Download - Cadir Hoyuk - Ancient Zippalanda
Çadır Höyük
The Alisar Regional ProjectExcavations at Cadir Hoyuk
The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago
Ancient Zippalanda
Dr. Ronald L Gorny, DirectorDr. Gregory McMahon, Associate Director
Dr. Sharon Steadman, Field DirectorDr. Samuel Paley, Assistant Director
Dr. Jenni Ross, Asstant DirectorDr. Marica Cassis, Byzantine Project
DirectorDr. Bruce Verhaaren, Survey Director
Carol Schneider, Project Manager
Çadır Höyük: The SeniorStaff
Çadır Höyük: The Specialists
Ben Arbuckle: Faunal Remains
Alexia Smith: Paleobotanical Remains
Carola Manzano: Conservation
Terence Ahern: Computerization
Claudia Glatz: Second Millennium
Marica Cassis: Byzantine Era
Mediterranean Sea
Black Sea
Dündartepe
Ikiztepe
Pendik
Beycesultan
KuruçayHacilar
Höyücek
Erbaba
Suberde
Çatal Höyük
CanhasanBademagacı
Gelveri-GüzelyurtKosk Höyük
Asikli Höyük
Ilıpınar
Yarımburgaz
Tilkiburnu
TarsusMersin
Alaca Höyük Yarıkkaya
Alisar Höyük
Çadır Höyük
Büyük Güllücek
100 200 km 0
Orta Höyük
Demirci Höyük
,,
ˇ
Mediterranean Sea
Black Sea
Ikiztepe
Acemhöyük
Tarsus
Mersin
Alaca Höyük Bogazkoy
Alisar Höyük
100 200 km 0
,
ˇ
Kultepe
Salur Höyük
Troy
Alalakh
Hittite Anatolia
2000-1200 BC
Cadir Hoyuk
CarchemishMiletu
s
Malatya
Ugarit
Izmir
The Geographic Setting for the Alisar Regional Project:The Cadir Hoyuk Excavations
Salur Höyük
• (Katapa?)
(Ankuwa?)
(Zippalanda?)
(Mt. Daha?)•
(Hurranaššu ?)
and Boğazköy(Hattuša)
(Kültepe/Kaneš)
Research Area
TheKanak Su
Basin,CentralTurkey
After the long trip from Chicago,
we arrive home…
Life in the Village of Peyniryemez
Excavation Compound in Peyniryemez with Kerkenes Dag (Mt. Pushkurunwa?)
in the background
Excavation
House
Peyniryemez
The Excavation House:at home in Peyniryemez
Men’s Tents
Ron’s Room
Excavation House Scenes
Excavation House Scenes
Huseyin’s Garden
The Terrace ‘Lokanta’
Hanging out after a long day
Saving Cadir Hoyuk 1994
Çadır Höyük/Zippalanda from Çaltepe/Daha
Çadır Höyük and Gelingüllü Lake As seen from the Excavation House
North Slope
South Slope
Citadel Summit
NorthernTerrace
N
East SlopeStep Trench
Aerial View of Cadir Hoyuk in 1994
Excavation AreasArea 1 East TrenchArea 2 TerraceArea 3 The S. TrenchArea 4 CitadelArea 5 Lower
S.SlopeArea 6 North TrenchArea 7 Çaltepe
Area 2
Area 6
Area 4 Area 1
Area 5Area 3
Area 7
East Trench
Views
Aerial View of Step Trench
1994
East Trench 1994: Walls 7 and 6
East Trench 2003
Square 800.940
Walls 7 & 6
Width of Case
mate Wall
6 m
mudbrick
Wall 7
Wall 6
East Trench: Wall F 20
Trench 800.930
F 20
F 6 (exterior of casemate wall)
F 7
Early Old Hitt building and pots
East Trench 2001
Mudbricks
Thickness of wall F 6 = 6 m
Burned debris from wall F 20 destruction
1994
Superstructure F 20
The makeup of Wall F
20
F 20
F 6
Burned debris F 20
superstructure
F 20 (OH-MB Trans)
F 67/71 (Hittite Emp.)
