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CADIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Submitted by-Munesh Kumar Singh
M.Tech.(ICE) Ist yrReg.No-136323
Human body Subsystem. Cardiovascular system. Structure and Functioning of Heart. Blood flow. Cardiac cycle Electrical activity
contents:
Biochemical System Cardiovascular System Respiratory System Muscular System
Human Body Subsystem
Communication and transportation -Blood -Cardiovascular System -Nervous System -Lymphatic System Intake and waste Disposal -Respiratory System -Digestive System -Urinal System
Physiology system
Protection and Survival -Skin -Immune System
-Skeletal -Muscular System -Reproduction System
Physiology System
· A closed system of the heart and blood vessels· The heart pumps blood
· Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body
· The function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and other waste products
Cardiovascular system
· Location· Thorax between the lungs
· Pointed apex directed toward left hip
· About the size of your fist
The Heart
Heart
· Pericardium – a double serous membrane· Visceral pericardium
· Next to heart
· Parietal pericardium
· Outside layer
· Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of pericardium
Heart covering
· Three layers· Epicardium
· Outside layer· This layer is the parietal pericardium· Connective tissue layer
· Myocardium· Middle layer· Mostly cardiac muscle
· Endocardium· Inner layer· Endothelium
Heart wall
External Heart Anatomy
Four chambers· Right and left side act as separate pumps
· Atria· Receiving chambers
· Right atrium· Left atrium
· Ventricles· Discharging chambers
· Right ventricle· Left ventricle
The heart Chambers
Blood Circulation
· Allow blood to flow in only one direction· Four valves
· Atrioventricular valves – between atria and ventricles· Bicuspid valve (left)· Tricuspid valve (right)
· Semilunar valves between ventricle and artery· Pulmonary semilunar valve· Aortic semilunar valve
Heart:valves
Operation of Heart valve
· Aorta· Leaves left ventricle
· Pulmonary arteries· Leave right ventricle
· Vena cava· Enters right atrium
· Pulmonary veins (four)· Enter left atrium
Heart associate great vessel
· Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)
· Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve impulses, in a regular, continuous way
Heart electrical/conduction system
· Special tissue sets the pace
· Sinoatrial node
· Pacemaker
· Atrioventricular node
· Atrioventricular bundle
· Bundle branches
· Purkinje fibers
· Contraction is initiated by the sinoatrial node
· Sequential stimulation occurs at other autorhythmic cells
Heart contraction
Cardiac cycle
· Atria contract simultaneously
· Atria relax, then ventricles contract
· Systole = contraction
· Diastole = relaxation
· Cardiac cycle – events of one complete heart beat
· Mid-to-late diastole – blood flows into ventricles
· Ventricular systole – blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts, pushing out blood
· Early diastole – atria finish re-filling, ventricular pressure is low
· Cardiac output (CO)
· Amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute
· CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume [SV])
· Stroke volume
· Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction
Cardiac output
Cardiac output regulation
Blood Pressure
Electrocardiogram
Stress Test
Angiography
Measuring cardiac function
Measure of fluid pressure within system Systolic Pressure: Pressure generated by contraction Diastolic Pressure: Pressure achieved between
contractions. SBP reflects the amount of work the heart is performing
DBP indicates the amount of peripheral resistance encountered
Arterial pressure increases with age, DBP more than SBP
With aging, major blood vessels increase in rigidity
Blood Pressure
Electrocardiogram Measure of the electrical activity of the heart
ECG block diagram
Stress Test ECG during Exercise
Cardiac catheterization Inject dye into heart X-ray to examine blockages
Angiography
Bipolar lead (Three leads):-
lead I = left arm minus right arm (LA–RA)
lead II = left leg minus right arm (LL–RA)
lead III = left leg minus left arm (LL–LA)
Lead ll =Lead l + Lead lll (called Einthoven triangle)
ECG acquisition
Unipolar leads These have an exploring electrode placed on a chosen site linked with an indifferent electrode with a very small potential.
Unipolar Chest leads V1, the fourth intercostals space just to the right of the sternum V2, the fourth intercostals space just to the left of the sternum V3, midway between V2 and V4 V4, the fifth intercostals space in the midclavicular line V5, the left anterior axillaries line at the same horizontal level as
V4 V6, the left midaxillary line at the same horizontal level as V4.