By:By:Nurma Khoirun Nisa’Nurma Khoirun Nisa’IX A classIX A class
1. Quantity1. Quantity
International Unit International Unit System: System:
– Quantity which are Quantity which are usually used in physics usually used in physics are divided into two:are divided into two:
– Fundamental quantity is Fundamental quantity is quantities of units of quantities of units of which are predetermined which are predetermined and they are not derived and they are not derived from another quantities.from another quantities.
– Derived quantity is Derived quantity is quantities which are quantities which are derived from fundamental derived from fundamental quantity.quantity.
1 Length ( l ) Meter (m)2 mass (m) Kilogram (kg)3 time (t) second (s)4 force (F) newton (N)5 Area (A) m²6 volume (V) m³7 energy/ work (W) joule (J)8 velocity (v) m/s9 Density () kg/m³
10 acceleration (a) m/s²11 Electron charge (Q) Coulomb ©
Quantity (symbol)NoInternational
Unit
2. Mass2. Mass
Mass:Mass:
gwm .)/(
)(
)(
2smforcenalgravitatiog
Newtonweightw
kgmassm
Mass is constant in everywhere. But weight is influenced by gravitational force in place.
3. Density (I)3. Density (I)
DensityDensity::V
m
)(
)(
)/(
3
3
mvolumeV
kgmassm
mkgdensity
Density every object is different1 g/cm3 =1000 Kg/m31 Kg/m3 = 0,001 g/cm3
3. Density (II)3. Density (II)
(Proportional of (Proportional of density an object density an object and density of and density of water) water)
(Proportional of (Proportional of density between density between some objects)some objects)
water
objectrelatif
ba
bamix VV
mm
4. Expansion 4. Expansion coefficientcoefficient
Manner:Manner:α α = length expansion = length expansion coefficientcoefficientℓ1ℓ1 = final length (m)= final length (m)ℓoℓo = initial length (m)= initial length (m)
t1t1 = final temperature (= final temperature (°C)°C)
toto = initial temperature = initial temperature ((°C)°C)
ΔℓΔℓ = the change of length = the change of length (m)(m)ΔtΔt = the change of = the change of temperature (temperature (°C)°C)
)( 1
1
oo
o
ttl
ll
txl
l
o
OR
A. Length expansion
3;2;;;
4. Expansion 4. Expansion coefficientcoefficient
Manner:Manner:ββ = Area expansion = Area expansion
coefficientcoefficientAA11= final area (m= final area (m²²))AAoo= initial area (m= initial area (m²²))tt11 = final temperature (= final temperature (°°C)C)ttoo = initial temperature = initial temperature
((°°C)C)ΔAΔA= the change of area = the change of area
(m(m²²))ΔtΔt = the change of = the change of
temperature (temperature (°°C)C)
B. Area expansion
)( 1
1
oo
o
ttA
AA
txA
A
o
OR
3;2;;;
4. Expansion 4. Expansion coefficientcoefficient
Manner:Manner:γγ = volume expansion = volume expansion
coefficientcoefficient
V1V1= final volume(m= final volume(m³³))
VoVo= initial volume(m= initial volume(m³³))
t1t1 = final temperature (= final temperature (°C)°C)
toto = initial temperature (= initial temperature (°C)°C)
ΔVΔV= the change of volume = the change of volume (m(m³³))
ΔtΔt = the change of = the change of temperature (temperature (°°C)C)
C. Volume expansion
)( 1
1
oo
o
ttV
VV
txV
V
o
OR
3;2;;;
5. Heat5. Heat
Heat to increase Q = m.c.∆t
Heat to change state of solid to liquid
Q = m.LHeat to change state of solid to
gas Q= m.U
Black AsasQ1=Q2Q1=Q2
m1.c1.(m1.c1.(tt11--ttcc) = m2.c2.) = m2.c2.((ttc-c-tt2)2)
TcmtP ...
