Download - Business Project-China Japan
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ChinaandJapanare geographically separated by theEast China Sea.China has strongly
influenced Japan with itswriting system,architecture,culture,religion,philosophy,andlaw.
When Western countries forced Japan to open trading in the mid-19th century, Japan moved
towards modernization (Meiji Restoration), viewing China as an antiquated civilization, unable
to defend itself against Western forces in part due to theOpium Warsand Anglo-French
Expeditions from the 1840s to the 1860s.
The relationship between China and Japan has been strained at times by Japan's refusal to
acknowledge itswartimepast to the satisfaction of China.Revisionistcomments made by
prominent Japanese officials and someJapanese history textbooksregarding the
1937Nanking Massacrehave been a focus of particular controversy. Sino-Japanese relations
warmed considerably afterShinzo Abebecame thePrime Minister of Japanin September
2006, and a joint historical study conducted by China and Japan released a report in 2010
which pointed toward a new consensus on the issue ofWorld War 2-era atrocities.[1]
However,
in the early 2010s, relations cooled once more, with Japan accusing China of withholding its
reserves of valuablerare earth elements.[2]
TheSenkaku Islands disputealso resulted in a
number of hostile encounters in the East China Sea, heated rhetoric, andriots in the PRC.
China and Japan are respectively the world'ssecondandthird-largest economies. In 2008,
China-Japan trade grew to $266.4 billion, a rise of 12.5 percent on 2007, making China and
Japan the top two-way trading partners. China was also the biggest destination for Japanese
exports in 2009.
Contents
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1 Relations prior to the formation of the People's Republic of China
2 1950s
3 1960s
4 1970s
5 1980s
6 1990s
7 2000s
o 7.1 20052010
8 2010s
o 8.1 2010 Trawler collision
o 8.2 2011 Japanese White Paper
o 8.3 2012 purchase of the Senkaku islands
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restorationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restorationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restorationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_revisionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_revisionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_revisionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking_Massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking_Massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking_Massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinzo_Abehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinzo_Abehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinzo_Abehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_war_crimeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_war_crimeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-Ref_ac-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-Ref_ac-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-Ref_ac-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_earth_elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_earth_elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkaku_Islands_disputehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkaku_Islands_disputehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkaku_Islands_disputehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_China_anti-Japanese_demonstrationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_China_anti-Japanese_demonstrationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_China_anti-Japanese_demonstrationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#Relations_prior_to_the_formation_of_the_People.27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#Relations_prior_to_the_formation_of_the_People.27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#1950shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#1950shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#1960shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#1960shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#1970shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#1970shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#1980shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#1980shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#1990shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#1990shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#2000shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#2000shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#2005.E2.80.932010http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#2005.E2.80.932010http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#2005.E2.80.932010http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#2005.E2.80.932010http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#2010shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#2010shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#2010_Trawler_collisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#2010_Trawler_collisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#2011_Japanese_White_Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#2011_Japanese_White_Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#2012_purchase_of_the_Senkaku_islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#2012_purchase_of_the_Senkaku_islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#2012_purchase_of_the_Senkaku_islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#2011_Japanese_White_Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#2010_Trawler_collisionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#2010shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#2005.E2.80.932010http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#2000shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#1990shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#1980shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#1970shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#1960shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#1950shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#Relations_prior_to_the_formation_of_the_People.27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_China_anti-Japanese_demonstrationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkaku_Islands_disputehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_earth_elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-Ref_ac-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_war_crimeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinzo_Abehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanking_Massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_revisionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_Warshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restorationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Seahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China 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9 Bilateral sensitive issues
o 9.1 Issue of history
9.1.1 Japan's compensation
o 9.2 Issue of Taiwan
10 VIP Inter-visits
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
[edit]Relations prior to the formation of the People's Republic ofChina
Main article:History of Sino-Japanese relations
This section is empty.You can
help byadding to it.(February 2013)
[edit]1950s
After the establishment of thePeople's Republic of China(PRC) in 1949, relations
withJapanchanged from hostility and an absence of contact to cordiality and extremely close
cooperation in many fields. Japan was defeated andJapanese militarypower dismantled, butthe PRC continued to view Japan as a potential threat because of the presence ofUnited
States Forces Japanin the region. One of the recurring PRC's concerns in Sino-Japanese
relations has been the potential re-militarization of Japan. On the other hand, some Japanese
fear that the economic and military power of the PRC has been increasing
(cf.Potential_superpowers#China).
