AB面を通過する流体の移流量を表す概略図.(関連研究報告:足立,pp.25-34)
秋田県産天然ゼオライトから得られたジオポリマーの走査電子顕微鏡写真.(a)ケイ酸ナトリウム溶液を用いなかった場合.(b)ケイ酸ナトリウム溶液を使用し4日間養生した場合.(関連研究報告:Jha,V.K.他,pp.35-40)
鉱専時代の列品室.(鉱業博物館所蔵)(関連解説:丸山,pp.45-55)
秋 田 大 学工 学 資 源 学 部
研 究 報 告第 30 号
秋田大学工学資源学部
秋田大学工学資源学部研究報告
第三十号
平成
二十一
年
平成21年10月発行
秋田大学工学資源学部〒010-8502 秋田市手形学園町1-1http://www.eng.akita-u.ac.jp/
平 成 21 年 10 月 23 日 印 刷
平 成 21 年 10 月 30 日 発 行
秋 田 大 学 工 学 資 源 学 部〒010-8502 秋田市手形学園町1番1号
電話(018)889-2305(総務係)
印 刷 有限会社 三 浦 印 刷〒010-0925 秋田市旭南三丁目7番5号
電話(018)862-2792
(非 売 品)
編集兼発行者
ISSN 1345-7241
秋 田 大 学工 学 資 源 学 部 研 究 報 告
第 30 号
平成 21 年 10 月
目 次
研究報告
心拍変動によるVDT作業者のストレス・疲労の定量的検討 ………………………………………………… 高橋圭太,井上浩 1
スペインのマイクロクレジットは“手段”か“目的”か……………………………………………………………… 坪井ひろみ 9
等時圧密曲線(アイソクローン)の簡易な計算式について……………………………………… 五十嵐勝,及川洋,荻野俊寛 15
CLSVOF法を用いた気液二相流の数値解析手法 ………………………………………………………………………… 足立高弘 25
Utilization of Akita’s Clinoptilolite Zeolite for the Production of Cation Exchangers and Geopolymers
…………………………………………………………………………… Vinay Kumar JHA and Shigeo HAYASHI 35
解 説
創造能力の育成について………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 大好直 41
鉱山地質学教室の歴史………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 丸山孝彦 45
研究論文目録(2008) ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 57
平成20年度博士論文題目リスト…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 90
平成20年度修士論文題目リスト…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 91
秋 田 大 学 工 学 資 源 学 部
#30号-本文.indd 1 10/04/21 9:12
編集委員会
機 械 工 学 科 田 子 真
(委 員 長)
地球資源学科 大 川 浩 一 環境応用化学科 井 上 幸 彦
生 命 化 学 科 藤 原 一 彦 材 料 工 学 科 佐 藤 芳 幸
情 報 工 学 科 高 橋 秋 典 電気電子工学科 水戸部 一 孝
土木環境工学科 徳 重 英 信 環境資源学研究センター 吉 村 哲
#30号-本文.indd 2 10/04/21 9:12
1
** **
A Quantitative Analysis on Stress and Fatigue for VDT Workers Measured by Heart Rate Variability (HRV)
Keita Takahashi** and Hiroshi Inoue**
Abstract Recent advances of office automation and information technology cause the increase of the complaint of ocular fatigue,
musculoskeletal fatigue and mental fatigue for VDT (visual display terminal) workers. It becomes obvious as problem on industrial safety and health. A quantitative analysis on the stress and fatigue by scientific data is very useful. In this paper, the results of quantitative analysis focused on total working hours with quantitative indexes of HRV (heart rate variability) used on evaluation in autonomic function are discussed. VDT workers group with longer total working hours has different HRV and CVrri (Coefficient of variation of R-R interval) than one of control group. The extent of stress and fatigue may differ with total working hours.
1
OA
(1) 96%88%
Visual Display TerminalVDT VDT
VDT25
VDT
VDT 35%78%
(1) VDT
(2)
2009 7 28 ** Department of Electrical and Electric Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science Akita University
(3) VAS Visual Analogue Scale
(4) “ ”
VDT
2 2 1
A 10 32±3.24.1±3.4 B 2 1832±11 1.6±1.2 VDT
9 21A
BVDT
9:00-18:001
秋田大学工学資源学部研究報告,第30号,2009年10月
#30号-本文.indd 3 10/04/21 9:12
2 高橋圭太・井上浩
15:00-18:0020 (5) 8
6 6Yes No
6A 8 B
4
2
2 2 + - N 3FUKUDA DENSHI TE-43
NIHON KODEN WEC-7101
AD 2kHzPC 1 2
R-R R-R interval RRI 3RRI
2Hz2
Heart Rate HR 60s/RRI 256s RRI Coefficient of variation of RRI CVrri
RRI 256s /RRI 256s
FFT RRIPower Spectrum Density PSD
4 3
Low Frequency LF 0.05-0.15Hz
High Frequency HF 0.15-0.45Hz
LF/HF
LF Mayer10 0.1Hz Mayer
(6)
HF9 /
0.15Hz
(6) LF/HF
(6)
1
2
3 RRI
Number of data
Am
plitu
de o
f EC
G
[V]
RRI1 RRI2
R
Q S
PT
time [s]
RR
I [
ms]
#30号-本文.indd 4 10/04/21 9:12
3心拍変動によるVDT作業者のストレス・疲労の定量的検討
4 RRI
2 3 (7)- (13)
1
RRI
(7) 2
RRI300
Rosenstein
RRIdt
6 (8) 5t i y(t i)
y(t j) 2 dt = 2.5s 0.5s
5 i (t i ,dt) 1
)()(
)dt()dt()dt,(
ij
ijii tyty
tytyt 1
| y(t j)- y(t i)| y(t i)- y(t j)
i = 1 2 …N N RRI2 3
= 5s0.5s 10
N
1)dt,(log
N1)dt,(log
iii tt 2
)dt,(log1),dt ( t 3
)dt,(log t
3 3 1 VDT RRI
VDT 1 5 ×52
260 1 8
A 1000 14000 8000 5 18000 2
4000 8000 A-14000 8000 5 n = 20 4A-2 4000 8000 A-1
4 B AB-1 0 2000
7 n = 28 B-2 2000 4000 7n = 28 B-3 4000 8000 6 n = 24
C 9 n = 181
3
1
A-1 A-2 B-1 B-2 B-3 C
[h]
5200
±1470
5200
±1470
823
±501
2377
±478
6327
±1569-
34±2.1 34±2.1 36±13 27±12 32±7.6 21
Frequency [Hz]
PSD
[m
s2 /Hz]
LF HF
#30号-本文.indd 5 10/04/21 9:12
4 高橋圭太・井上浩
40
60
80
100
120
(A -1) (A-2) (B-1) (B-2) (B-3) (C)
[ ]
HR
5 a HR
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
(A -1) (A-2) (B-1) (B-2) (B-3) (C)
[ ]
CV
rri
5 b CVrri
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
(A -1) (A-2) (B-1) (B-2) (B-3) (C)
[ ]
LF [m
s2 ]
5 c LF
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
(A -1) (A-2) (B-1) (B-2) (B-3) (C)
[ ]
HF
[ms2 ]
5 d HF
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
(A -1) (A-2) (B-1) (B-2) (B-3) (C)
[ ]
LF /
HF
5 e LF/HF
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
(A -1) (A-2) (B-1) (B-2) (B-3) (C)
[ ]
5 f
NS
5 VDT RRI
p < 0.01
p < 0.01
p < 0.01
p < 0.01
p < 0.05
p < 0.01
#30号-本文.indd 6 10/04/21 9:12
5心拍変動によるVDT作業者のストレス・疲労の定量的検討
5 VDT RRI
median25% 75%
(15) HR VDT B-3
p < 0.01 Scheffe’s F-testA-1 B-1 B-2 B-3
p < 0.01 5 a CVrri VDT p
< 0.01 A-1 B-3B-2 p < 0.01 5 b LF VDT p
< 0.01 5 c HF VDT A-1 B-3
p < 0.05 p < 0.01 5 d LF/HF VDT B-1p < 0.01 A-2 B-1
p < 0.05 5 e VDT
5 f 3.2 RRI
2 VDT RRI
A-1 6 VDT 8
6 6
8 B-1 B-2p < 0.05 6
6A-1 B-2 B-1
p < 0.05
2 RRIA-1
HR CVrri LF HF LF/HF
0.26 -0.03 0.00 -0.11 0.19 -0.25
-0.80 0.01 0.00 0.32 -0.47 0.50
0.07 0.19 -0.20 0.08 -0.08 -0.11
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(A -1) (A-2) (B-1) (B-2) (B-3)
[ ]
6 a
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
(A -1) (A-2) (B-1) (B-2) (B-3)
[ ]
6 b
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
(A -1) (A-2) (B-1) (B-2) (B-3)
[ ]
6 c
6 VDT
NS
p < 0.05
p < 0.05
p < 0.05
#30号-本文.indd 7 10/04/21 9:12
6 高橋圭太・井上浩
4 VDT B-3 HR B-1
B-2HR HR
HRCVrri (16)
HF VDTVDT
A-1B-3 B-1
B-2B-1 2000
B-22000-4000
B-3
VDTVDT
RRI
5 VDT
VDTRRI
6VDT RRI
20004000 VDT
VDT
1 15
URL http://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/ itiran/roudou/saigai/anzen/03/index.html
2 ( ) ( ) VDT
28 4 p-p 295-302 2004 3
VDTC 128 1 pp 45-54 2008
490 3 pp 537-547 2008
5 VDTURL http://
www.mhlw.go.jp/houdou/2002/04/h0405-4.html 6 4 R-R
pp 164-165 2007 7
40 5 pp 254-263 2004 8 4 R-R
p 178 2007 9
MBE2008-12 pp 57-622008 10
CAS2003-3 pp 13-182003
11 M. T. Rosenstein, J. J. Collius C. J. De Luca A practical method for calculating largest Lyapunov exponents from small data sets, Physica D 65 pp 117-134 1993
12pp 156-185 2000
13NLP2008-30 pp 57-60
2008
#30号-本文.indd 8 10/04/21 9:12
7心拍変動によるVDT作業者のストレス・疲労の定量的検討
14 Gari D. Clifford, Francisco Azuaje, Patrick E. Mcsharry Advanced Methods and Tools for ECG Data Analysis ARTECH HOUSE
15
C 123 5 p 9032003
16212 4 pp 243-246 2005
#30号-本文.indd 9 10/04/21 9:12
#30号-本文.indd 10 10/04/21 9:12
9秋田大学工学資源学部研究報告,第30号,2009年10月
1.