Double Rooms (OH)
Iron Age
F 1 (MH)
Byzantine
East Trench Settlement Sequence
East Trench 2005:Trench 800.920
Early Old Hittite Rooms and Pit 41
Knobbed-Pot from Pit F 41
Early Old Hittite Pottery
East Trench: 800.920
Early Old Hittite
Pottery
Goldglimmerware
Karum Period
Animal foot
Early Old Hittite Period
Small Findsfrom
800.920
Miniature Figurine… …The Stormgod?
Cylinder Seal ca. 1400 BC
Small Finds
F 20 (OH-MB Trans)
F 67/71 (Hittite Emp.)
Double Rooms (OH)
Iron Age
F 1 (MH)
Byzantine
East Trench Settlement Sequence
F 20 superstructure
F 1 MH Wall
Later Pit
Pottery “bench”
Two rooms (Old Hittite)
Remains of F 20 superstructure
Hittite Empire
The superstructure above F 20
Tumble
Door?
Pit?
Follow this “wall”
Mud/mudbrick of wall F 20 (OH) superstructure -
looking south
2 Meters + ??
mb wall?
??
East Trench : The Empire Period Wall
6 m
F 67
F 67
F ??
Middle Hittite Fill
F 1 MH Wall
Middle Hittite Fill
F
71
F 68
F 68
F 69 F 72
F 69
F 72
East Trench Detail
F67 and F 71
Hittite Empire Wall ?
Middle Hittite Period Fill
Ca. 1550-1450 BC
F 71
F 67
MH Fill
East Trench
800.910
Wall F 68
Old Hittite
15th Century?
Early
Old Hittite
The Hittite Empire Period
Upper East Trench
Lower East
Trench
Lower East Trench
The Second Millenium SequenceSeen from the Northeast Terrace
Wall F 20 (Early Old Hittite)
Wall F 1 (Middle Hittite/15th-14th C.)
Walls F 6 and 7 (OACP Karum II and Ib)
North Gate (Hitt. Empire)
Old Hittite Rooms and Pots
OACP and Old Hitt on the Terrace
Wall F 71& 67 (Hittite Empire/13th C.)
Walls F 34 and 35 (OACP)
Lower East Trench (OACP & OH)
East Trench Finds in Context
Cadir Hoyuk
South Slope Excavations
2006
The South Trench2000
Southern Slope in 2001
Hittite
EB II
Chalcolithic
Iron Age
Byzantine
Hellenistic
Late Classical wash and fill
Iron AgeHittite
X
A Hittite Cultic Alter and other items from the Stormgod’s Temple at Zippalanda?
Middle (and Late) Iron Age Gate Upper South Slope
Late Iron Addition
Middle Iron Gate(?)
Early Iron Installation
The North Slope and Gate
Late Iron Age blockage of Hittite gate
• North Slope:
• Three phases of North Gate
• 2nd millennium
• Early Iron Age• Late Iron Age
2006
2004
An Approach to the Citadel?
Ramp or Stairway a la Bogazkoy
North Gate
Base of the Mound Magnetometry
OA/OH
Sounding
halentuwa/palace
Lower GateFrom Bogazkoy
To Caltepe
To Citadel Monumental Gate
ramp or steps?
The Lower Cityfrom the Citadel Mound
The Terrace Sounding
The Terrace Sounding
The Terrace Sounding
The Terrace Sounding
Hittite Processional Way?
Terrace Sounding
Cadir 2nd Millennium Objects
Weaponry from Cadir Hoyuk
Miniature Libation Bowls
“Lion” Representations
Second Millennium Ceramics
Cadir – Caltepe: Zippalanda - Daha
Stormgod of Zippalanda’sTemple
Complex
Hilammar
Mt. Daha overlooking Zippalanda
Temple Complex
hilammar Cult
Niche
The Royal Route to Daha
Temple
Mound
Storerooms?
Egri Su (river)
Caltepe/Mt. Daha
Alisar (Ankuwa)
Kirklartepe
Salir (Katapa)
Mt. Daha overlooking Zippalanda
Temple Complex
hilammar Cult
Niche
A Cult Niche?