TheSino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistanceincluded the provision
that each side would protect the other from an attack by "Japan or any state allied with it" and
the PRC undoubtedly viewed with alarm Japan's role as the principal US military base during
theKorean War.TheTreaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States
and Japansigned in 1951 also heightened the discouragement of diplomatic relations between
the two countries. Japan pushed dissension between the two countries even further by
concluding a peace treaty with the PRC and establishing diplomatic relations with the
Taiwanese authorities.
Like most western nations at the time,Japanhad recognizedTaipeias the sole legitimate
Chinese government. Initially, neither country allowed its political differences to stand in the
way of broadening unofficial contacts, and in the mid-1950s they exchanged an increasing
number of cultural, labor, and business delegations.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#Bilateral_sensitive_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#Bilateral_sensitive_issueshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#Issue_of_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#Issue_of_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#Japan.27s_compensationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#Japan.27s_compensationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#Issue_of_Taiwanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#Issue_of_Taiwanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#VIP_Inter-visitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#VIP_Inter-visitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Japanese_relations&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Japanese_relations&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Japanese_relations&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sino-Japanese_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sino-Japanese_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sino-Japanese_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Japanese_relations&action=edit§ion=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Japanese_relations&action=edit§ion=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Japanese_relations&action=edit§ion=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Japanese_relations&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Japanese_relations&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Japanese_relations&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forces_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forces_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forces_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forces_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_superpowers#Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_superpowers#Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_superpowers#Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipeihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipeihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipeihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipeihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_superpowers#Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forces_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Forces_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Japanese_relations&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Japanese_relations&action=edit§ion=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sino-Japanese_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Japanese_relations&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#VIP_Inter-visitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#Issue_of_Taiwanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#Japan.27s_compensationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#Issue_of_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#Bilateral_sensitive_issues 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Although all these things complicated the relationship between the two
countries,Beijingorchestrated relations with Japanesenon-governmental organizations(NGO)
through primarily theChinese Peoples Instituteof Foreign Affairs(CPIFA). The CPIFA would
receive Japanese politicians from all parties, but the Japanese left-wing parties were more
interested in the PRC's initiatives. In 1952, theChinese Commission for the Promotion of
International Trade(CCPIT) was able to get a trade agreement signed by theJapanese
Dietmembers.Liao Chengzhi,the deputy director of theState Council's Office of Foreign
Affairs,was able to arrange many other agreements "such as the repatriation of Japanese
prisoners of war with theJapanese Red Cross(1954), and theFishery Agreement with the
Japan-China Fishery Association(1955)."[3]
Although during this time, the relationship between
the two countries were primarily unofficial, the agreements were essential in bringing together a
more amalgamated environment.
The PRC began a policy of attempting to influence theUnited Statesthrough trade, "people's
diplomacy", contacts with Japanese opposition political parties, and through applying pressure
onTokyoto sever ties with Taipei. In 1958, however, the PRC suspended its trade with
Japanapparently convinced that trade concessions were ineffective in achieving political
goals. Thereafter, in a plan for improving political relations, the PRC requested that the
Japanese government not be hostile toward it, not obstruct any effort to restore normal relations
between itself and Japan, and not join in any conspiracy to createtwo Chinas.After
theSino-Soviet break,economic necessity caused the PRC to reconsider and revitalize trade
ties with Japan.
[edit]1960s
TheSoviet Unionsuddenly withdrew Soviet experts from the PRC in the 1960s, which resulted
in an economic dilemma for the PRC. The PRC was left with few options, one of which was to
have a more official relationship withJapan.