1
2009 7 17 ** Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University.
15 20
Vaci2
**
Is Microcredit in Spain a Means or an End? Hiromi Tsuboi**
Abstract
Microcredit is well known as one of the most effective instruments to reduce poverty, and its long-lived development
movement has spread globally, not only in the developing countries but in the developed ones. In Spain, almost all of the
financial institutions have already introduced microcredit, and they have implemented small loans without collateral to
customers who were previously excluded from the formal credit system. The financial institutions in Spain are supposed to
contribute a part of their profit for social activities, and microcredit is likely to be considered as one of them.
This report, based on my fieldwork carried out in March 2009, first provides a general overview of microcredit in
Spain. Then, it describes the success stories brought by two women, and indicates these stories are rather rare cases and
microcredit conducted in Spain is in a particular situation. Moreover, it suggests microcredit does not function very well.
Finally, it discusses whether microcredit in Spain is a means or an end.
#30号-本文.indd 11 10/04/21 9:12
10 坪井ひろみ
2009 33 NGO
1
2
2.
NGO MITA Incluye Cajasol
3 1
2
3 5 5 6
25,000
4
5 NGONGO
NGO
NGONGO
NGO
6
7NGO
NGO
NGO
8
3
3.
3.1
OECD 1 (1) 2000
20053.0 8.1
270 OECD
NGO
#30号-本文.indd 12 10/04/21 9:12
11スペインのマイクロクレジットは“手段”か“目的”か
18.9 10.3 45
(2)
1 OECD (1)
2000 2005 2000 2005 - 27.7 - 12.7
6.7 9.3 7.3 7.5 10.2 12.7 17.0 15.1
4.8 6.3 9.1 8.5 11.1 12.7 11.4 11.6
9.7 12.8 8.6 10.1 2.0 3.7 13.7 12.6
7.7 8.1 17.4 11.0 33.5 38.9 7.5 6.9
10.3 10.3 10.4 10.8 6.0 7.4 7.6 7.6 3.6 5.4 14.9 14.2
3.0 8.1 18.9 10.3 11.4 14.4 12.0 11.3
10.7 11.6 15.2 14.4 - 14.1 - 9.6
3.2
9 73 2008
11.3 (3)
4
Cajasol
4 5 1 2
5 5 14,000
1 1
4
5
#30号-本文.indd 13 10/04/21 9:12
12 坪井ひろみ
3.3
5 6
500
1 2
6 7 9 4 610
5 5 15,0004,000 19,000280
6
7
2
2
4.
1 NGO 4 5
NGO
50 NGO
2 NGO
10
#30号-本文.indd 14 10/04/21 9:12
13スペインのマイクロクレジットは“手段”か“目的”か
3
credit
30 40 2(4)
4
60
3(5)
84 7.5805 115 7 1
5 6
5.
(6)
90
10
60
90
(7) NGO
2 4 2002-2003 2004 2005-2006
15,119,672.38 4,712,646.95 4,159,294.87 18,782 20,140 19,436
24,824,322.11 6,536,031.24 6,611,859.09 30,838 27,927 30,897
39 28 37
3 (5) 2002-2003 2004 2005-2006 2007 8
18,000,000 12,500,000 12,500,000 20,000,000 84 38 33 7.5 805 234 214 115
#30号-本文.indd 15 10/04/21 9:12
14 坪井ひろみ
NGO
2009 7 73
9NGO
1 Catarina Reis Oliveira and Jan Rath (2008): Introduction to the Special Issue, Journal of the Portuguese Immigration Observatory, No.3, October 2008, p.16.
2 Catarina Reis Oliveira and Jan Rath (2008): Introduction to the Special Issue, Journal of the Portuguese Immigration Observatory, No.3, October 2008, p.17.
3 JETRO 2009.3.27http://www.jetro.go.jp/world/europe/es/basic_01
4 5 6 Yunus, Muhammad (2008): Creating a World Without
Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism, Subarna, pp.21-25.
7 Mckernan, Signe-Mary (2002): The Impact of Microcredit Programs on Self-Employment Profits: Do Noncredit Program Aspects Matter?, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 84, No.1, pp.93-115.
#30号-本文.indd 16 10/04/21 9:12
15秋田大学工学資源学部研究報告,第30号,2009年10月
A Simple Equation for Calculating the Isochrone Masaru Igarashi**, Hiroshi Oikawa*** and Toshihiro Ogino***
Abstract A simple yet approximately accurate formula is developed for calculating the degree of
consolidation U z at depth z . The formula was obtained by fitting of various functions to the actual U z - z curves. Based upon this investigations, the Weibill distribution curve which provided a best-fit to the actual U z - z curves was selected as a proposed equation. Using proposed equation, the degree of consolidation U z can be easily calculated with less than 3% error.
Uz
Uz (1)
Uz
U
Uz
1 Uz
U
Uz
Uz
Uz
Dia Consultants Co., Ltd
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University
1 U zU
z H
Hz
z
0
1
2
0 50 100
0
U zU
U
zU
%50197.0
UvT
#30号-本文.indd 17 10/04/21 9:12
16
Uz
Uz
zU vT zU z Tv
z
Uz Uz
U
UTerzaghi t 0
t 0
U
UM
M Tm
v1 22
0
2exp (1)
M m2 1 2 m(1)
M(1)
Tv
Tv
Tv =0.0001 U 1.1%(1)
2(a)(c) 2 (a) Tv 50
m=50 (1)m=50
2 (b)m=100
2 (c)
Tv (1)
2 (b) Tv
62 5
0.011282 (c)
115 9
U
90% 0.848 (1), (2)
(1)1U
0.000.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.090.10
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
0.011250.011260.011270.011280.011290.011300.011310.011320.011330.011340.01135
40 60 80 100 120 140
0.0112821110
0.0112821115
0.01128211200.0112821125
0.0112821130
0.0112821135
0.01128211400.0112821145
0.0112821150
100 110 120 130 140
U
U
U U
2 U Tv =0.0001
1 90%
TvU
0.847 89.973
0.848 89.998
0.849 90.022
五十嵐勝・及川洋・荻野俊寛
#30号-本文.indd 18 10/04/21 9:12
17
1 290% 3
90% 0.848U
1% 5
(1) z
Uz
56
U Uz
UU (1)
Terzaghi(2) (3) U
T
U U
U U
v4 100
0 52 6
1781 0 933 100 52 6
2
10
.
