Download - Business Strategies
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Business StrategiesBusiness Strategies
A business strategy is an integrated set of plans and actions designed to
enable the business to gain an advantage over its competitors, and in doing so, to maximize its profits.
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Business StrategiesBusiness Strategies
Under a low-cost strategy, a business designs and produces products or
services of acceptable quality at a cost lower than that of its competitors.
Wal-MartSouthwest Airlines
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Business StrategiesBusiness Strategies
Under a differential strategy, a business designs and produces products or services
that possess unique attributes or characteristics which customers are willing
to pay a premium price.Maytag
Tommy Hilfiger
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Value Chain of a BusinessValue Chain of a Business
A value chain is the way a business adds value for its
customers by processing inputs into product or service.
InputsInputs Business Business ProcessesProcesses
Products or Products or ServicesServices
Customer Customer ValueValue
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Merchandising BusinessMerchandising Business
ProductProduct
Wal-Mart General merchandiseToys “R” Us ToysCircuit City Consumer electronicsLands’ End ApparelAmazon.com Internet books, music, video
retailer
Types of Businesses
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Karakteristik Operasi Perusahaan Dagang
KustomerGudang Barang
Bagian Penjualan
Bagian Administratif/Umum
PenjualanKos barang terjual Sediaan, awal Pembelian
Sediaan, akhir Laba kotor
Biaya penjualanBiaya administratif Laba operasi
XXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXX
XXX
XXXXXX
XXXXXX
Statemen laba-rugi
Penjualan
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Financial Statements for Merchandising Companies
Purchases ofInventory plus
Freight-In Inventory
Sales Revenue
Cost ofGoods Sold
INCOME STATEMENT
Operating Expenses
InventoriableCosts
BALANCE SHEET
equals Operating Income
whensalesoccur
deduct
equals Gross Margindeduct
PeriodCosts
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Manufacturing BusinessManufacturing Business
ProductProduct
General Motors Cars, trucks, vansIntel Computer chipsBoeing Jet aircraftNike Athletic shoes and apparelCoca-Cola BeveragesSony Stereos and television
Types of Businesses
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Karakteristik Operasi Perusahaan Manufaktur
Gudang Barang
Bagian Penjualan
Bagian Administratif/Umum
Kos barang terjual
Statemen laba-rugi
PenjualanBiaya penjualan
Biaya administratif
Pembelian
Pabrik
Gudangbahan baku
Barang jadi
Laporan kos produksi
Kos barangmanufakturan
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Financial Statements forManufacturing Companies
MaterialsInventory
FinishedGoods
Inventory
Sales Revenue
Cost ofGoods Sold
INCOME STATEMENT
Operating Expenses
InventoriableCosts
BALANCE SHEET
equals Operating Income
whensalesoccur
deduct
equals Gross Margindeduct
Work inProcess
Inventory
PeriodCosts
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Service BusinessService Business
ProductProduct
Disney EntertainmentDelta Air Lines TransportationMarriott Hotels Hospitality and lodgingMerrill Lynch Financial adviceSprint Telecommunication
Types of Businesses
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Revenues – Expenses = Operating income
Financial Statements forService Companies
• There is no inventory and thus no inventoriable costs.
• The income statement does not include cost of goods sold.
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Service, Merchandising, and Manufacturing Companies
Service• Provides intangible
services, rather than tangible products
Merchandising• resells products
previously bought from suppliers
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Service, Merchandising, and Manufacturing Companies
Manufacturing Company:• uses labor, plant, and equipment to convert raw
materials into finished products• Materials inventory• Work in process inventory• Finished goods inventory
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Manufacturing Company Example
• Kendall Manufacturing Company:• Beginning and ending work-in-process inventories
were $20,000 and $18,000.• Direct materials used were $70,000.• Direct labor was $100,000.• Manufacturing overhead incurred was $150,000.
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Manufacturing Company Example
• What is the cost of goods manufactured?