Tatsunosuke Takashi, member of theLiberal Democratic Party(LDP) and of the Diet and
Director of the Economic Planning Agency of the Japanese, went to the PRC in order to sign a
memorandum that would further the trade relations between the two countries, better known as
theLiao-Takasaki Agreement.Under its terms, Chinese purchases of industrial plants were to
be financed partly through medium-term credits fromJapan Export-Import Bank(JEXIM). The
accord also permitted the PRC to open a trade mission inTokyoand in 1963 paved the way for
Japanese government approval of the export to mainland China of a synthetic textile
manufacturing plant valued at aroundUS$20 million, guaranteed by the bank. Subsequent
protest from the ROC caused Japan to shelve further deferred-payment plant exports. The
PRC reacted to this change by downgrading its Japan trade and intensified propaganda attacks
against Japan as a "running dog" (Chinese:"") of theUnited States.
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Sino-Japanese ties declined again during theCultural Revolution,and the decline was further
exacerbated byJapan's growing strength and independence from theUnited Statesin the late
1960s. The PRC was especially concerned that Japan might remilitarize to compensate for the
reducedUS military presence in Asiabrought about under presidentRichard Nixon.As the
turmoil subsided, however, the Japanese governmentalready under pressure both from the
pro-Beijing factions in the LDP and from opposition elementssought to adopt a more forward
posture.
[edit]1970s
Kawashima says:[4]
Various arguments have been presented for applying the European model to Asia, bringing
about an Asianbalance of powerby weaving a network of alliances, ententes, or so-called
strategic relationships among major players, including theUnited States.Particularly notable is
the emergence of a new school of thought in Japan that stresses the importance to Japan of
having better relations withIndiaorRussiaas a counterforce to China. That strategy certainly
is a product of the end of theCold War,and it reflects the sense of uncertainty and anxiety
among the Japanese about Chinas future course, given the countrys sheer size and robust
economic growth, as well as the fact that a considerable portion of the fruit of that growth is
allocated for defense.
In December 1971, the Chinese and Japanese trade liaison offices began to discuss the
possibility of restoring diplomatic trade relations, and in July 1972,Kakuei
TanakasucceededEisaku Satas a new Japanese Prime Minister. Tanaka assumed a
normalization of the Sino-Japanese relations. Furthermore, the1972 Nixon visit to
Chinaencouraged the normalization process. His visit toBeijingculminated in the signing
ajoint statementon September 29, 1972. It established diplomatic relations between Japan
and the PRC. In a point of Chinese view, an impressive compromise was attained. The
Japanese agreed to most of the PRCs demands, including thepolitical status of Taiwan.
Subsequently, the bilateral economic relationships grew rapidly: 28 Japanese and 30 Chinese
economic and trade missions visited their partner country.
The joint communiqu says:[5]
1. The abnormal state of affairs that has hitherto existed between Japan and the
People's Republic of China is terminated on the date on which this Joint
Communique is issued.
2. The Government of Japan recognizes that Government of the People's
Republic of China as the sole legal Government of China.
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3. The Government of the People's Republic of China reiterates thatTaiwanis
an inalienable part of the territory of the People's Republic of China. The
Government of Japan fully understands and respects this stand of the
Government of the People's Republic of China, and it firmly maintains its stand
under Article 8 of thePotsdam Proclamation.
4. The Government of Japan and the Government of People's Republic of China
have decided to establish diplomatic relations as from September 29, 1972.
The two Governments have decided to take all necessary measures for the
establishment and the performance of the functions of each other's embassy
in their respective capitals in accordance with international law and practice,
and to exchange ambassadors as speedily as possible.
5. The Government of the People's Republic of China declares that in the
interest of the friendship between the Chinese and the Japanese peoples, it
renounces its demand for war reparation from Japan.
6. The Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of
China agree to establish relations of perpetual peace and friendship between
the two countries on the basis of the principles of mutual respect for
sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference
in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit and peaceful
co-existence. The two Governments confirm that, in conformity with the
foregoing principles and the principles of the Charter of the United Nations,
Japan and China shall in their mutual relations settle all disputes by peaceful
means and shall refrain from the use or threat of force.
