Download - By: Aldo Garcia
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By: Aldo Garcia
December 2, 2010
By: Aldo Garcia
Little Ice Age!
Photo courtesy of: wallpaperez.info
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Methods of Studying the Little Ice Age
Scientific Analysis:• Ice cores• Volcanic eruptions • Tree ring investigations• Soil studies• Pollen analysis• Plotting of lichen diameters• Archaeological investigations
Social Records:• Records of town/village
developments• Church records• Tax rolls • Reports on ease of travel• Wine harvests • Cereal production
statistics• Grain prices• Fruit growing returns
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Possible Causes for the Little Ice Age
• Low sunspot activity
• High volcanic activity
• Intensified North Atlantic Oscillation
Background courtesy of: http://luirig.altervista.org/cpm/album
s/photochrom-prints-09/norm
al_04418-The-Rhone-Glacier--G
lacier-Hotel-and-Furka-Road--Valais--Alps----.jpg
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Background courtesy of: http://atmos.nm
su.edu/~nchanove/A105S04/lecture_37.html
Graph courtesy of: Heaven and Earth.
Low Sunspot Activity
• Wolf Minimum 1280-1340
• Spörer Minimum 1450-1540
• Maunder Minimum 1645-1715
• Dalton Minimum 1790-1820
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Volcanic Explosivity Index VEI describes the size of a volcanic eruption. The size is determined by the volume of erupted material, height of eruption, and duration in hours. Eruptions are measured by an increasing scale from 0 - 8, 8 being the strongest. Each level increases by a factor of 10. 31: 5-7
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Background courtesy of: http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/Tephra/30210599_014_caption.html
• Tambora, 1815, with a VEI of 7, released over 100 cubic kilometers of ash.
• Long Island, 1660, with a VEI of 6, released 30 cubic kilometers of ash.
• Huaynaputina, 1600, with a VEI of 6, released 30 cubic kilometers of ash.
• Billy Mitchell, 1580, with a VEI of 6, released 14 cubic kilometers of ash.
• Bardarbunga, 1477, with a VEI of 6, released 10 cubic kilometers of ash.
Volume of Volcanic Ash Erupted
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Picture courtesy of: http://w
ww
.cntraveller.com/new
s/2010/april/volcanic-ash-cloud-leaves-uk-flights-grounded
Stratosphere: 11-30 miles above earth’s surface.Passenger plane cruises at about 5-9 miles above earth’s surface.
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Background courtesy of: http://ww
w.earthw
atch2.org/LFF/Livingston/
Picture courtesy of: The Little Ice Age.
The North Atlantic Oscillation
• Azores high – clockwise
• Icelandic low – counterclockwise
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Picture courtesy of: The Little Ice Age.
Picture courtesy of: The Little Ice Age.
Background courtesy of: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view
.php?id=914
• Positive phase of North Atlantic Oscillation
• Negative phase of North Atlantic Oscillation
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Conditions in the Little Ice Age• Erratic weather
• Glacial advance
• Winter carnivals
• Famine
• Deaths
Background courtesy of: http://image1.m
asterfile.com/getIm
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Picture courtesy of: The Little Ice Age.
Background courtesy of: http://mrbarlow
.wordpress.com
/2009/04/06/
• Weather was unpredictable
• Very warm and dry summers some years
• Very cold and wet summers some years
• Cycles could last several decades, few years, or a single season
• Stretches of cold weather were interrupted by warm and wet periods
• According to Peter de Menocal, the North Atlantic cooled 3° C.
Wacky Weather
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Picture courtesy of: http://brenthiggs.w
ordpress.com
Picture courtesy of: The Little Ice Age.
Glacial AdvancementThe Allalin glacier, near Visp,
descended so low that it blocked the Saas Valley forming a lake in 1589.l
The Giétroz glacier advanced into the Dranse River and
caused flooding in the town of Martigny in 1595.
The Ruitor glacier advanced 1 kilometer from 1594-1598
causing flooding in the valleys downstream.
The Mer de Glace glacier inundated the towns of Les Tines and Le Châtelard with
glacial melt water summer in 1599 and 1600.
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Background courtesy of: http://ww
w.photoshopsupport.com
/photoshop-blog/07/08/deep-blue-ice.html
Picture courtesy of: The Little Ice Age.
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Background courtesy of: http://ww
w.geom
atics.uottawa.ca/copland/
Picture courtesy of: The Little Ice Age.
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Picture courtesy of: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1267757/Britain-facing-bitterly-cold-winters-drop-solar-winds.html
Picture courtesy of: http://www.suite101.com/content/the-first-river-thames-frost-fair-of-1683-a187964
Background courtesy of: http://ww
w.alaska-in-pictures.com
/frozen-river-aerial-alaska-wilderness-6928-pictures.htm
Winter Carnivals on the Thames River
• Rivers frequently froze in England and Scotland between 1700-1900.
• The Thames River in London would freeze in the winter months.
• The Thames River began to freeze as early as 1309 and 1315.
• Winter carnivals were a regular occurrence on the Thames River.
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Famine• Climate shift brought late harvests and wet summers
• Summer rains caused • waterlogged fields• premature germination• ruined and reduced crops
• Ireland and Scotland had major crop failures in the winter of 1708/1709
• In 1739, much of the corn and barley were lost due to cold and wet weather in northern England
• The Irish Potato Famine last 5 years and kills 1.5 million people
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Graph courtesy of: The Little Ice Age.
Background courtesy of: http://indianapublicmedia.org/am
omentofscience/grapes-give-secrets/
• By 1440, wine growing had virtually disappeared in Great Britain.• From 1560-1600, the cooler and stormier conditions led to late wine harvests in Europe.• Between 1580-1600, wine production suffered in Switzerland, lower Hungary, and parts of
Austria.• By winter 1708/1709 all vineyards in northern France were abandoned until the 20th century
Wine Production in Europe
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Human Survival in Harsh Conditions• Glacial advance causes harvest failures and
the deaths of 137,000 people in Finland.
• The Black Death killed over 25 million people throughout Europe.
• 2 million emigrate from Sweden, Norway, and Finland.
• People lived shorter lives due to malnutrition. • Archaeological evidence shows that people
were shorter in height than their medieval ancestors.
• Elderly and young suffered from accidental hypothermia.
• People begin to use cold resistant crops such as the potato.
• Bad health: tuberculosis, typhoid fever, diphtheria, whooping cough, pneumonia, bronchitis, heart attacks, strokes, typhus infections
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End of the
Little Ice Age…
ends in as little as 10 years
ends due to a strong
ocean conveyor
ends due to less
volcanic activity
Photo courtesy of: http://ww
w.threem
oviebuffs.com/review
/iceage2themeltdow
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Bibliography
Fagan, Brian. Little Ice Age. USA: Basic Books, 2000.
Hoffman, Doug L., Simmons, Allen. The Resilient Earth. USA: BookSurge Publishing, 2008.
John, Brian S. The Ice Age: Past and Present. Great Britain: Williams Collins Sons and Co. Ltd. Glasgow, 1977.
Linden, Eugene. The Winds of Change. New York City: Simon and Schuster, 2006.
Plimer, Ian. Heaven and Earth. Lanham, Maryland: Taylor Trade Publishing, 2009.
Siebert L, Simkin T. Volcanoes of the World: An Illustrated Catalog of Holocene Volcanoes and their Eruptions. Smithsonian Institution, Global Volcanism Program Digital Information Series, GVP-3, http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/largeeruptions.cfm 2002-current.
The Little Ice Age: Bill Chill. Dir. History Channel Network. Perf. Edward Herrmann. 2005.