. . log .
(2)
Hansen (4)
U TT
v
v
3
3605.
(3)
3 (2) (3) U
(4)
(4)
(2) 0.1%(3) ±0.6%
U
Uz
U
z Uz
Uz
Uz
Uz
(2) (3)
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 5
vT
(3)
(2)
4 z 05. Uz
zU
-0.00003
-0.00002
-0.00001
0.00000
0.00001
0.00002
0.00003
70 80 90 100 110 120
5.00001.0
zTv
5 U Uz
10.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.1
0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 5
vT
Uz
U 05.0z
1.0z
2.0z
3.0z
5.0z
0.1z
vTU
等時圧密曲線(アイソクローン)の簡易な計算式について
#30号-本文.indd 19 10/04/21 9:12
18
Uz
UM
M z M Tzm
v1 2
0
2sin exp (5)
z z H zH 0 1z
(5) (1)4 z 05. Tv 0 0001.Uz (5)
sin
4 795
7979 81
Uz
Uz Uz Tv
5 UU Tv
Uz
UUz
U
Uz Tv Uz zUz
5 Uz Tv
Uz z
5 Uz Tv
6(a) (b) 6 (a)Hansen U Tv
(6) 6 (b)(7)
U TT mz
vm
vm
m2
21
3(6)
U n nTz
v
n
12
3
exp (7)
m1 m2 m3 n1 n2 n3 z
6 Uz Tv
(6) (7)
Uz Tv
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 5
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
vT
zU
zU
05.0z
05.0z
1.0
1.0
3.0
3.0
5.0
0.1
0.1
6 Uz Tv (6) (7)
Uz
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
(6)
(7)
z
五十嵐勝・及川洋・荻野俊寛
#30号-本文.indd 20 10/04/21 9:12
19
Uz (6) (7)
1 7(6) z
±5%
(7)±4%
(6)
Uz z
(8)8
U zz exp( ) (8)
Tv
8 6Uz z (8)
Uz z (8)(8) Uz
2 9(8) Uz
±3% (6) (7)±5% ±4%
Uz
(6) (7)(8) (6) (7) 3
(8) 2
Uz
(8)1 (6) (7)
z m1 m2 m3 n1 n2 n3
2 (8)Tv
2
3.3 (8)(8) (9)
2
ln ln ln lnU zz (9)
10 (9)Tv =0.5 ln z
z 1
2
2Tv
Uz
3 9
112
8 U z z (8)
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
zU
z
01.0vT
3.0
1.0
5.0
0.1-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 5
vT
(%
)
9 (8) Uz
等時圧密曲線(アイソクローン)の簡易な計算式について
#30号-本文.indd 21 10/04/21 9:12
20 五十嵐勝・及川洋・荻野俊寛
Tv 0 0009.15. Tv
0 001 10. .Tv
2
(9) 2ln lnU z ln lnU z
Uz
10Uz z (8)
2 (8)(maximum likelihood method) (5)
Deming (6)
(9) 2(8)
Tv
Uz z 8
12 A10
ln lnU z ln z9.0z %2
Uz
+5% A
A A
z 01.
B +5%+2%
1 2 (6) (7)(8) 7
9
zU
lnln
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
-3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0zln
10 ln lnUz ln z
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21等時圧密曲線(アイソクローン)の簡易な計算式について
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#30号-本文.indd 23 10/04/21 9:12
22 五十嵐勝・及川洋・荻野俊寛
Uz
Uz Tv zU z
Tv 0.1 0.1
Uz ±3%
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(1) (1977)pp. 57-67.(2) (2000)
pp. 348-355.(3) Terzaghi, K.(1966): Theoretical Soil Mechanics, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., pp.248-255. (4) Hansen, J. B.(1961): A model law for simultaneous primary and secondary consolidation, Proc. 5th ICSMFE, Vol. 1, pp. 133-136,. (5) (1965) pp. 67-69.(6) (1979)
pp. 255-267.
1 (6) (7) z
z
m1 m2 m3 n1 n2 n30.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0.65 0.78 0.95 1.15 1.31 1.50 1.60 1.71 1.80 1.87 1.87
3.03 1.67 1.12 0.90 0.97 1.00 1.12 1.27 1.57 1.63 1.70
0.006 0.018 0.051 0.088 0.100 0.107 0.109 0.100 0.081 0.079 0.077
4.45 4.48 4.37 3.90 3.98 3.75 3.45 3.20 3.04 2.87 2.70
-4.47 -4.53 -4.51 -4.02 -3.93 -3.84 -3.36 -3.11 -2.96 -2.75 -2.68
0.995 1.015 1.060 1.106 1.118 1.129 1.120 1.110 1.100 1.090 1.080
0.002 0.007 0.028 0.070 0.115 0.167 0.200 0.245 0.270 0.288 0.290
0.620 0.609 0.600 0.649 0.715 0.803 0.908 1.010 1.105 1.190 1.240
1.67 1.70 2.37 2.62 3.30 3.34 3.46 3.20 3.80 2.59 2.51
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15 (10)
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23等時圧密曲線(アイソクローン)の簡易な計算式について
2 3
Tv Tv0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.001
0.0015 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01
0.015 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
0.15 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1.5 2 3
1719.863 725.601 436.592 314.599 241.580 193.737 161.225 137.910 120.325 106.485 72.168 54.272 36.966 28.646 23.453 19.906 17.939 16.511 15.348 14.339 11.112 9.171 7.015 5.818 5.023 4.437 3.995 3.647 3.353 3.114 2.132 1.597 1.005 0.690 0.494 0.361 0.268 0.204 0.151 0.115 0.030 0.008 0.001
1.810 1.705 1.642 1.606 1.573 1.543 1.518 1.497 1.479 1.462 1.424 1.392 1.350 1.323 1.299 1.279 1.278 1.277 1.277 1.276 1.273 1.270 1.264 1.259 1.253 1.247 1.241 1.236 1.230 1.224 1.105 1.050 0.930 0.855 0.790 0.750 0.720 0.690 0.660 0.640 0.530 0.450 0.360
0.000 0.002 0.006 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.001 0.015 0.192 0.313 0.489 0.731 0.946 1.077 0.966 1.129 1.168 1.160 1.083 1.239 1.462 1.509 1.465 1.442 1.473 1.442 1.316 1.252 1.834 2.515 2.716 2.396 1.911 1.679 1.431 1.311 1.089 0.906 0.383 0.143 0.013
-0.009 0.000 -0.001 0.000 0.000 -0.003 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 -0.003 -0.176 -0.313 -0.504 -0.780 -0.958 -1.074 -1.003 -1.106 -1.158 -1.181 -1.048 -1.270 -1.470 -1.499 -1.460 -1.470 -1.496 -1.458 -1.417 -1.255 -1.867 -2.535 -2.718 -2.421 -1.919 -1.697 -1.467 -1.021 -1.060 -0.893 -0.380 -0.144 -0.024
0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009 0.001
0.0015 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01
0.015 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
0.15 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1.5 2 3
- - -
314.599 241.580 193.737 161.225 137.910 120.325 137.648 93.102 66.726 50.608 41.326 33.730 29.474 26.427 22.970 20.610 19.951 14.447 12.017 8.635 6.731 5.561 4.764 4.182 3.736 3.381 3.090 2.164 1.649 1.072 0.749 0.543 0.402 0.303 0.230 0.176 0.135 0.038 0.011 0.001
- - -
1.606 1.573 1.543 1.518 1.497 1.479 1.555 1.520 1.466 1.466 1.463 1.440 1.435 1.432 1.409 1.395 1.411 1.384 1.386 1.350 1.313 1.285 1.262 1.242 1.224 1.209 1.194 1.133 1.086 1.018 0.976 0.947 0.928 0.914 0.903 0.896 0.890 0.876 0.872 0.877
- - -
0.000 0.002 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.001 0.375 0.798 1.165 1.976 2.281 2.329 2.274 2.205 2.127 2.344 2.963 3.753 4.250 4.040 3.845 3.662 3.402 3.112 2.818 2.525 2.246 2.093 3.552 5.079 5.253 4.811 4.158 3.476 2.846 2.303 1.846 0.570 0.168 0.014
- - -
0.000 0.000 -0.003 0.000 -0.002 -0.001 -0.758 -1.331 -0.881 -1.556 -2.035 -1.984 -2.183 -2.322 -2.085 -1.975 -2.388 -2.278 -2.507 -2.113 -1.697 -1.398 -1.175 -0.997 -1.006 -1.163 -1.280 -1.699 -1.823 -2.038 -1.897 -1.685 -1.420 -1.165 -0.943 -0.756 -0.600 -0.181 -0.053 -0.005
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27CLSVOF法を用いた気液二相流の数値解析手法
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31CLSVOF法を用いた気液二相流の数値解析手法
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Utilization of Akita’s Clinoptilolite Zeolite
for the Production of Cation Exchangers and Geopolymers
Vinay Kumar Jha** and Shigeo Hayashi***
Abstract Natural zeolite, clinoptilolite, produced in Akitra prefecture has a large potential for various practical usage. In this
paper, we have tried to synthesize cation exchangers and geopolymers from the zeolite using sodium-silicate and sodium hydroxide as activator. We have varied some parameters like alkali concentration, particle size and curing time in order to improve the quality of cation exchanger and geopolymeric product. The NH4
+ retention capacity of the clinoptilolite is enhanced either by increasing alkaline metal cations content with chemical modification or by reducing particle size or increasing specific surface with mechanical modification. The geopolymer materials synthesized through mechanochemically treated clinoptilolite using NaOH and sodium silicate solutions showed increasing crushing strength up to around 25 MPa with increasing curing time.