A Stone Installation Summit of Caltepe - Daha
“Awaken from your sweet sleep O Stormgod of Zippalanda. Look! We have brought to you on your beloved mountain,
our Lord, the king, the priest of your mother the Sungoddess of
Arinna!”
- Prayer from Zippalanda Text
Hittite king’s view of Zippalanda (center) from
the Gate to the “Temple Area” on Mt Daha.
Temple of the Stormgod overlooking Zippalanda
GateCadir Hoyuk
40 m80 m
Courtyard
Storeroom
The Stormgod of Zippalanda’s Temple on Mt.
Daha
Storeroom
Storeroom
Gate to the Hittite hilammar on Çaltepe - Mt. Daha
The King’s Road from Daha (Çaltepe) To Katapa (Salur) and Ankuwa
(Alişar)Salur Hoyuk/Katapa?
Alişar /Ankuwa?
Salur Höyük
• (Katapa?)
(Ankuwa?)
(Zippalanda?)
(Mt. Daha?)•
(Hurranaššu ?)
and Boğazköy(Hattuša)
(Kültepe/Kaneš)
Çaltepe
ProposedIndentificati
onsin theKanak
SuBasin
(Mt. Puskurunwa?)
Hatti
Early Iron Age / “Dark Age” Cadir
Caltepe - M
t.
Daha
Early Iron Age / “Dark Age” Çadır
Plaster Surfaces and Spindle Whorls
2nd Millennium - Iron Age Transition
Iron Age Building and Underlying Hittite Pits
Dark Age Building and Fallen Mudbrick
Upper South Trench
Late Hittite Ritual Pits?
X
Late Hittite
Ritual Pits?
Dark Age Pottery
Early IronAge Pottery
An Iron Age Pot
The Late Iron Age Southern Gate
Eastern (2008) and Western (2005) Piers of the Late Iron Age Gate (cf. Alisar gate).
Iron Age Architecture
North Slope Casemate Wall 2005
2006
Late Iron Age “Gate”
Architecture
LowerSouth Trench
----------------Iron Age Overview
---------------East Balk
The Middle Iron Age
Wall and Foundation
later disturbance
Late Iron Age gate pier
Cadir Hoyuk Chronology
•The following tables provides a chronological outline of the site's settlement as revealed in archaeological efforts undertaken at Çadır between 1993 and 2005. Please note that the phases of occupation are numbered in ascending order, on the assumption that we have exposed all the major phases that we will find (with the possible exception of the Neolithic) from earliest to latest (I - X). The subphases, on the other hand, are lettered in descending order on the assumption that additional subphases may be uncovered below those already accounted for. I emphasize that while this is a preliminary chart and is susceptible to change and organization, it does reflect our current understanding of Çadır's historical development.
Period Phase Dates/sublevels Primary Areas CommentsIslamic X 1100 and after Area around mound Misc. Pottery and a Seljuk
coin in a nearby valley
Byzantine IXa ca. 1075, Latest rebuild Area 4 (800.890) Poorly rebuilt walls (unfinished?)Stone pile in central courtyard
Byzantine IXb1 ca. 1000 AD Area 2 (910.920 Ceramics, walls, and manyRebuilding of main fort 1050.1000); coins; Ash and
burning Area 4 (800.890) over animal remains, many 11th c. coins with animals.
Samuel Alusianos lead sealing
IXb2 Last sublevel Bldg I (terr) Area 2 (950.970, 840.970) Const. X (1059-1067) coin onFoundations in Terrace sounding Sounding (910.920) terrace.
Byzantine IXc1i 2nd sublevel of Bldg A (cit) Area 4; Citadel (800.890) 2nd phase exterior citadel wall;ca. 800-900 AD Large mortared
interior wall F!continues in use.