Beginning work in process $ 20,000Direct labor $100,000Direct materials 70,000Mfg. overhead 150,000 320,000Ending work in process (18,000)Cost of goods manufactured $322,000
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Manufacturing Company Example
• Kendall Manufacturing Company’s beginning finished goods inventory was $60,000 and its ending finished goods inventory was $55,000.
• How much is the cost of goods sold?
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Manufacturing Company Example
Beg. finished goods inventory $ 60,000+ Cost of goods manufactured 322,000= Cost of goods available for sale $382,000– Ending finished goods 55,000= Cost of goods sold $327,000
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Manufacturing Company Example
• Kendall Manufacturing Company had sales of $627,000 for the period.
• How much is the gross margin?
Sales $627,000– Cost of goods sold 327,000= Gross margin $300,000
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Manufacturing Company Example• Kendall Manufacturing Company had
operating expenses as follows:• $80,000 Sales salaries
10,000 Delivery expense 30,000 Administrative expenses $120,000
Total• What is Kendall’s operating income?
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Manufacturing Company Example
Gross margin $300,000– Operating expenses 120,000= Operating income $180,000
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Flow of Costs through a Manufacturer’s Accounts
• Direct Materials Inventory• Beginning inventory+ Purchases and freight-in
= Direct materials availablefor use
– Ending inventory= Direct materials used
• Work in Process Inventory• Beginning inventory+ Direct materials used+ Direct labor+ Manufacturing overhead= Total manufacturing costs
to account for– Ending inventory= Cost of goods manufactured
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Flow of Costs through a Manufacturer’s Accounts
• Finished Goods Inventory• Beginning inventory+ Cost of goods manufactured= Cost of goods available for sale– Ending inventory= Cost of goods sold
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Manufacturing Cost Manufacturing Cost TermsTerms
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EXPENSEEXPENSE
ASSETASSETEXPENSEEXPENSE
COSTCOST
Payroll Check
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Manufacturing Costs
Manufacturing consists of activities to convert raw materials into finished goods.
In contrast, a merchandising firm sells goods in the form in which they were bought.
Categories of manufacturing costs include:
Managerial Cost Concepts
LO 3 – Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.LO 3 – Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.
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Komponen Kos Produk
Overhead
Material (bahan baku) Tenaga kerja langsung
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kos
kos
Aliran fisik
Bahan bakuMesin
Tenaga kerja
K a s
Utang Produk
Penyimbolan elemen
koskos
kos
kos
Pengukuran elemenuntuk data dasar
Sistem informasi
Rp1.500.000Rp750.000
Rp2.500.000Rp3.500.000 Rp7.500.000
Rp1.750.000
Konsep kos sebagai bahan olah akuntansi
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Manufacturing Costs
Materials
LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.costs.
Raw MaterialsBasic materials used in
manufacturing
Direct Materials Raw materials that can be physically and directly associated with the
finished product
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Manufacturing Costs
Materials
LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.costs.
Indirect MaterialsRaw materials that cannot be easily associated with the finished productNot physically part of the finished product or they are an insignificant part of finished product in terms of costConsidered part of manufacturing overhead
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Manufacturing Costs
Labor
LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.costs.
Direct LaborWork of factory employees that can be
physically and directly associated with converting raw materials into finished goods
Indirect Labor Work of factory employees that has no
physical association with the finished product or for which it is impractical to trace to
the goods produced
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Manufacturing Costs
LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.costs.