1 Introduction
Natural zeolites, which are aluminosilicate minerals and found in volcanogenic sedimentary rocks, possess several important properties including adsorption, cation-exchange, dehydration-rehydration, and catalysis. These natural zeolites have broad range of applications in construction materials, soil improvements for water and nutrient retention, treatment of water and wastewater for removal of heavy metals and nutrients, dietary supplements for farm-raised animals, health care, and other beneficial uses (1).
Clinoptilolite zeolites, (Na3K3)(Al6Si30O72)·24H2O, are one of the naturally existing zeolites. The theoretical cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of Clinoptilolite is about 2.16 meq/g and is able to exchange ammonium-N with sodium and potassium (1). This CEC has been utilized effectively for terrestrial agriculture, where clinoptilolites are first saturated with ammonium-N and then incorporated into crop soils. They act as a slow-release fertilizer, with plants able to extract the sequestered ammonia from the clinoptilolite (2)~(4). Most of the manure-ammonia sequestered in the zeolite is unavailable to nitrifying bacteria because of the small (4-5 angstrom) pore size of the crystal lattice structure (1). Furthermore, clinoptilolites
are also used for animal waste management, replacing clays in the cat litter market and are being used to create odorless, nitrogen-rich compost from farm livestock manures.
Geopolymers are a new fire-, blast- and acid-resistant group of building materials. They are ceramic-like, inorganic polymers produced at low temperatures and have the potential to transform the building products industry. The cost of using geopolymer-based building materials is similar to existing materials but these have greater technical and environmental benefits over the conventional cement type materials. These materials can help to cut back on damage done through industrial spills, improve long term performance, reduce capital or maintenance costs and further help to lower insurance costs. Besides these, geopolymer technology has the potential to reduce emission of carbon dioxide by 80% because high-temperature calcining is not needed while for every one tone of cement manufacturing, one tone of carbon dioxide is produced. Several types of waste product like fly ash, sludge, slag and zeolitic tuffs can be utilized for the production of cation exchangers and geopolymers.
The inorganic geopolymeric materials are normally synthesized using activating solutions of alkali metals as sodium and potassium. These metals are capable of forming highly concentrated aqueous solutions and solvate large amounts of silicon and aluminum. The aluminosilicate geopolymers consist of tetrahedral AlO4
Received July 21, 2009 **, *** Center for Geo-Environmental Science, Faculty of
Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University. ** Present address: Central Department of Chemistry,
Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
秋田大学工学資源学部研究報告,第30号,2009年10月
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36
and SiO4 units polycondensed at ambient temperatures under highly alkaline conditions into three-dimensional structures with charge stabilization provided by alkaline earth ions (5).
Most of the studies on synthesis of geopolymers are carried out using kaolinite, metakaolinite, fly ash, high-calcium slags, blast furnace slag, etc. Several tones of zeolitic fine powder and small granules are thrown away as waste from industrial and agricultural sectors. These byproduct or waste portions of zeolites, which are rich source of alkali-alumino-silicates, can be mechanochemically modified to make them more effective raw materials for the production of cation exchangers and geopolymers.
In this paper, we have tried to synthesize cation exchangers and geopolymers from the granular byproduct of natural clinoptilolite zeolite, which are rich in K2O, Al2O3 and SiO2 contents, with using sodium-silicate and sodium hydroxide as activator. We have varied some parameters like alkali concentration, particle size and curing time in order to improve the quality of cation exchanger and geopolymeric product.
2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Samples preparation and characterization
The natural granules of clinoptilolite zeolite used in this study were obtained from the Futatsui area, Akita, Japan. This granular form of zeolites was ground manually to obtain in powder form by using mortar and pestle. The powder was then modified in two ways: in first case the powder was modified chemically by treating with NaOH solution at room temperature. The solid sample was separated from solution by filtration and washed with distilled water for several times till the effluent became neutral to pH paper. Samples naming for thus obtained products were NZeo (natural zeolite) and Zeo-72 (zeolites treated with NaOH solution for 72 h).
In second case, the powder sample was subjected for mechanical modification by wet-milling in zirconia pot (80 cm3) with zirconia balls (2 mm ) in planetary ball mill ((LA-PO.1, Ito Seisakusho Ltd., Japan) operating at 400 rpm for 24 h with using distilled water. After wet-milling, the slurry was filtered, washed and dried at 80°C for over night. The solid sample was designated as WM-50 (WM
for wet-milled followed by ball to powder mass ratio). The WM-50 sample was further treated with NaOH aqueous solution and then the slurry was filtered, washed and dried at 80°C for over night. This mechanochemically modified sample was designated as WM50-Na.
Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained using an X-ray diffractometer with monochromated Cu K radiation (JDX-3530, JEOL, Japan). The chemical compositions of the samples were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (RIX2000, Rigaku, Japan). The specific surface area and texture of wet-milled samples were obtained by the BET method using a BELSORB-Mini instrument (BEL, Japan) and Scanning Electron Microscope (JSM-5900LV, JEOL, Japan), respectively. 2.2 NH4
+ uptake experiment The uptake of NH4
+ was performed with aqueous NH4Cl solution (Wako, Japan) on NZeo, Zeo-72 and WM-50 under the following conditions: reaction temperature: 25°C, sample/solution ratio: 0.1 g/50 cm3, initial NH4
+ concentration: 28.22 mmol/dm3, reaction time: 24 h. The solution pH was measured just at the time of putting the sample into the solution (initial pH) and after the reaction (equilibrium pH).
After the uptake experiments, the samples were filtered and washed frequently with distilled water. The original NH4
+ solution (prior to uptake) and separated solutions (after uptake) were chemically analyzed for NH4
+, Na+, K+ and Ca2+ ions by ion chromatograph (DX-120, DIONEX, USA).
2.3 Preparation of clinoptilolite based geopolymer
To synthesize clinoptilolite based geopolymer, several parameters such as NaOH concentration, ball to powder mass ratio of wet-milled samples, amount of sodium silicate solution and curing time were taken into account. In first case, WM-20 sample was blended manually for 2 min. using mortar and pestle with NaOH solution with varying concentrations separately. In second case, similar procedure was followed with WM-30, WM-50 and WM50-Na with using single NaOH concentration. In third case, WM-50 sample was blended with NaOH solution with varying the amount of sodium silicate solution (Wako, Japan; Assay: 52-57% and SiO2/Na2O molar ratio: 2.06-2.30). In forth
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37
case, similar procedure was followed with using WM50-Na sample, NaOH solution and sodium silicate solution with varying curing time.