Manner:Q = heat (joule)m = mass (kg)c = specific heat of matter (J/Kg°C)Δt = change of temperature (°C)L = melting heat (J/kg)U = boiling heat (J/kg)tc = x temperature
AB
CD
A=condensation point
B=boiling point
C=melting point
D=freezing point
0°C
100°C
1 kalori = 4,2 Joule1 Joule = o,24 kalori
6. Motion6. Motion
Velocity=displacement : timeVelocity=displacement : time
Speed= total distance : total timeSpeed= total distance : total time
30 m
21 m
displacement
distance
11 s
6 s
6. Motion6. Motion
Uniform Rectilinear MotionUniform Rectilinear Motion
s = distance (m)v = velocity (m/s²)t = time (s)
s = v.ts = v.t
Accelerated Uniform Rectilinear Motion
Vo = initial velocity (m/s)
Vt= final velocity (m/s)a = acceleration (m/s²)t = time (s)s = distance (m)
6. Motion6. Motion
For decelerating acceleration has negative(-) value
Vt = Vo+a.t
S = Vo.t+½a.t²
7. Force 7. Force
ForceForceF = m.aF = m.a
PowerPowerPP = = W.tW.t
WorkWorkW=F.sW=F.s
F = force (Newton)m = mass (kg)a = acceleration (m/s²)W = Work (Joule)s = distance (m)P = power (Newton)t = time (s)
8. Pressure8. Pressure
A. Pressure of solidA. Pressure of solid
A
Fp
p = pressure (pascal /Pa)F = force (Newton)A = surface area of object (m²)
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
Pressure of liquidPressure of liquid
Hydraulic system (Pascal’s Hydraulic system (Pascal’s Law)Law)
8. Pressure8. Pressure
hgp ..
2
2
1
1
A
F
A
F
ρ = density of liquid (kg/m³)
g = gravitational acceleration (m/s²)
h = deep of liquid (m)F1 = force in roll 1 (N)F2 = force in roll 2 (N)A1 = Area in roll 1 (m²)A2 = area in roll 2 (m²)
Hydraulic system is applied on car lift machine so the heavy charge can be lifted by smaller force.
Floating force/ force to Floating force/ force to upup
FA = wu – wfFA = wu – wf
FA = ρ.V.g FA = ρ.V.g
8. Pressure8. Pressure
FA = force to up (N)wu= weight of object in air
(N)wf = weight of object in liquid
(N)V = volume of liquid that be
moved (m³)
ρ = density of liquid (kg/m³)g = gravitational acceleration
(m/s²)
ρ.V.g are weight of liquid that be moved by object when object is dipped to liquid
Pressure of gas in closer placePressure of gas in closer place
PP11.V.V11 = P = P22.V.V22 P = Pressure (atm)V = gas volume (m³)
Temperature of air is considered constant
8. Pressure8. Pressure
9. Energy9. Energy
Potential Potential energyenergy
Ep = m.g.hEp = m.g.h
Kinetic energyKinetic energy
Ek = mEk = m..vv..2 2
m = mass (kg)g = gravitational acceleration (m/s²)
h = high (m)v = velocity (m/s)
10. Simple Plane10. Simple Plane Leverwarm. w = F arm. F
Mechanic beneficialLever
KM = =
PulleyKM =
Sloping planeKM = =
F
w
w
F
F
w
F
wh
s
w = weightF = force
W=weight arm F= force armKM = mechanic beneficials = length of sloping planeh = high of sloping plane from surface flat
11. Vibrations11. Vibrations
VibrationVibrationTt
nf
1
fv .
f = vibration frequency (Hertz)T = vibration period (s)n = total vibrationst = time (s)
Hertz = 1/sekon
λ= length (one) wavev= Velocity of wave
WaveWaveTt
nf
1
f = wave frequency (Hertz)T = wave period (s)n = total wavest = time (s)
12. Sound12. Sound
d = d = deep (m)deep (m)v = v = the velocity of sound (m/s)the velocity of sound (m/s)t = t = time (s)time (s)2
.tvd
This formula can be used for measure the deep of water (sea) or cave.
Ultrasonic wave
Velocity of sound
fV .