Manufacturing Overhead
Costs that are indirectly associated with manufacturing the productIncludes all manufacturing costs except direct materials and direct labor
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Flow of Manufacturing CostsFlow of Manufacturing Costs
DMDM
Materials Work in Process Finished Goods
Wages Payable Factory Overhead
Cost of Goods Sold
DMDMMaterialsPurchased
TotalWages
Direct materials used in productionDMDM
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DMDM
Materials Work in Process Finished Goods
Wages Payable Factory Overhead
Cost of Goods Sold
IMIM
DMDMMaterialsPurchased
TotalWages
Indirect materials used in productionIMIM
Flow of Manufacturing CostsFlow of Manufacturing Costs
IMIM
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DMDM
Materials Work in Process Finished Goods
Wages Payable
DLDL
Factory Overhead
Cost of Goods Sold
IMIM
DMDMMaterialsPurchased
TotalWages
Direct labor used in productionDLDL
Flow of Manufacturing CostsFlow of Manufacturing Costs
IMIM
DLDL
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DMDM
Materials Work in Process Finished Goods
Wages Payable
DLDL
Factory Overhead
Cost of Goods Sold
IMIM
ILIL
DMDM
IMIM
DLDL
ILIL
MaterialsPurchased
TotalWages
Indirect labor used in productionILIL
Flow of Manufacturing CostsFlow of Manufacturing Costs
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DMDM
Materials Work in Process Finished Goods
Wages Payable
DLDL
Factory Overhead
Cost of Goods Sold
IMIM
ILIL
DMDM
IMIM
DLDL
ILIL
MaterialsPurchased
TotalWages
Other factory overhead costs incurred during production
OFOHOFOH
Flow of Manufacturing CostsFlow of Manufacturing Costs
OFOHOFOH
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DMDM
Materials Work in Process Finished Goods
Wages Payable
DLDL
Factory Overhead
Cost of Goods Sold
IMIM
ILIL
DMDM
IMIM
DLDL
ILIL
OFOHOFOH
MaterialsPurchased
TotalWages
Based on predetermined overhead rate
FOHAFOHA
Factory overhead applied to work in processFOHAFOHA
Flow of Manufacturing CostsFlow of Manufacturing Costs
FOHAFOHA
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DMDM
Materials Work in Process Finished Goods
Wages Payable
DLDL
Factory Overhead
Cost of Goods Sold
IMIM
ILIL
DMDM
IMIM
DLDL
FOHAFOHA
ILIL
OFOHOFOH
COGMCOGMCOGMCOGMMaterialsPurchased
TotalWages
FOHAFOHA
Cost of goods manufactured and transferred to finished goods
COGMCOGM
Flow of Manufacturing CostsFlow of Manufacturing Costs
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DMDM
Materials Work in Process Finished Goods
Wages Payable
DLDL
Factory Overhead
Cost of Goods Sold
IMIM
ILIL
DMDM
IMIM
DLDL
FOHAFOHA
ILIL
OFOHOFOH
SOLDSOLDMaterialsPurchased
TotalWages
FOHAFOHA
Finished goods soldSOLDSOLD
COGMCOGMCOGMCOGM
Flow of Manufacturing CostsFlow of Manufacturing Costs
SOLDSOLD
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Which of the following is not an element of manufacturing overhead?:
a. Sales manager’s salary.
b. Plant manager’s salary.
c. Factory repairman’s wages.
d. Product inspector’s salary.
Review Question
LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.costs.
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Penggolongan Biaya
• Objek Pengeluaran• Fungsi Pokok dalam Perusahaan• Hubungan Biaya dengan Sesuatu yang Dibiayai• Perilaku Biaya dengan Perubahan Volume
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Menurut Objek Pengeluaran
Dalam cara penggolongan ini, nama objek pengeluaran merupakan dasar penggolongan biaya.