The blended mixtures were separately placed in plastic moulds, sealed with thin plastic films and allowed to cure for 24 h (except the samples designated for curing time variation) at 40°C. After curing thin films were removed and samples were dried at 40°C. After demoulding, the samples were cut into finite sizes and crushed using an Autograph instrument (AGS-J, Shimadzu, Japan) with crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The fragments from the crushing tests of few characteristic samples were powdered and examined by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscope.
3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Sample characterization
The chemical compositions of natural and NaOH treated clinoptilolites are shown in Table 1. The XRD patterns of as-received-ground (NZeo), chemically, mechanically and mechanochemically modified clinoptilolite samples (Zeo-24, Zeo-72, WM-50 and WM50-Na) are shown in Fig. 1. The SEM micrographs of natural, mechanically and mechanochemically modified clinoptilolites are shown in Fig. 2.
There was no any appreciable change of the XRD patterns of natural clinoptilolite after NaOH treatment which indicates no any structural change with the incorporation of exchangeable sodium ions to the natural zeolite.
Almost complete amorphous form of clinoptilolite was obtained with mechanically/mechanochemically modified samples. This effect is attributed to the collision frequency which in tern leads to faster diffusion process (6). When WM-50 sample was treated with NaOH solution, a broad peak at around 2 = 26.5º began to appear which is expected to be the formation of sodium-aluminum-
silicate-hydrate (SASH) phase. The chemical composition data where large amount of Na2O was incorporated during the NaOH treatment also suggests the formation of such SASH phase. The beginning of the formation of crystallization can also be observed in the SEM micrograph shown in Fig. 2. 3.2 NH4
+ sorption NH4
+ uptake experiments with the variation of initial NH4
+ concentration were performed on three samples namely NZeo, Zeo-72 and WM-50. The natural clinoptilolite (NZeo) was selected to obtain its NH4
+ sorption capacity without any modification while Zeo-72 and WM-50 samples were selected to study the impact of its NH4
+ sorption capacity by modifying its chemical composition and specific surface area (by changing from crystalline to amorphous form), respectively. The resulting sorption isotherms are shown in Fig. 3. The maximum
Sample SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 Na2O CaO MgO K2ONZeo 77.96 14.02 1.30 1.15 1.23 0.46 3.88Zeo-72 73.74 14.78 1.62 4.03 1.74 1.15 2.94WM50-Na 60.10 21.90 2.37 10.70 2.69 1.15 1.09
Cu K 2 ( )
Inte
nsity
(a.u
.)
NZeo
Zeo-72
WM-50
WM50-Na
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fig. 1 XRD patterns of natural, chemically, mechanically and mechanochemically modified clinoptilolite zeolite samples.
Table 1 The chemical compositions (mass %) of natural, chemically and mechanochemically modified clinoptilolites.
Utilization of Akita’s Clinoptilolite Zeolite for the Production of Cation Exchangers and Geopolymers
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38
NH4+ sorption capacity (Qmax) of natural zeolite (NZeo) is
about 0.89 mmol/g while that of WM-50 is 1.39 mmol/g and the resulting Qmax values increase in the order WM-50 > Zeo-72 > NZeo. The NH4
+ sorption capacity of present natural clinoptilolite is relatively higher than previously reported for natural clinoptilolites. The variation in the NH4
+ sorption capacity of clinoptilolite from various resources is due to the difference in the relative content of alkaline metal cations and chemical-physical pretreatment techniques. The commercial clinoptilolites have much higher NH4
+ sorption capacity in comparison to present modified clinoptilolites. The possible reason for such a higher sorption capacity may be the clinoptilolite for the commercial market would probably be pre-screened and pre-treated to yield an optimal performance by removing inert components (7). 3.3 Geopolymer and crushing strength
A production of good quality geopolymer with higher crushing strength depends on several parameters like concentration of alkali solution, appropriate starting material, use of sodium silicate solution, curing time and temperature.
The crushing strength is sharply increased with increasing NaOH concentration. The basic mechanism of such is the transformation of extremely reactive materials of alumino-silicates under alkaline condition and the dissolution process is initiated by the presence of hydroxyl ions. Higher amounts of hydroxyl ions facilitate the dissociation of silicate and aluminate species, which promote the polymerization (8).
The amorphous nature of starting material is more preferable for geopolymer with better crushing strength.
This can be attributed to the enhanced dissolution of alumino-silicate particulates from amorphous material and thereby accelerated condensation of the monomer in presence of higher NaOH concentration. Furthermore, the process of geopolymerization involves dissolution, polymerization, condensation and hardening steps which are more favorable if the starting material is amorphous in nature.
The crushing strength was found initially increased and then decreased with increasing WM-50 to Na2SiO3 mass ratio. This is expected to be due to excess silicate hinders water evaporation and structure formation (9).
The crushing strength of geopolymers, obtained from WM50-Na with using sample to sodium silicate mass ratio of 2 and 5.0 M NaOH solution as a function of curing time
Equi
libriu
m so
rptio
n, Q
e (m
mol
/g)
Equilibrium concentration, Ce (mmol/cm3)
NZeo
WM-50Zeo-72
0 10 20 30
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
Fig. 2 SEM micrographs of natural, mechanically and mechanochemically modified clinoptilolite zeolite samples.
Fig. 3 NH4+ sorption isotherms of natural, chemically
and mechanically modified clinoptilolites.
Vinay Kumar Jha ・Shigeo Hayashi
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39
is shown in Fig. 4. The crushing strength has found sharply increasing with curing time suggesting curing for longer period of time at low temperature is preferable which is in accordance with previous report (10).
The chemical compositions and SEM micrographs of two types of geopolymer products obtained from WM50-Na starting material with and without using sodium silicate solution are shown in Table 1 and Fig. 5 respectively. The polymer phase together with crushing strength were found increased in the sample where sodium silicate was used and at the mean time SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of this sample is higher than the sample where sodium silicate was not used. Thus, it can be said that higher SiO2/Al2O3 ratio is responsible for the formation of polymer and increasing crushing strength of the product. Furthermore, higher Al2O3 content may be suitable for the development of ceramic materials rather than geopolymer products (11).
4. Conclusion The overall ammonium ion retention behavior of the
clinoptilolite produced in Akita Prefecture, Japan is similar to that of clinoptilolite obtained from other resources. The present clinoptilolite has a high affinity for ammonium ion, which is observed across a range of ammonium ion concentrations of interest in the context of water treatment. The NH4
+ retention capacity of natural clinoptilolite is enhanced either by increasing alkaline metal cations content with chemical modification or by reducing particle size or increasing specific surface with mechanical modification.
The geopolymer materials synthesized through mechanochemically treated clinoptilolite using NaOH and sodium silicate solutions with the variations of types of starting material, NaOH concentration, amount of sodium silicate and curing time are mainly amorphous and contain absorbed atmospheric water. Present work will contribute to develop the possible pathway for the optimum utilization of natural resources as an alternative to cement in construction field.
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Professor Dr. Osamu Yamamoto of Akita University, Center for Geo-Environmental Science for his help to measure the specific surface area and crushing strength of all the samples, to Dr. Yukio Enda of Industrial Technology Center of Akita Prefecture,
Curing time (Day)
Cru
shin
g st
reng
th (M
Pa)
Curing temperature: 40 C
0 1 2 3 4 5
5
10
15
20
25
30
Fig. 4 The crushing strength of samples with the variation of curing time.
Fig. 5 SEM micrographs of geopolymers obtained from WM50-Na (a) without the use of sodium silicate solution and (b) with using sodium silicate solution and cured for 4 days.
Utilization of Akita’s Clinoptilolite Zeolite for the Production of Cation Exchangers and Geopolymers
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Environmental System Department for providing us ion chromatograph instrument to use and Dr. Yoshikazu Kameshima of Tokyo Institute of Technology, Department of Metallurgy and Ceramics Science for providing the chemical composition data of present samples.
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**
On Fostering the Creative Ability Tadashi Ohyoshi**
Abstract Metaphysical discussions are presented for fostering creative ability of contemporary engineering students.