7. The normalization of relations between Japan and China is not directed
against any third country. Neither of the two countries should seek hegemony
in the Asia-Pacific region and each is opposed to efforts by any other country
or group of countries to establish such hegemony.
8. The Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of
China have agreed that, with a view to solidifying and developing the relations
of peace and friendship between the two countries, the two Governments will
enter into negotiations for the purpose of concluding a treaty of peace and
friendship.
9. The Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of
China have agreed that, with a view to further promoting relations between the
two countries and to expanding interchanges of people, the two Governments
will, as necessary and taking account of the existing non-governmental
arrangements, enter into negotiations for the purpose of concluding
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agreements concerning such matters as trade, shipping, aviation, and
fisheries.
Negotiations for a Sino-Japanese peace and friendship treaty began in 1974, but soon broken
off in September 1975. The PRC insisted the anti-hegemonyclause, which was directed at
theSoviet Union,be included in the treaty. Japan objected the clause and did not wish to get
involved in theSino-Soviet split.
However, the death ofMao Zedongin 1976 broughteconomic reformto the PRC, which led to
the expected Japanese investment in the Chinese economy.
In February 1978, a long-term private trade agreement led to an arrangement by which trade
betweenJapanand the PRC would increase to a level of US$20 billion by 1985, through
exports from Japan of plants and equipment, technology, construction materials, and machine
parts in return for coal and crude oil. This long-term plan, which gave rise to inflatedexpectations, proved overly ambitious and was drastically cut back the following year as the
PRC was forced to reorder its development priorities and scale down its commitments.
However, the signing of the agreement reflected the wish on both sides to improve relations.
In April 1978, a dispute over the territoriality of theSenkaku Islands(or Diaoyu Islands), a
cluster of barren islets north ofTaiwanand south of theRyukyu Islandsflared up and
threatened to disrupt the developing momentum toward resuming peace treaty talks. Restraint
on both sides led to a resolution.
Talks on the peace treaty were resumed in July, and the agreement was reached in August on
a compromise version of the anti-hegemony clause.[6]TheTreaty of Peace and Friendship
between Japan and the People's Republic of Chinawas signed on August 12 and came into
effect October 23, 1978, under the two leaders ofDeng XiaopingandFukuda Takeo.
[edit]1980s
A "Golden Age" marked by the development of complementary interests flourished from the
1980s to the mid-1990s. Sino-Japanese relations made considerable progress in the
1980s.[citation needed]
The General Secretary of theCommunist Party of China(CPC),Hu Yaobang,visited Japan in
November 1983, and Prime Minister Nakasone reciprocated by visiting the PRC in March 1984.
While Japanese enthusiasm for the Chinese market reached highs and lows, broad strategic
considerations in the 1980s steadiedTokyo's policy toward Beijing. In fact, Japan's heavy
involvement in thePRC's economic modernizationreflected in part a determination to
encourage peaceful domestic development in the PRC, to draw the PRC into gradually
expanding links with Japan and the West, and to reduce the PRC's interest in returning to its
more provocative foreign policies of the past.
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Many of Japan's concerns about theSoviet Unionduplicated PRC's worries. They included the
increased deployment in East Asia of Soviet armaments, the growth of the Soviet Pacific fleet,
theSoviet invasion of Afghanistanand the potential threat it posed toPersian Gulfoil supply
routes, and an increased Soviet military presence inVietnam.In response, Japan and the PRC
adopted notable complementary foreign policies, designed to isolate the Soviet Union and its
allies politically and to promote regional stability.
In Southeast Asia, both countries provided strong diplomatic backing for the efforts of
theAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN) to bring about a Vietnamese withdrawal
fromCambodia.Japan cut off all economic aid to Vietnam and provided substantial economic
assistance toThailandto help with resettling Indochinese refugees. The PRC was a key
supporter of Thailand and of the Cambodian resistance groups.
In Southwest Asia, both nations backed the condemnation of the Soviet occupation of
Afghanistan; they refused to recognize the Soviet-backed Kabul regime, and sought through
diplomatic and economic means to bolsterPakistan.