Misalkan nama objek pengeluaran adalah Bahan Bakar, maka semua pengeluaran yang berhubungan dengan bahan bakar disebut “ Biaya Bahan Bakar “
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Menurut Fungsi Pokok PerusahaanDalam Perusahaan terdapat 3 fungsi pokok, yaitu Produksi, Pemasaran dan Administrasi & Umum
Biaya Produksimerupakan biaya yang terjadi untuk mengolah bahan baku menjadi barang jadi
Biaya PemasaranMerupakan biaya yang terjadi untuk melaksanakan pemasaran
Biaya Administrasi & UmumMerupakan biaya untuk mengkoordinasi kegiatan produksi & pemasaran
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Klasifikasi Kos Fungsional
Tenaga KerjaLangsung
Produksi
Operasi Total
Komersial
Overhead
Bahan Baku
+
=
+
+
=
Pemasaran
Tenaga KerjaTaklangsung
OverheadLainnya
BahanPenolong + +
+
=
=Administratif/Umum
Konversi
Utama
Perioda (non pemanufakturan)
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Klasifikasi Umum Biaya
Biaya Produksi: BB (langsung -tidak langsung)BTK (langsung- tidak langsung)BOP
Biaya Non Produksi: Biaya pemasaran atau penjualanBiaya administrasi
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Metode Penentuan Biaya Produksi
• Full CostingMerupakan metode penentuan kos produksi
yang memperhitungkan semua unsur biaya produksi ke dalam kos produksi ditambah biaya non produksi
BBB + BTKL + BOP Fix + BOP Var
Kos ProduksiB. Adm Umum + B. Pemasaran
+Kos Non Produksi
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Metode Penentuan Biaya Produksi
• Variable CostingMerupakan metode penentuan kos produksi
yang hanya memperhitungkan biaya produksi yang berperilaku variabel ke dalam kos produksi
BBB
BTKL
BOP VAR
B. AD UMVAR
B. MARKVAR
BOP FIX
B. AD UMFIX
B. MARKFIX
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• Biaya pemasaran atau penjualan semua biaya yang diperlukan untuk menangani pesanan konsumen dan memperoleh produk atau jasa untuk disampaikan kepada konsumen.contoh : pengiklanan, pengiriman, perjalanan dalam rangka penjualan, komisi penjualan, gaji untuk bagian penjualan, biaya penyimpanan gudang
• Biaya administrasipengeluaran eksekutif , organisasional dan klerikal yang berkaitan dengan manajemen umum organisasi.contoh : gaji eksekutif, akuntan umum, kesekretariatan, humas
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• Klasifikasi biaya untuk pembebanan Biaya ke objek biaya:
Biaya LangsungBiaya Tidak Langsung
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Menurut Hubungan Biaya dengan Sesuatu yg Dibiayai
Biaya Langsung (Direct Cost)Adalah biaya yang terjadi, yang penyebab satu-satunya adalah karena adanya sesuatu yang dibiayai.
Biaya Langsung terdiri dari Biaya Bahan Baku (BBB) dan Biaya Tenaga Kerja Langsung (BTKL)
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Menurut Perilaku Biaya dengan Perubahan Volume
Biaya Variabel, adalah biaya yang jumlah totalnya berubah sebanding dengan perubahan volume kegiatan
Biaya Semi Variabel, adalah biaya yang berubah tidak sebanding dengan perubahan volume kegiatan. Pada biaya ini mengandung unsur biaya tetap dan biaya variabel
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Menurut Perilaku Biaya dengan Perubahan Volume
Biaya Tetap, adalah biaya yang jumlah totalnya tetap dalam kisar volume kegiatan tertentu
Biaya Semi Fixed, adalah biaya yang tetap untuk tingkat volume kegiatan tertentu dan berubah dengan jumlah yang konstan pada volume kegiatan produksi tertentu
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• Klasifikasi biaya untuk pengambilan keputusan:
Biaya diferensialBiaya kesempatanBiaya tertanam
• Biaya Diferensial /Inkremental-Dekremental:Perbedaan biaya antara dua alternatif
• Konsep biaya marginal dan pendapatan marginal: Biaya marginal: biaya yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan 1 unit lebih banyak Pendapatan marginal: pendapatan yang diperoleh dari penjualan 1 unit lebih banyak
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Biaya Kesempatan (Opurtunity cost):manfaat potensial yang akan hilang bila salah satu alternatif telah dipilih dari sejumlah alternatif yang tersedia.
Biaya Tertanam (sunk cost):biaya yang telah terjadi dan tidak dapat diubah oleh keputusan apapun yang dibuat saat ini ataupun masa yang akan datang.