The most important point is activation of their latent experiences. Possibility of developing their intelligences is dependent on their deduction process from the experiences under repetitive inspiration of group discussion, on the way of thinking, interpretation, modeling, formulation, making a rule in engineering solutions, and communication among students. The fostering the ability is enhanced by the use of the latent experiences addition to the conventional formal active experiences. Besides, the activation is commonly carried out in group helping by facilitators. To yield the intelligences is equivalent to foster the creative ability.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University
秋田大学工学資源学部研究報告,第30号,2009年10月
#30号-本文.indd 43 10/04/21 9:12
42 大好直
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43創造能力の育成について
#30号-本文.indd 45 10/04/21 9:12
44 大好直
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45
*
**
History of the Institute of Mining Geology*
Takahiko Maruyama**
Abstract The Institute of Mining Geology became part of the Department of Geosciences, Mining Engineering and Materials Processing, as a result of faculty reorganization in 1990, and was renamed as the Institute of Applied Earth Sciences. After further reorganization in 1998, the department name was altered to the present-day Department of Earth Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, but the Institute of Applied Earth Sciences title was carried over. In the present paper, the author explains the origins of the Institute of Mining Geology and explores its development in the context of the long histories of the Akita Mining College and the Mining College of Akita University.
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Mineral Industry Museum and Professor Emeritus, Akita University.
秋田大学工学資源学部研究報告,第30号,2009年10月
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55鉱山地質学教室の歴史
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Shibuya, Y. (2008) : Evaluation of Internal Damping of Polymer Composites with Fiber Debonding by
Homogenization Approach, Proceedings of the Asian Conference on Mechanics of Functional Materials and Structures, (Matsue, Japan), p.285-8.
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41-47 Sasaki, M., Kimura, T., Matsuo, K., Obinata, G., Iwami, T., Miyawaki,K., and Kiguchi, K. (2008) : A wheelchair
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Matsuoka T., and Sunakoda K. (2008) : Application of Electromagnet Using Magnetization or Demagnetization for
Magnetic Damper, ASME Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference 2008 Seismic Engineering (Chicago, USA), No.61141, p.6 (CD-ROM).
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Iwami, T., and Shimada, Y. (2008) : An Evoluation of Hemiplegic Upper Extremity Coordination by A Robotic Support System to Reconstruct The Reaching Movement Using Functional Electrical Stimulation, Proc of the 13th Annual Conference of the International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society, p.80-82.
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Shigeta, I., Tanuma, Y., Asano, Y., Hiroi, M., and Tanaka, Y., (2008) : Tunneling Study through Analysis of Spatial Variations of the Pair Potential in Diffusive Normal Metal/Insulator/High-Tc Superconductor Junctions, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, Vol.69, p.3042-5.
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Zhang, H., Mitobe, K., and Yoshimura, N. (2008) : Application of Terahertz Imaging to Water Content Measurement,
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using Ferromagnetic Implant with Low Curie Temperature, The 30th Annual Inter. Conf. of the IEEE EMBS (Vancouver, Canada), p.4384-6.
Rahman Md. M., Mitobe, K., Sato, J., Nikaidou, T., Suzuki, M., and Yoshimura, N. (2008) : Development of
Pianist’s H , and Motion Capture System Using LibertyTM 16 System, Polhemus, The International Conference on Electrical Engineering, ICEE-2008, (Okinawa, Japan), P-027.
Rahman Md. M., Goni, Md. O., Mitobe, K., and Suzuki, M. (2008) : Lightning Surge Impedance Measurement on
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Control Building Using Electromagnetic Transient Program, 5th International Conference Electrical and Computer Engineering, ICECE-2008, (Dhaka, Bangladesh), p.694-8.
Zhang, H., Mitobe, K., and Yoshimura, N. (2008) : THz Imaging for Water Content Measurement, Proceedings of 2008
international symposium on electrical insulating materials, MVP 1-2-1, (Mie, Japan), p.87-90.
Ono, Y., Khalafalla, M., Nishiguchi, K., Takashina, K, Fujiwara, A., Horiguchi, S, Inokawa, H., and Takahashi, Y. (2008) : Charge transport in boron-doped nano MOSFETs: Towards single-dopant electronics, Appl. Surf. Sci., Vol.254, p.6252-6.
Yamaguchi, R., Moriyama, K., and Sato, S. (2008) : Improvement of White Fluorescent Liquid Crystal Display, Mol.
Cryst. Liq. Cryst., Vol.488, p.210-8. Yamaguchi, R., and Sato, S. (2008) : Double-Faced Optical Writing in Guest-Host Mode Liquid Crystal Cell Using
Crosslinkable Polymer Alignment Film, J. Photopolym. Sci. Tec., Vol.21, p.203-6. Kawamura, M., Ye, M., and Sato, S. (2008) : Optical Particle Manipulation Using an LC Device with Eight-divided
Circularly Hole-patterned Electrodes, Opt. Express, Vol.16, p.10059-65. Kawamura, M., Ye, M., and Sato, S. (2008) : Transient Properties of a Liquid Crystal Optical Device with an
Elliptical Intensity Distribution, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Vol.47, p.6404-6. Kawamura, M., Ye, M., and Sato, S. (2008) : Laser Manipulator for Rotating Microscopic Trapped Particles by
Using Liquid Crystal Optical Devices, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., Vol.488, p.238-45. Ye, M., Sakamoto, T., Kawamura, M., Yamaguchi, R., and Sato, S. (2008) : Liquid Crystal Microlens Driven by Two
Voltages, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., Vol.478, p.31-5. Ye, M., Wang, B., Sato, Y., Kawamura, M., Yamaguchi, R., and Sato, S. (2008) : Transient Properties during
Positive-negative Switching of Liquid Crystal Lens, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., Vol.478, p.44-8. Wang, B., Ye, M., Kawamura, M., Yamaguchi, R., and Sato, S. (2008) : Numerical and Experimental Studies of
Liquid Crystal Lens with Stacked Structure of Two Liquid Crystal Layers, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., Vol.478, p.36-43.
Ono, Y., Khalafalla, M., Nishiguchi, K., Takashina, K, Fujiwara, A., Horiguchi, S, Takahashi, Y., and Inokawa, H. (2008) : Single-Dopant Effect in Si MOSFETs (Invited), IEEE Nanotechnology Materials and Devices Conference 2008 (Kyoto, Japan), WeA I-1.
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Yamaguchi, R., Ogura M., and Sato, S. (2008) : Photo-Degradation Properties of Liquid Crystal Cell Using Focused
Blue-Violet Laser Beam, 2008 International Liquid Crystal Conference (Jeju Island, Korea), 2-SUR64, p.393.
Yamaguchi ,R., Sugawara, M., and Sato, S. (2008) : Rewritable Memory Type Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal of
Low Driving Voltage, 2008 International Liquid Crystal Conference (Jeju Island, Korea), 1-APP5, p.48. Yamaguchi, R., and Sato, S. (2008) : Numerical Simulation of Micropatterned Twisted Nematic cell - Effect of
Azimuth Anchoring Strength, 2008 International Liquid Crystal Conference (Jeju Island, Korea), 1-APP7, p.50.
Yamaguchi, R., and Sato, S. (2008) : Liquid Crystal Material Dependence on Rubbed PVCi Alignment Properties
(invited paper), The 4th Japanese-Italian Workshop on Liquid Crystals JILC’08 (Nara), p.15. Yamaguchi, R., Ogura M., and Sato, S. (2008) : Photo Degradation Properties in Oriented Liquid Crystal Modes, The
15th International Display Workshops (Niigata, Japan), FMC6-4, p.1661-4. Kawamura, M., Ye, M., and Sato, S. (2008) : Transient Properties of a Liquid Crystal Device with an Anamorphic
Lens Property, 2008 International Liquid Crystal Conference (Jeju Island, Korea), OTH3, p.861. Kawamura, M. (2008) : Optical Trap for Manipulating Plural Particles by Using a Liquid Crystal Device, 2008
International Liquid Crystal Conference (Jeju Island, Korea), OTH5, p.863. Kawamura, M., Baba, M., Kato, D., Yanase, S., and Sato, S. (2008) : Finite-difference time-domain calculation for a
liquid crystal cell with micro-patterned alignment layers, 2008 International Display Research Conference (IDRC '08) (Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.), P17, p.189-92.
Kawamura, M., and Sato, S. (2008) : Liquid Crystal Lens with Divided-circularly Hole-patterned Electrodes, 2008
International Display Research Conference (IDRC '08) (Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.), P18, p.193-6. Kawamura, M., Sano, T., and Sato, S. (2008) : Cell Parameter Measurements of a Liquid Crystal Cell by Using a
Telecentric Lens, 2008 International Display Research Conference (IDRC '08) (Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.), 13.4, p.271-4.