In Northeast Asia,Japanand the PRC sought to moderate the behavior of their Korean
partners,South KoreaandNorth Korea,to reduce tensions. In 1983 both the PRC and Japan
strongly criticized the Soviet proposal to redeploy some of their armaments to Asia.
Japan encountered a number of episodes of friction with the PRC during the rest of the 1980s.
In 1982, a serious political controversy was aroused over a revision of Japanese history
textbooks dealing with the war between China and Japan during 1931-45 (cf.Japanese history
textbook controversies). In late 1985, Chinese officials complained harshly about Prime
MinisterNakasone's visit to theYasukuni Shrine,which commemorates Japanese soldiers who
had died in service of the Emperor some of whom arewar criminals.See alsoChina Internet
information centre: the issue of Guanghualiao.
Under Prime MinisterNakasone Yasuhiro,the Japanese government reemphasized the
relationship to the United States. The U.S. strategic emphasis upon East Asia allegedly shifted
the PRC to Japan in 1983.Beijingfelt isolation and concerning anew about possible revival
ofJapanese militarism.By the mid-1983, Beijing had decided coincidentally with its decision to
improve relations with theReaganadministration of theUnited Statesto solidify ties with
Japan.
Economic issues centered on Chinese complaints that the influx of Japanese products into the
PRC had produced a serioustrade deficitfor the PRC. Nakasone and other Japanese leaders
tried to relieve above concerns during visits toBeijingand in other talks with Chinese officials.
They assured the Chinese of Japan's continued large-scale development and commercial
assistance, and to obstruct any Sino-Soviet realignment against Japan. The two countries also
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concluded a bilateral investment treaty in 1988 after seven years of tough negotiation, where
China finally agreed to grant Japanese investments with "national treatment".[7]
At the popular level in the PRC, it was not easy to allay concerns. Student led demonstrations
against Japan (cf.Anti-Japanese sentiment in China), on the one hand, helped reinforce
Chinese officials' warnings to their Japanese counterparts. On the other hand, it was more
difficult to change popular opinion in the PRC than it was to change the opinions of the Chinese
officials.
Meanwhile, the removal of the General Secretary of the CPC,Hu Yaobang,in 1987 was
detrimental to smooth Sino-Japanese relations because Hu had built personal relationships
with Nakasone and other Japanese leaders. The PRC government's harsh crackdown on
pro-democracydemonstrations in the spring of 1989 caused Japanese policymakers to realize
that the new situation in the PRC was extremely delicate and required careful handling to avoid
Japanese actions that would push the PRC further away from reforms.Beijingleaders
reportedly judged at first that the industrialized countries would relatively quickly resume normal
business with the PRC after a brief period of complaint over theTiananmen Square protests of
1989.When that did not happen, the PRC officials made strong suggestions to Japanese
officials that they break from most industrialized nations by pursuing normal economic
intercourse with the PRC, consistent withTokyo's long-term interests in mainland China.
Japanese leaders like West European and U.S. leaders were careful not to isolate the PRC and
continued trade and other relations generally consistent with the policies of other industrialized
democracies. But they also followed theUnited Stateslead in limiting economic relations to the
PRC.
[edit]1990s
Bilateral structural change developed during the late 1990s to 2004. Japan had been investing
in the PRC during the early 1990s, and trade decreased during the late 1990s, but resurged at
the millennium. The resurgence might have been because of the prospect of the PRC
becoming a part of theWorld Trade Organization(WTO).
[edit]2000s
By 2001 Chinas international trade was the sixth-largest in the world; and over the next several
years it was expected to be just under Japan, the fourth largest.
Today,Japanis beginning to invest in the PRC less; a growing movement to ceaseOfficial
development assistance(ODA) support[8]
is beginning to flourish within the Japanese public.
Many[who?]argue that Japan should cease aid to the PRC for two major reasons:
1. It effectively subsidizes thePRC's militarybuild-up to give economic assistance to thePRC, which increasingly threatens Japans security.
