — noun v. — verbpron. — pronoun conj. — conjunctionadj. — adjective prep. — prepositionadv. — adverb interj. — interjection
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LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
4 Irregular Forms of Words
When other forms of a word are spelled in an irregular way, those forms are shown in the dictionary entry.
Here are some examples:
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LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
5 Definitions
• Words often have more than one meaning.
The dictionary lists the different meanings.
• You can tell which definition fits a given
sentence by the meaning of the sentence.
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LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
Choose the dictionary meaning that best fits the sentence.
5 Definitions
Modern technology can revive patients who have actually been considered medically dead.
revive: 1. To bring back to life or consciousness.
2. To impart or regain health or vigor.
3. To restore to use.
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LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
Choose the dictionary meaning that best fits the sentence.
5 Definitions
Modern technology can revive patients who have actually been considered medically dead.
revive: 1. To bring back to life or consciousness.
2. To impart or regain health or vigor.
3. To restore to use.
Definition 1 best fits the sentence: Modern technology can bring a patient back to life.
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LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY6 Synonyms
Dictionary entries sometimes list synonyms. • A synonym is a word whose meaning is similar to that of
another word. — For example, two synonyms for the word fast are quick
and speedy.
• A thesaurus is a collection of synonyms and antonyms (words with opposite meanings).
—You can buy a paperback thesaurus in a bookstore. —Or you can access a free thesaurus online. —In addition, some computers have a built-in thesaurus.
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LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
Besides listing definitions, a dictionary includes usage labels: terms that tell us if a meaning is considered something other than “Standard English.” Examples:
• One meaning for the verb crash, “to go to sleep,” is labeled “Slang.”
• The word ain’t is labeled “Nonstandard.”
7 Usage Labels
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LEARNING FROM A DICTIONARY ENTRY
In addition to usage labels, the dictionary provides field labels — special meanings of a word in a certain field. Example:
• The following definition of the word mouse is labeled “Computer Science”: “A hand-held input device used
to move about a computer screen and operate programs.”
7 Usage Labels
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CHAPTER REVIEW In this chapter, you learned the following:
• It helps to own two dictionaries. One should be a small paperback you can carry with you. The other should be a large hardbound version for use at home.
• If you have a computer, you can easily use a dictionary site online. You may also have a dictionary that comes with the word-processing software on your computer.
• You can find a word in the dictionary with the help of guidewords, the two words at the top of each dictionary page.
• You can use spelling hints to help you find a word you cannot spell.
• A dictionary entry will tell you 1) how the word is spelled and broken into syllables; 2) how a word is pronounced; 3) a word’s part (or parts) of speech; 4) irregular forms of the word; 5) definitions of a word and, in some cases, synonyms; 6) any usage labels for the word.
The next chapter—Chapter 2—will show you how you can use context, rather than a dictionary, to figure out the meaning of a word.