IXc1ii 2nd sublevel building I (terr) Area 2 (950.970, 840.970) Coarse Ware pots
IXc2i 1st sublevel Bldg. A (cit) Area 4
IXc2i 1st sublevel Bldg I (terr) Area 2 (950.970, 840.970) Imitation African Red Slip
Byzantine IXd1 Early Byzantine Area 4 (Citadel ?) 1st phase exterior citadel wall; ca. 500-600 AD main interior wall (F 1);
plaster floors and plaster basin.
IXd2i Early Byzantine Area 2 (950.970, 840.970) African red slipped ware. ca. 500-600 AD especially Surface F33/34)
IXd2i Early Byzantine Citadel (?) unexcavated ca. 500-600 AD
IXd2ii Terrace (esp. surface F 37). Inlaid box lid
Roman VIII 100 BC-300 AD Area 2 (910.920) Pottery on the terrace only
Hellenistic VII 300-100 BC Area 2 (910.920) Pottery and robber trench,Area 3 (770.890 Wall at top of E.step- trench.and 770.900)
Islamic (X) to Hellenistic (VII)
Iron Age (VI) – Middle Bronze (III)
• Late Iron VI 500-300 BC Area 4 (790.890) Painted sherds across site,esp. in (Achaemenid)
Area 5 (850.880) Monumental north gate rea and south Phrygian Gate area.
• Middle Iron Age Va ca 1000-500 B.C. Area 3 (770.890) “Phrygian” Sherds, pots, • gate, city walls and installations.
• Early Iron/ Late Vb ca. 1200-1000 BC Area 4 (780.890) Early Iron and “Dark Age Bronze Trans.sherds” with wallsfoundations; c14 dated.
•• Late Bronze II IVa ca 1400-1200 BC Area 1 (800.930) Hittite Empire Period: sherds,
Area 3 (770.880) architecture & City wall.Area 4 (790.890)Area 5 (850.880) Monumental gate.Area 7 (Caltepe) Temple and hilammi (?)
• Late Bronze I IVb ca. 1600-140. BC Area 1 (800.930 ) Old Hittite Kingdom:sherds,pots, and walls
• throughout whole east trench.
• MB/LB trans. IIIa Old Assyrian Colony Age Area 1 (800.930) Wall 20 w/ burned bricksca. 1750-1700 BC Area 3 (760.880) OACP Pottery sherds
» (=Karum Ia) Area 2 (Terrace)Pottery sherds and installation
• Middle Bronze IIIb Old Assyrian Colony Age Area 1 (800.930) Casemate wall, rooms w/ ca. 1850- 1750 BC Area 3 (760.880) OACP Pottery, pits above(=Karum Ib) mudbrick walls., c14 dated.
Area 2 (terrace) Pottery sherds
• Middle Bronze IIIIIc Old Assyrian Colony Age Area 1 (800.93 0) City Wall and Gate; ca. 2000 -1850 BC other architecture; c14 dated(=Karum II)
Early Bronze III (II) to Neolithic (I)• Early Bronze III IIa ca. 2300-2000 BC (EB III) Area 1 (800.930) Intermediate and
Area 3 (789.890) Cappadocian wares.
• Early Bronze II IIb ca. 2800-2300 BC (EB II) Area 3 (760.880) Red chaff-temperedPottery sherds.
• Early Bronze I IIa2 ca. 3000-2800 BC (EB I) Area 3 (770.910) 2-room houses
• Trans. EB I/LC IIa1 ca. 3200 BC Area 3 (770.890) Graves cut into 1b; hearthsabove "burned room; blackpolished pottery and black
incised wares; copper grave goods; c14 dated.
• Late Chalco. Ia1 ca. 3200-3250 BC Area 3 (770.890) Small weak wall foundations (1998).
• Late Chalco. Ia2 ca. 3250-3300 BC Area 3 (770.890) Stronger foundations underand 770.900) Ia1.
Pithos room, above gate
• Late Chalco. Ib1 ca. 3300-3350 BC Area 3 (770.890 and Levels under Ia2 wall 770.900). Separated|
from gate by plaster floor and destruction.