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2. It helps the PRC to give assistance to many other developing countries, particularly
inAfrica,and there is no need to assist any country that can afford to assist others.[9]
Those who[who?]
argue against cutting developmental on support to the PRC note that by aiding
the PRC, the Chinese government is more likely to play by the rules of the international system,
and that aid is an atonement for Japan's pre-war andWorld War IIdamage[citation needed]. Tension
erupted periodically over trade and technology issues. The PRC concern over
potentialJapanese militaryresurgence and controversy regarding Japan's relations
withTaiwan[citation needed]
.
[edit]20052010
In early 2005, Japan and theUnited Stateshad issued a joint statement which "encourages the
peaceful resolution ofissues concerning the Taiwan Straitthrough dialogue".[10]
The PRC was
angered by the statement, and protested the interference in its internalaffairs.[11]TheAnti-Secession Lawwas passed by the third conference of the 10thNational
People's Congressof the PRC, and was ratified in March 2005, and then the law went into
effect immediately. Subsequently,anti-Japanese demonstrationstook place simultaneously in
the PRC and other Asian countries.
However, the "warm" relationship between the PRC and Japan has been revived by two
Japanese Prime Ministers,Shinzo Abeand particularlyYasuo Fukudawhose father achieved
to conclude theTreaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the People's Republic of
China.In May 2008,Hu Jintaowas the first Chinese President in over a decade to be invited to
Japan on an official visit, and called for increased "co-operation" between the two countries. A
"forth" joint statement[12]by President Hu and Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda read:
"The two sides resolved to face history squarely, advance toward the future, and endeavor with
persistence to create a new era of a "mutually beneficial relationship based on common
strategic interests" between Japan and China. They announced that they would align
Japan-China relations with the trends ofinternational communityand together forge a bright
future for theAsia-Pacificregion and the world while deepening mutual understanding, building
mutual trust, and expanding mutually beneficial cooperation between their nations in an
ongoing fashion into the future".
In October 2008, Japanese Prime MinisterAso Tarovisited Beijing for celebrating the 30th
anniversary of the conclusion of theTreaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the
People's Republic of China.At the reception, he remarked on his "personal conviction
regarding Japan-China relations":[13]
"We should not constrain ourselves in the name of friendship between Japan and China. Rather,
sound competition and active cooperation will constitute a true "mutually beneficial relationship
based on common strategic interests."Confuciussaid, "At thirty, I stood firm." In the same way,
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i/Treaty_of_Peace_and_Friendship_between_Japan_and_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aso_Tarohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacifichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu_Jintaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_and_Friendship_between_Japan_and_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_and_Friendship_between_Japan_and_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuo_Fukudahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinzo_Abehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_anti-Japanese_demonstrationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_People%27s_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Secession_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Japanese_relations&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa 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Japan and China must now stand atop the international stage and work to spread to the rest of
the world this spirit of benefiting together".
Although Japanese and Chinese policymakers claimed that "ice-breaking" and "ice-melting"
occurred in the bilateral relationship between 2006 and 2010, however, none of the
fundamental problems related to history and disputed territory had been resolved, and so there
was a vitual "ice-berg" under the surface.[14]
[edit]2010s
In 2010, China overtook Japan as the world's second-largest economy.[15]
[edit]2010 Trawler collision
Main article:2010 Senkaku boat collision incident
On September 7, 2010, after a Chinese fishing trawler collided with two Japanese Coast Guard
patrol boats near the disputedSenkaku Islands,the captain of the trawler,Zhan Qixiong,was
arrested by Japanese sailors, sparking tensions.[16]
Some media outlets speculated that
China's contemporary reduction of export quotas of rare earth metals,now more in demand in
China as itshigh-tech industry develops,[17]including reduction to Japan, could be related to
the dispute.[18][19]
Although officials from theChinese Ministry of Commercedenied such a
relationship,[20][21]the Japanese government took this action by China as a de facto trade
embargo and decided to set aside 53.3 billion yen for the following measures to reduce
dependence on Chinese mineral resources:
[22][23][24]
Development of rare earth minerals abroad 19.7
Recycling,urban miningand developing alternative technology by the government and the
private sector 1.6
Developing offshore oil and gas in Japan 16.3
Pre-feasibility study onmethane hydratedeposits 8.9
Study on cobalt rich crust and other undersea reserves 6.8 (Cobalt rich crusts are
undersea mineral deposits that contain manganese, cobalt, nickel and platinum, as well as
rare earths such as neodymium and dysprosium.)
