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C. Ecology I. Ecosystems and Communities
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Biodiversity
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Zebra Mussels
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Predator Removal
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Climograph
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Community Ecology
Interspecific Interactions and Community Structure
Disturbance and Community Structure
Biogeographic Factors
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Competitive Exclusion Hypothesis
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Microhabitats of Lizard Species
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Anolis distichus – sunny leaf surface
Anolis insolitus – shady branch
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Deceptive coloration
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Camouflage – chick (poorwill); lizard
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Aposematic (warning) coloration
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Batesian mimicry – the hawkmoth larva (left) resembles a snake when
disturbed{harmless resembles harmful}
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Mullerian mimicry – the cuckoo bee (left) and the yellow jacket both
have stingers that release toxins {both harmful but more exposure to potential
predators of linking markings with harm}
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Mutualism – between acacia trees
and ants
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Parasitic Nasonia (wasps)
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Commensalism – one species
benefits, the other is neither harmed
nor helped (usually)
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Trophic levels
– terrestrial and marine food chains
{make sure your assignment doesn’t
resemble this one! ; ) }
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Antarctic marine food
web
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Partial food web
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Without Pisaster
ochraceous (sea stars) as
keystone predators…,
…the Mytilus californianus monopolized the space
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Sea Otters are
keystone predators in the North
Pacific
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A fire on a grassland burns the detritus and rejuvenates the prairie so that virtually all the biomass is living a month after a burn (right)
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Large disturbances occur more often when small disturbances are prevented. Lodgepole pine cones
require intense heat to open and germinate.
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Soil nitrogen concentration during succession after a glacial retreat
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Forest community 1 is
more diverse b/c it has greater
heterogeneity – both in species
richness (number) and
relative abundance
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Species richness generally
decreases towards the poles
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Energy and Species Richness - annual available energy is measured by evapotranspiration
(combining solar radiation and temperature) and expressed as rainfall equivalents in mm/yr.
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The number of plant species on the
Galapagos Islands in relation to the area of
the island.
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Ecosystems
Primary Production
Secondary Production
Cycling of Chemical Elements
Human Impact
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Energy flow = broken red lines; Material cycling = solid blue
lines
Energy = solar radiation chemical
transfers in food web heat radiated to space
Materials = pass through trophic levels
detritus back to primary producers
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Fungi decomposing a log
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Primary Production
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Net Primary Production
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II. Biomes
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Lake Zonation
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Oligotrophic Lake
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Eutrophic Lake
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Wetlands
Estuaries
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Marine: 1. Tide Zone 2. Coral Reef 3. Benthos
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Terrestrial Biomes
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Tropical Forests: 1. Highland 2. Lowland 3. Seasonal
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Deserts
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Tundra
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the Biosphere
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Behavioral Ecology
Learning
Animal Cognition
Sociobiology
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Behavior Components
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Digger Wasp Behavior
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Female Songbird Preferences
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Geese Imprinting
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Two types of bird-song development
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Electronic Surveillance of honeybees
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Cooperative Prey Capture
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Territories (small!)
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Staking Territories with Chemical Markers
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Three-spined stickleback
courtship behavior
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Bee Communication
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Colonial Mammals
Naked Mole Rats the Common Mole Rat
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Kin Selection and Altruism in the Belding Ground Squirrel
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Ecology
• the biosphere• behavioral biology• population biology• community ecology• ecosystems
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Population Ecology
Populations
Life Histories
Population Growth
Population Limiting Factors
Human Population /Growth
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Conservation Ecology
Biodiversity Crisis
Conservation at the Population and Species Level
Conservation at the Community, Ecosystem, and Landscape Levels