Imano, K., and Kondou, M. (2008) : Possibilities of nondestructive evaluation of a pipe using air-coupled ultrasonic wave in the MHz range, IEICE Electronics Express, Vol.5, p.668-71.
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p.888-9. Kayano, Y., Miura, H., Miyanaga, K., and Inoue, H. (2008) : The Relationship between Voltage and Duration of
Short-Time Arc Generated by Slowly Breaking Silver Contact, Transaction of IEICE on Electronics, Vol.E91-C, p.1230-2.
Fukuda, M., and Imano, K. (2008) : A Novel System Using Double-Layered Piezoelectric Transducer for Detecting
Sub-Harmonic Components of Ultrasonic Pulse Waves, Int. J. Soc. Mater. Eng. Resour., Vol.15, p.42-5. Fukuda, M., Nishihira, M., and Imano, K. (2008) : Novel Detection System Using Double-Layered Piezoelectric
Transducer in Same Polarization Direction for Sub-Harmonic Components Generated from Plastic-Deformed Metal Rod, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Vol.47, p.3899-903.
Fukuda, M., and Imano, K. (2008) : Detection of sub-harmonic components generated from microbubbles in water
using double-layered piezoelectric transducer with aligning polarization directions, Acoustical Science and Technology, Vol.29, p.399-402.
Fukuda, M., and Imano, K. (2008) : Detection of Harmonic Components Generated from Crept Metal Rod Using a
Double-Layered Piezoelectric Transducer System, Acoustical Imaging Vol.29, Springer Science + Business Media B. V., p.233-8.
(2008)
35 671-80 Yamaya, C., and Inoue, H. (2008) : Availability Applying Temperature Distribution for Estimation of Medium
Constants Using Temperature Rise by Absorption of Ultrasound, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Vol.47, p.4145-8. Yamaya, C., and Inoue, H. (2008) : Heated Temperature Imaging by Absorption of Ultrasound, Acoustical Imaging
Vol.29 (Edited by Iwaki Akiyama), Springer Science, p.473-8.
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Inoue, H., Miura, H., Kayano Y., and Miyanaga K. (2008) Current Noise up to GHz B and Generated by Slowly Breaking Silver-Compound Contacts with External DC Magnetic Field, Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Electrical Contacts (ICEC2008) (Saint-Malo, France), p.329-34.
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Obara, H., Sakata, M., and Nemoto Y. (2008) : Bridging crossbar and triangular switches, Proceedings of the
International Workshop on High Performance and Highly Survivable Routers and Networks, p.31-6. Obara, H., Sakata, M., and Nemoto Y. (2008) : Torus-embedded crossbar switch with a minimum number of
switching cells, Proceedings of the International Workshop on High Performance and Highly Survivable Routers and Networks, p.119-24.
Kayano, Y., and Inoue, H. (2008) : A Study on Effect of Noise Suppression Sheet on EM Radiation from a PCB
Proceedings of the 3rd Pan-Pacific EMC Joint Meeting PPEMC’08 (Musashino, Japan), 15S2-1, p.11-2.
Kayano, Y., and Inoue, H. (2008) : A Study on Electromagnetic Coupling between Transmission Line on Model Chip,
Proceedings of 2008 IEEE EMC Symposium (CD-ROM) (Detroit, USA), THU-AM-2-4. Kayano, Y., Ono, Y., and Inoue, H. (2008) : EM Radiation from a Printed Circuit Board with an Interconnection
Cable Driven by Low-Voltage Differential-Signaling, Proceedings of International Conference on Electronic Packaging (ICEP2008) (Tokyo, Japan), p.144-8.
Miyata, S., Kayano, Y., and Inoue, H. (2008) : EM Radiation through Aperture of Metallic Enclosure with a PCB
inside, 2008 Asia-Pacific Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility & 19th International Zurich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (Singapore), p.670-3.
Miyanaga, K., Kayano, Y., Takagi T. and Inoue, H. (2008) : Connected relation between bridge abd arc and
temperature rise at slowly breaking contacts, Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Electrical Contacts (ICEC2008) (Saint-Malo, France), p.347-52.
Miyanaga, K., Kayano, Y., and Inoue, H. (2008) : A Measurement on Contact Voltage and Shape of Bridge at Low
Speed Breaking Contacts, Proceedings of 8th International Session on Electro-Mechanical Devices (Sendai, Japan), EMD2008-95, p.121-4.
Hayashi, H., Mizuki, T., Sone, H., Kayano, K., and Inoue, H. (2008) : On Contact Conditions in Connectors to Cause
Common Mode Radiation, Proceedings of 2008 IEEE EMC Symposium (CD-ROM) (Detroit, USA), TUE-AM-5-OF-7.
Marttila, J., Hayashi, Y., Kayano, Y., Sone, H., and Inoue, H. (2008) : Computation of Electromagnetic Field
Distribution in a Cross-Section of Connector with Contact Failure, Proceedings of 8th International Session on Electro-Mechanical Devices (Sendai, Japan), EMD2008-84, p.77-80.
Hanawa, S., Miyanaga, K., Kayano, Y., and Inoue, H. (2008) : A Study on Relationship between Opening Velocity
and Short-Time Arc for Silver Contact, Proceedings of 8th International Session on Electro-Mechanical Devices (Sendai, Japan), EMD2008-95, p.121-4.
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49 9 3302-15 Matsuo, K., Miura, T., and Taniguchi, T. (2008) : An Estimator to Characterize Varying Time Delays Based on
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25 4 919-28
Hamaoka, H., Takeuchi, M., Watanabe, N., and Nishida, T. (2008) IMPROVEMENT OF INFORMATION SERVICE SYSTEM OF SLIPPERY ROAD CONDITIONS AND EVALUATION OF IT, Technical Papers of the Conference of Intelligent Transport Systems, Vol.15, No.10271, 9pages (CD-ROM).
Hamaoka, H. (2008) Establishment of Information Service System of Slippery Road Conditions Based on the
Vehicle Behavior, International Workshop on Recent Advances in Transport (Marrakech, Morocco). Hamaoka, H. (2008) A Safety Analysis Based on Driver Decisions when Acquiring Signal Change Information,
Workshop on Transportation Researches for Urban Safety (Bangkok, Thailand).
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RC 61 517-22
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Suzuki, T., Kagaya, M., and Takahashi, T. (2008) : Examination on Properties of Road Surface Repair Material of
Cold Hardening Type and Simplified Evaluation Method of Its Hardening Time, International Journal of the Society of Materials Engineering for Resources, Vol.15, No.2, p.30-6.
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71-8
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61 638-44
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7 ( )83-94
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30 2 217-21 (CD-ROM)
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Gotou H., Daikokuya, M., Chida T., and Usuki S. (2008) Estimation of Shear Modulus by FEM Bending Simulation of Steel-plate-inserted Glulam Wood Beams, WCTE 2008 Conference Proceedings, 10th World Conference on Timber Engineering (Miyazaki, Japan) (CD-ROM).
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55 446-50 Ogino T., Mitachi T., Chan K. H., Oikawa H., and Tshushima M. (2008) : A Method for Received Waveform
Reconstruction Based on Bender Element Test Using Frequency-swept Signal, Soils Found., Vol.48, p.287-95.
Oikawa, H., Ogino, T., Itakiyo H., Ookubo K., Igarashi M., and Tsushima M. (2008) A Simple Method for Estimating the Shear Strength Ratio of Soft Peaty Soils, The Proceedings of The Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (Vancouver, Canada), Vol.2, p.603-6.
Igarashi M., Tsushima M, Oikawa H., and Ogino T. (2008) Shear Characteristics of Peat Consolidated Under Cyclic
Loading, The Proceedings of The Eighteenth (2008) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (Vancouver, Canada), Vol.2, p.762-7.
Takahashi, T., and S. Hasegawa. (2008) Hydraulic Experiment on Tsunami Deposits due to Run-up and Run-down,
6th International Conference on Asian Marine Geology (Kohchi, Japan), O-016 (CD-ROM).
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Takahashi, T., and Koshimura, S. (2008) Tsunami Disaster Assessment in Southeast Asia due to Giant Earthquakes near Japan, AOGS 5th Annual General Meeting (Pusan, Korea), OS18 (CD-ROM).