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Product Costs
• What are product costs?• They are the costs to produce (or
purchase) tangible products intended for sale.
Product Versus Period Costs
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Product Versus Period Costs
LO 4 Distinguish between product and period costs.LO 4 Distinguish between product and period costs.
Product Costs
Components: direct material cost, direct labor cost, and manufacturing overhead
A necessary and integral part of producing the productRecorded as inventory when incurredNot an expense until the finished goods inventory is sold then cost of goods sold
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Inventoriableproduct
costs
Fullproduct
costs
Product Costs
• There are two types of product costs:
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External Reporting
Inventoriableproduct
costs
Periodcosts
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Inventoriable Product Costs
• For external reporting, merchandisers’ inventoriable product costs include only costs that are incurred in the purchase of goods.
• Inventoriable costs are an asset.• Period costs flow as expenses directly to the
income statement.
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Inventoriable Product Costs
• For external reporting, manufacturers’ inventoriable product costs include raw materials plus all other costs incurred in the manufacturing process.
• Inventoriable product costs are incurred only in the third element of the value chain.
• Costs incurred in other elements of the value chain are period costs.
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DirectMaterials
DirectLabor
IndirectLabor
IndirectMaterials
Other
Manufacturing Overhead
Inventoriable Product Costs
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Inventoriable Product Costs
DirectMaterials
DirectLabor
Prime Costs = Direct Materials + Direct Labor
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FactoryFactoryOverheadOverhead
DirectMaterials
DirectDirectLaborLabor
ProductProductCostsCosts
The cost of materials that are an integral part of the product.
The cost of labor directly involved in converting material into the product.
Manufacturing costs other than direct materials and direct labor.
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Product Versus Period Costs
LO 4 Distinguish between product and period costs.LO 4 Distinguish between product and period costs.
Period Costs
Matched with revenue of a specific time period and charged to expense as incurred
Non-manufacturing costsDeducted from revenues in period incurred to determine net incomeIncludes all selling and administrative expenses
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Product Versus Period Costs
LO 4 Distinguish between product costs and LO 4 Distinguish between product costs and period costsperiod costs..
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EXAMPLES OF PERIOD COSTSEXAMPLES OF PERIOD COSTS
SELLING EXPENSES
Advertising expenses
Sales salaries expenses
Commission expenses
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EXAMPLES OF PERIOD COSTSEXAMPLES OF PERIOD COSTS
ADMINISTATIVE EXPENSES Office salaries expenses
Office supplies expenses
Depreciation expense— office buildings and office equipment
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Goodwell PrintersIncome Statement
For the Month Ended December 31, 2006Sales $28,000Cost of goods sold 20,150Gross profit $ 7,850Selling and admin. expenses:
Sales salaries expense $2,000Office salaries expense 1,500Total selling and admin. expenses
3,500Income from operations $ 4,350
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Cost Objects, Direct Costs,and Indirect Costs
• Cost objects are anything for which a separate measurement of costs is desired.
• Cost drivers are any factors that affect cost.
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Cost Objects, Direct Costs,and Indirect Costs
• What are examples of cost objects?– individual products– alternative marketing strategies– geographic segments of the business– departments
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Cost Objects, Direct Costs,and Indirect Costs
• What are direct costs?• Direct costs are those costs that can be
specifically traced to the cost object.• What are indirect costs?• Indirect costs are costs that cannot be
specifically traced to the cost object.
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Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements
LO 5 Explain the difference between a LO 5 Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing income merchandising and a manufacturing income
statement.statement.
Income Statement
The income statement for a manufacturer is similar to that of a merchandiser except for the cost of goods sold
section.
