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Window Insulation Technologies
By Tim ShayChemical Engineering Student
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Goal: Reduce our need of fossil fuels How?
◦ Renewable resources Solar Biomass Wind Hydro Geothermal
◦ Energy Efficiency Conversion losses Automobiles Heating/cooling
Current Energy Issues
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Why care?
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Heat flow follows Newton’s law of cooling
◦ U = Heat transfer coefficient◦ A = Area◦ ΔT = Temperature difference
Why Focus on Windows?
Low-end window U-factor = 1.20 BTU/(ft2hr°F)
Home wall U-factor ~ 0.05-0.10 BTU/(ft2hr°F) Windows can lose about 10-20 times more heat per area
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The science behind the different technologies
Modeling Testing Quality Assurance Consumer view point
Main Points
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Conduction◦ Glass
Gas fill Multi-plane windows
◦ Spacer Structure
◦ Sash Material Design
Convection◦ Weather Strip
Radiation◦ Low-E coatings◦ Heat mirrors
Ways that Heat is Transferred
http://www.uwsp.edu/cnr/gem/SustainableEnergy/energy-statistics.htm
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Generic diagram of heat flow with various materials
Temperature Profile Through a Composite Wall
Transport Phenomena, Bird, Stewart and Lightfoot
◦ Fluids cause large change in temperature
◦ Reduces heat transfer
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Thermal conductivities of gas greatly affects overall heat transfer◦ Can generally treat as being
stagnant
Gas Fills
Gases used to fill windows
Gas Thermal Conductivity (W/mK)
Air 0.03
Argon 0.016
Krypton 0.009
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Gas inside isn’t stagnant◦ Movement increases
heat transfer Heating and cooling
causes convection◦ Taken into account in
FEA models
Modeling with Convective Loops
Hot
Cold
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Spacer Type
http://www.vytexwindows.com/homeowners/stay_warm_keep_cool/duratex/
Spacers are what seal the gas in and separate the panes
Spacers come in many different designs and materials
Can have a large affect on◦ Strength of window◦ Conduction of heat
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Temperature/pressure changes stress the system◦ Window deflection
Window Deflection
Concave ShapeNormal Shaped IG
unit
Cold Temperatures
High Atmospheric Pressure
Hot Temperatures
Low Atmospheric Pressure
Convex Shape
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Intercept spacers◦ Can bend more◦ Let less heat through
Box Spacer◦ More rigid◦ More heat transfer
Allows more conduction
Comparison of Intercept and Box Spacers
http://www.gilkey.com/quality.html
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Tri-pane is the highest generally seen in the market
Increases resistance◦ More surfaces to transfer heat through◦ Generally thicker
Multi-Pane Windows
http://www.americandreamwindow.com/doublehung/doublehung.htm
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Made from various materials◦ Wood◦ Vinyl◦ Aluminum◦ Special materials
Andersen’s Fibrex Consumer choice also plays a key role in selection Each has it’s own conductivity
Sash Material
http://www.sunrisewindows.com/whyreplace.html
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Non solid frames have complex structures◦ Designed to maximize efficiency and for strength◦ Makes use of heat transfer between barriers
Sash Structure
http://www.gilkey.com/quality.html
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:5-chamber_plastic_window_profile.JPG
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Modeling of the Sash
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Air flow will find any open gap between the exterior and interior◦ Create tight seal
Problems◦ Wear and tear
Extensive testing performed◦ 10,000 cycle test
Weather-Stripping
http://www.hometips.com/buying-guides/window-weatherstripping-options.html
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The sun emits radiation to the Earth◦ This radiation is generally classified two ways for
window manufactures Solar heat gain Visible light
Light has three options on surfaces◦ Transmittance◦ Absorbance◦ Reflection
Radiation
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Coatings of silver and metal oxides can be used to help reflect heat◦ More layers reflects more heat◦ Can go up to 3 layers
Low-e Coatings
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Placed on second face◦ Sheltered from
elements◦ Most efficient location
Coating other surfaces◦ Must be resilient to the
elements◦ Must be safe
Tri-pane windows allow more surfaces to apply coating to
Application of low-e Coatings
http://www.taiwanglass.com/en/products/flatglass/processed/leg.html
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Effects in Winter and Summer
http://arizona.inetgiant.com/Mesa/AdDetails/LOW-E-WINDOWS-SINGLE-OR-DOUBLE-PANE/7886272
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Various Levels of Coatings
http://www.efficientwindows.org/lowe.cfm
More heavy coatings will prevent transmission of solar heat, but also visible light
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Heat Mirrors
http://www.buildinggreen.com/live/index.cfm/2010/11/10/Heat-Mirror-for-Structural-Sealant-Glazings
Operates the same as low-e coatings
Made of a thin clear film
Also operates as a divider◦ Creates 2 gaps◦ Decreases conduction
Pricier
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Negative Side Affects
The Vdara hotel in Las Vegas
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Hotel Vdara “Death Ray” Sunbathers have
been severely burned in as little as 10 minutes
Reflected light is becoming an increasing issue
Affecting buildings that already exist
http://www.amusingplanet.com/2010/10/vdara-hotel-death-ray.html
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Low end window U factor ~ 1.2 High end window U factor ~ 0.20 Example
◦ 1 window that is 10ft2
◦ ΔT = 70°F◦ ΔQ = ΔU*A*ΔT
700 BTU/hr◦ Over a 1 day span
16,800 BTU/day = 0.168 Therms/day 1 Therm ~ 1 $
Overall Affects