Takahashi, T. (2008) The Effect of Giant Sanriku Tsunamis in the Southeast Asia and Pacific Countries, Proceedings
of Conference of Marine Problems and Specific Solutions (Maldives), p.99-100. Imai, K., Takahashi, T., and Konuma, T. (2008) Characteristics of Tsunami Propagation on the 2007 Niigata
Cyuetsu-Oki Earthquake, PACON (Hawaii, U.S.A.), CST-2A. Takahashi T., Konuma T., and Kojima S. (2008) Observation and Simulation of Small Earthquake Tsunami in
Okinawa by Using Ocean Radar,American Geophysical Union, AGU Fall Meeting 2008 (San Francisco, U.S.A.), OS43D-1327 (CD-ROM).
Tomita, T., Arikawa, T., Tatsumi, D., Honda, K., Higashino, H., Watanabe, K., Nishimura, Y., Tanioka, Y., Nakamura, Y., Tsuji, Y., Namegaya, Y., Murata, M., Woodward, S., Satake, K., Imamura, F., Matsutomi, H., Fujima, K., Shigihara, Y., Koshimura, S., and Miyagi, Y. (2008) Joint Report for Tsunami Field Survey for the Solomon Islands Earthquake of April 1, 2007 25
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108 234 31-5 Saito, H., Egawa, G., Ishio, S., and Li, G., Q. (2008) : Magnetic force microscopy imaging of in-plane magnetic field
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64 13-20 Yamamoto, O., Ohira, T., Moh, and. J., Fukuda, M., Özkal, B., Sawai, J., and Nakagawa, Z. (2008) : Antibacterial
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Ohira, T., Yamamoto, O., Iida, Y., and Nakagawa, Z. (2008) : Antibacterial activity of ZnO powder with
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Satoh, H., Ishiyama, D., and Mizuta, T. (2008) : Origin and transportation process of elements in thermal water of magmatic hydrothermal system – examination on strongly acidic thermal water of Tamagawa Hot Spring, Akita Prefecture, Proceedings of International Meetings of Ore Genesis (Materials of the International Conference), Miass, Russia, p.270-3.
Hirose, K., Ishiyama, D., and Mizuta, T. (2008) : Geology and geochemical characteristics of the kaolinite-bearing
gold rich Nurukawa Kuroko Deposit, Aomori Prefecture, Japan, Proceedings of International Meetings of Ore Genesis (Materials of the international Conference), Miass, Russia, p.324-6.
Ishiyama, D., Miyata, M., Mizuta, T., Satoh, H., Ogasawara, M., and Fukuyama, M. (2008) : Characteristics of fluid
coexisting with granitoids associated with Miocene Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization of the Chichibu skarn deposit in the active uplifting region of central Japan, Extended Abstracts of PACRIM Congress 2008, Gold Coast, Australia, p.319-25.
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(2008)NMCC 14 170-6
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Fe2Mn1-XVXSi, Annual Report of High Field Laboratory for Superconducting Materials, Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, p.66-7.
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90
Myint Soe Application of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System for Alteration Mineral
Identification, Mineral Potential Mapping and Seismic Hazard Prediction: Case Studies in
Japan, Thailand and Myanmar
Studies of the pollution mechanism of fog and the role of particulate matter (PM) in the
mechanism
Ll0-FePt
Study on water content measurement and imaging of aminoacid in cellulose acetate
electrophoresis by terahertz wave
#30号-本文.indd 92 10/04/21 9:13
91
Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Nevera gold-bearing breccia
pipe in the Mt. Crater gold prospecting area, Papua New Guinea(
)
CO2 CBM
"
"
Geochemical characteristics of Neogene acidic volcanic rocks in Ohdate-Kosaka
tunnel area, Hokuroku Districts, Akita Prefecture, Japan(
)
Chatree Au-Ag
in situ
[6]
Ln2Sn2-xZrxO7(Ln ) NO
K2NbO3F
HSP60
渡邉 一成
#30号-本文.indd 93 10/04/21 9:13
92
GGA DnaK(HSP70)
Pr
LCST
Pb-Ag -PbO2
SrTiO3/TiO2
STM
HSP60
CCT SDR family member 4
B
DNA
PbO2
TiC
Nb Ni-Nb
TiAl Ni
Ni-Al
大瀧 貴子
葛西 健悟
平成20年度修士論文題名リスト
#30号-本文.indd 94 10/04/21 9:13
93
Ni
Al
WC C W2C
WC-SiC-Mo2C
WC-SiC
DMFC Pt
Fe50(Pt1-xRhx)50-SiO2
Ni-Al-Pt
CsGd2F7:Tb3+
NOAA-AVHRR
e-Learning
Pox Diagram
ns-2
SVM
In2/3PS3
NOAA-AVHRR
IP
#30号-本文.indd 95 10/04/21 9:13
94 平成20年度修士論文題名リスト
n-InAs
IP
DC
#30号-本文.indd 96 10/04/21 9:13
95
DC
CdTe
DC
pH
PEFC)
THz
DoS
#30号-本文.indd 97 10/04/21 9:13
96 平成20年度修士論文題名リスト
#30号-本文.indd 98 10/04/21 9:13
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Makoto TAGO (Chairperson)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Hirokazu OKAWA Yukihiko INOUEDept. of Earth Science and Technology Dept. of Engineering in Applied Chemistry
Kazuhiko FUJIWARA Yoshiyuki SATODept. of Life Science Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
Akinori TAKAHASHI Kazutaka MITOBEDept. of Computer Science and Engineering Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Hidenobu TOKUSHIGE Satoru YOSHIMURADept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering Center for Geo-Environmental Science
#30号-本文.indd 99 10/04/21 9:13
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL REPORTS
OF
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND RESOURCE SCIENCE, AKITA UNIVERSITY
No. 30
OCTOBER 2009
Contents
Original Papers
A Quantitative Analysis on Stress and Fatigue for VDT Workers Measured by Heart Rate Variability (HRV)
……………………………………………………………………………… Keita TAKAHASHI and Hiroshi INOUE 1
Is Microcredit in Spain a Means or an End? ……………………………………………………………………… Hiromi TSUBOI 9
A Simple Equation for Calculating the Isochrone ………… Masaru IGARASHI, Hiroshi OIKAWA, and Toshihiro OGINO 15
Numerical Analysis of Two-phase Flow with CLSVOF Method ……………………………………………… Takahiro ADACHI 25
Utilization of Akita’s Clinoptilolite Zeolite for the Production of Cation Exchangers and Geopolymers
…………………………………………………………………………… Vinay Kumar JHA and Shigeo HAYASHI 35
Review
On Fostering the Creative Ability ………………………………………………………………………………Tadashi OHYOSHI 41
History of the Institute of Mining Geology …………………………………………………………… Takahiko MARUYAMA 45
List of Original Papers (2008) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 57
List of Theses of Doctor's Degree (2008) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 90
List of Theses of Master's Degree (2008) ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 91
Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University
Akita, Japan
#30号-本文.indd 100 10/04/21 9:13
平 成 21 年 10 月 23 日 印 刷
平 成 21 年 10 月 30 日 発 行
秋 田 大 学 工 学 資 源 学 部〒010-8502 秋田市手形学園町1番1号
電話(018)889-2305(総務係)
印 刷 有限会社 三 浦 印 刷〒010-0925 秋田市旭南三丁目7番5号
電話(018)862-2792
(非 売 品)
編集兼発行者
AB面を通過する流体の移流量を表す概略図.(関連研究報告:足立,pp.25-34)
秋田県産天然ゼオライトから得られたジオポリマーの走査電子顕微鏡写真.(a)ケイ酸ナトリウム溶液を用いなかった場合.(b)ケイ酸ナトリウム溶液を使用し4日間養生した場合.(関連研究報告:Jha,V.K.他,pp.35-40)
鉱専時代の列品室.(鉱業博物館所蔵)(関連解説:丸山,pp.45-55)
秋 田 大 学工 学 資 源 学 部
研 究 報 告第 30 号
秋田大学工学資源学部
秋田大学工学資源学部研究報告
第三十号
平成
二十一
年
平成21年10月発行
秋田大学工学資源学部〒010-8502 秋田市手形学園町1-1http://www.eng.akita-u.ac.jp/