TV
V=Velocity of sound (m/s)
the distance of wave (m)= ג
f =frequency of sound
T =period of sound
ResonanceResonance
12. Sound12. Sound
)41(ncolom
n= odd numbers
number of waves = ג
Marsenne Law
A
Tf
.2
1
f = frequency of wave (Hertz)
ℓ = length of wide (m)
T = Force (N)
ρ = density of wide (kg/m³)
A= area of wide (m²)
13. Light13. Lightformula for concave and convex mirrorformula for concave and convex mirror
Concave and convex mirrorConcave and convex mirror
Cf2
1
SiSof
111
Ho
Hi
So
SiM
f = focus distance mirrorC = centre of curvaturecentre of curvature So = distance object from the mirrorSi = distance image from the mirrorHi = high of imageHo = high of objectM = magnifying
f, concave mirror (+)f convex mirror (-)
Si (+)=real image Si (-)=virtual image
M > 1 image be biggerM = 1 image larger
M < 1 image smaller
13. Light13. LightDetermine properties image of mirrorDetermine properties image of mirror
Object room + image roomObject room + image room = 5= 5
fCIIIIII IV
Object Room
Image Room
Image properties
I IV virtual, straight, be larger
II III Reality, inverse, be larger
III II Reality, inverse, be smaller
R R Reality, inverse, equal size
f f Isn’t make image
A. CONCAVE MIRROR
B. CONVEX MIRROR
fCIIIIII IV
Object in R I,II, and III
Object in R IV
Image that be formed by convex mirror always: virtual, straight, be smaller.
13. Light13. LightLens (Lens (concave and convexconcave and convex))
Object Room
Image Room
Image properties
O-f2 In front of
lens
Virtual, straight, be larger
f2 – 2f2 In left 2f1
Reality, inverse,
be smaller
2f2 2f1 Reality, inverse
equal size
f2 - -
Image that be formed by concave Image that be formed by concave lens always : lens always : virtual, straight, be virtual, straight, be smaller.smaller.
A. Convex lens B. Concave lens
2f1 f2f1 2f2
Object room
Image room
13. Light13. Lightformula for concave and convex lensformula for concave and convex lens
Concave and convex lensConcave and convex lens
Cf2
1
SiSof
111
Ho
Hi
So
SiM
f = focus distance mirrorC = centre of curvature So = distance object from the mirrorSi = distance image from the mirrorHi = high of imageHo = high of objectM = magnifying
f, concave mirror (+)f convex mirror (-)
Si (+)=real image Si (-)=virtual image
M > 1 image be biggerM = 1 image larger
M < 1 image smaller
TV
13. Light13. LightOPTICSOPTICS
A. EyeA. Eye
P= the power of lens (dioptri)P= the power of lens (dioptri)
PR = PR = Punctum Rematum (cm)Punctum Rematum (cm)PR
P100
Myopia
P= the power of lensP= the power of lensPR = PR = Punctum Proximum Punctum Proximum (near point)(near point)Sn = normal read distance (25 cm)Sn = normal read distance (25 cm)
Hypermyopia
PPSnP
100100
13. Light13. LightOPTICOPTIC
B. Magnifying GlassB. Magnifying Glass
f
SnM
a. When the eye doesn’t accommodate:a. When the eye doesn’t accommodate:
b. When the eye accommodate maximum:b. When the eye accommodate maximum:
1f
SnM
c. When the eye accommodates at distance x, the Magnification is:c. When the eye accommodates at distance x, the Magnification is:
x
Sn
f
SnM
Sn = near pointf= focus of magnifying glass
13. Light13. LightOPTICOPTIC
SiSof
111
ho
hi
So
SiM
fP
100
P = power of lens (dioptri)
M = magnifying (times)
C. Cameraf = focus distance mirrorC = centre of curvature So= distance object from the mirrorSi = distance image from the mirrorHi = high of imageHo = high of object
13. Light13. LightOPTICOPTIC
The similarity of microscope : M = Mob x Mok
The similarity of objective lens : M ob =hi ob
ho ob
Si ob
So ob
=
No accommodates : M ok =S n
f oc
xSi ob
So ob
The similarity of ocular lens :
Eye accommodates maximum : M ok =S n
f ok
1+Si ob
So ob
x( )
Length of tube: D= fob + foc
14. Electric14. Electric
Static electricityStatic electricity
221.
r
QQkF
t
QI
F = Coulomb force (C)k = constant of coulomb force
(Nm²/c²)Q = electric charge (C)r = distance between charge (m)
I = electric current (Ampere=A)t = time (s)
14. Electric14. Electric
Dynamic Dynamic electricityelectricity
Q
WV
V = I.R
AR
Coulomb law
Conductor wire
V = different potential (Volt)W = energy (Joule)Q = electric charge (C)R = Resistance (Ω)ρ = Resistivity (Ωm) I = electric current (Ampere)
l = length of the wire (m)A = Area of the wire (m²)