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Isi Statemen Laba-Rugi
Penjualan Potongan penjualan Kembalian dan keringanan penjualan
Penjualan bersih
Kos barang terjual: Sediaan barang, awal Pembelian Potongan pembelian Kembalian dan keringanan Pembelian bersih Kos pengangkutan Kos barang tersedia dijual Sediaan barang, akhir
Laba kotor penjualan
Biaya operasi: Biaya penjualan Biaya administratif dan umum
Laba operasi
152.3002.7002.000
148.6004.200
1.5002.000
33.700
152.800186.500
36.000
38.85025.150
255.500
3.500252.000
150.500101.500
64.00037.500
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Cost of Goods Sold ComponentsMerchandiser versus Manufacturer
LO 5 Explain the difference between a LO 5 Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing income merchandising and a manufacturing income
statement.statement.
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Cost of Goods Sold Section of the Income Statement
LO 5 Explain the difference between a LO 5 Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing income merchandising and a manufacturing income
statementstatement..
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Determining the Cost of Goods Manufactured
LO 6 Indicate how cost of goods manufactured is determinedLO 6 Indicate how cost of goods manufactured is determined ..
Work in Process – partially completed units of product
Total Manufacturing Costs – sum of direct material costs, direct labor costs, and manufacturing overhead; all incurred in the current period
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LO 6 Indicate how cost of goods manufactured is determinedLO 6 Indicate how cost of goods manufactured is determined ..
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Contoh Isi Laporan Kos Produksi
Sediaan tegel dalam proses, 1 JanuariPemakaian semen dan pasir: Sediaan semen dan pasir, 1 Januari Pembelian semen dan pasir Bahan baku tersedia diproses Sediaan semen dan pasir, 31 Desember Bahan baku yg dipakaiTenaga kerja langsungOverhead pabrikGaji pengawas produksiDepresiasi bangungan-PabrikDepresiasi mesin cetak dan presPemakaian bahan penolongListrik dan airAsuransi-Pabrik Kos produksi masuk prosesSediaan tegel dalam proses, 31 Desember Kos barang manufakturan
Rp 4.200.00013.400.000
Rp17.600.0003.800.000
Rp 2.140.000850.000
1.500.000840.000357.000152.000235.000
Rp 2.450.000
13.800.0007.490.000
6.074.000Rp29.814.000
2.100.000Rp27.714.000
Perusahaan Tegel Cap GAJAHLampiran A: Laporan Kos Produksi
untuk tahun berakhir 31 Desember 2001
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Balance Sheet - Inventories
LO 7 Explain the difference between a merchandising and a LO 7 Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing balance sheet.manufacturing balance sheet.
Merchandising Company
One category of inventory:Merchandise Inventory
Manufacturing CompanyMay have three inventories:
Raw Materials Work in Process Finished Goods
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Balance Sheet - Inventories
LO 7 Explain the difference between a merchandising and a LO 7 Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing balance sheetmanufacturing balance sheet
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Match Terms & Definitions
Cost
Expense
Cost Object
Direct Cost
Opportunity Cost
Indirect Cost
The return that could not be realized from the best forgone alternative use of a resource
A cost charged against revenue
Costs not directly related to a cost object
Any item for which a manager wants to measure a cost
Costs directly related to a cost object
A sacrifice of resources
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Direct Materials are a:
Product Manufacturing Period Cost Overhead Cost
a. Yes Yes No b. Yes No No c. Yes Yes Yesd. No No No
Review Question
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Indicate whether each of the following costs of an automobile manufacturer would be classified as direct materials, direct labor, or manufacturing overhead.
______ a. Windshield______ b. Engine______ c. Wages of assembly line worker______ d. Depreciation of factory machinery______ e. Factory machinery lubricants______ f. Tires______ g. Steering wheel______ h. Salary of painting supervisor
DMDMDLMOMODMDMMO
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Identify whether each of the following costs should be classified as product costs or period costs.
____________ a. Manufacturing overhead____________ b. Selling expenses____________ c. Administrative expenses____________ d. Advertising expense____________ e. Direct labor____________ f. Direct material
ProductPeriodPeriodPeriod
ProductProduct
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End of Week