[edit]2011 Japanese White Paper
In 2011, Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Ma Zhaoxu criticized the annual Japanese
defense white paper for calling attention to the "China threat theory".[25]
[edit]2012 purchase of the Senkaku islands
In September 2012, GeneralXu Caihou,vice chairman of theCentral Military Commission,
said to the Chinese military "prepared for any possible military combat,".[26]Relations
deteriorated further after the Japanese government purchase of the Senkaku islands, to the
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a.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_earth_metalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhan_Qixiong&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkaku_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Senkaku_boat_collision_incidenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Japanese_relations&action=edit§ion=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Japanese_relations&action=edit§ion=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-14 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extent that China decided to skip IMF meetings held in Japan.[27]Trade relations deteriorated
badly during the latter half of 2012[28]
And Chinese government aircraft intruded into disputed
airspace for the first time since 1958.[29]
[edit]
Bilateral sensitive issuesThe Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRCpoints out some sensitive issues between Japan and
the PRC:[30]
1. Issue of history
2. Issue of Taiwan
3. Issue of Senkaku Islands
4. Issue ofJapanese-American security co-operation
5. Issue ofwar reparations
6. Japanesechemical weaponsdiscarded in China
As Iechika[31]and many others point out, the fundamental concerns of the Sino-Japanese
relations has been the issues of history andTaiwan.Therefore, this article describes the above
two issues in the following.
[edit]Issue of history
Main articles:Japanese history textbook controversies,Rape of Nanking,andYasukuni Shrine
The PRC joined other Asian countries, such asSouth Korea,North KoreaandSingapore,incriticizing Japanese history textbooks that whitenJapanese war crimesinWorld War II.They
claimed that the rise ofmilitarismbecame evident in Japanese politics. Muchanti-Japanese
sentimenthas raised, and this has been exacerbated by burgeoning feelings ofChinese
nationalismand former Prime MinisterJunichiro Koizumi's visits to theYasukuni
Shrine.[32]Although Koizumi openly declaredin a statement made on April 22, 2005
inJakarta"deep remorse" overJapan's wartime crimes (the latest in a series of apologies
spanning several decades), many Chinese observers regard the apology as insufficient and not
backed up by sincere action.[33]
There also remains the dispute over theSenkaku Islands(Diaoyu Islands), which resulted in
clashes between Taiwanese (Chinese) protesters and the Japanese government in April 2005.
The incident led to anti-Japanese protests and sporadic violence across the PRC,
fromBeijingtoShanghai,laterGuangzhou,ShenzhenandShenyang.[34]In August 2012,
Hong Kong activists landed on one of the disputed Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands, and Japanese
nationalists responded by landing on the island the following week. The incidents sparked the
largest-scale anti-Japanese protests in China for decades in which protesters vandalized
Japanese shops and cars.[35]
On the 14th of September relations deteriorated even further in
response to Japans announcement of plans to buy the island from its private owners. The
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ns#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkaku_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkaku_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkaku_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkaku_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakartahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_nationalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentimenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_war_crimeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_of_Nankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Japanese_relations&action=edit§ion=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_reparations#Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senkaku_Islands_disputehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Japanese_relations&action=edit§ion=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Japanese_relations#cite_note-27 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news resulted in the Chinese government sending six surveillance ships to the island and
further anti-Japanese protests in which protesters attacked the Japanese embassies in
Shanghai and Beijing.[36]
The PRC andJapancontinue to debate over the actual number of people killed in theRape of
Nanking.The PRC alleges that at least 300,000 civilians were murdered while Japan claims a
far less figure of 40,000-200,000. While a majority of Japanese believe in the existence of the
massacre, aJapanese-produceddocumentary filmreleased just prior to the 60th anniversary
of the massacre, titledThe Truth about Nanjing,denies that any such atrocities took place.
These disputes have stirred up enmity agai