• debris; c14 dated• Late Chalco. Ib2 ca. 3350-3600 BC Area 3 (770.890 and Gate and Enclosure Wall:
770.900) (latest Phase) c14 dated
• Late Chalco. Ib3 ca. 3600-3700 BC Area 3 (770.890 and Gate and Enclosure wall770.900) (earliest Phase); c14
dated.
• Early Chalco. Ic ca. 4500 BC (c14) Deep Sounding fill layer w/ F 42; c14 dated• Early Chalco. Id ca. 5200 BC (c14) Deep Sounding F 43 wall; c14 dated.
• Early Chalco. Ie ca. 5300 BC Deep Sounding F 44 wall foundation• Neolithic If ca. 5500 BC unexcavated No evidence
Cadir Hoyuk c14 SamplesSample FCN no. Year 14C Age Square context 2s max cal age (cal age intercept) min cal age
Beta 134066 2494 1999 4840 +/- 180 BP 770.900 L 53 3780 - 3505 BC (Cal BP 5730 - 5455) and3435 - 3380 BC (Cal BP 5385 - 5330)
Beta 134069 2454 1999 4850 +/- 50 BP 770.900 DS L 46 3705 - 3620 BC (Cal BP 5655 - 5570) and3590 - 3525 BC (Cal BP 5540 - 5475)
Beta 134070 2582 1999 4380 +/- 130 BP 770.890 L 42 3485 - 3475 BC (Cal BP 5435 - 5423) and3370 - 2835 BC (Cal BP 5320 - 4785) and2830 - 2645 BC (Cal BP 4780 - 4595)
Beta 146703 3193 2000 2890 +/- 60 BP 780.890 L 5 1270 - 910 BC (Cal BP 3220 - 2860)
Beta 146704 3467 2000 2840 +/- 60 BP 780.890 F 4 1190 - 840 BC (Cal BP 3140 - 2790)
Beta 146705 3856 2000 4080 +/- 80 BP 789.890 L 11 2880 - 2450 BC (Cal BP 4830 - 4400)
Beta 146707 3130 2000 6130 +/- 40 BP 770.89 DS F 43 5220 - 4940 BC (Cal BP 7170 - 6890)
Beta 146710 3510 2000 5740 +/- 50 BP 770.900 L 65 4520 - 4480 BC (Cal BP 6670 - 6430)
Beta 146714 3565 2000 4750 +/- 80 BP 770.900 F 56 3670 - 3360 BC (Cal BP 5620 - 5310)
Beta 159385 4400 2001 2920 +/- 70 BP 780.890 F 5 1360 - 1360 BC (Cal BP 3310 - 3300) and1320 - 920 BC (Cal BP 3260 - 2870)
Beta 159388 4794 2001 3300 +/ - 80 BP 800.930 F 23 1750 - 1410 BC (Cal BP 3700 – 3360
Beta 159389 5360 2001 3400 +/- 70 BP 800.930 F 23 1910 - 1530 BC (Cal BP 3860 - 3480)
Beta 159391 4568 2001 4700 +/- 80 BP 770.890 L 69 3650 - 3340 BC (Cal BP 5600 - 5290)
Cadir Hoyuk c14 Samplesby Period
Sample Chalcolithic Early Bronze MB - Old Hitt Late Bronze II Iron Classical
146707 5220 - 4940146710 4520 - 4480134066 3780 - 3505134069 3705 - 3620146714 3670 - 3360159391 3650 - 3340134070 3485 - 3475 2830 - 2645146705 2880 - 2450159389 1910 - 1530159388 1750 -1410159385 1360 - 1360 1320 - 920146703 1270 - 910146704 1190 - 840
NOTE: These are maximaum dates. Minimum dates recorded only when they fall in the succeeding period 2002 samples still pending.
Funding for the Cadir Hoyuk Excavations has come from:
• The National Science Foundation
• The Loeb Foundation of Harvard University
• Dumbarton Oaks
• The University at Buffalo Foundation,
• A State University of New York Chancellor’s Award for Overseas Programs
• Hood College
• Mitsubishi
• National Geographic
• The Anatolian Archaeological Research Foundation
• The University College London Institute of Archaeology
• Ramerica International, Inc.
• The American Turkish Society, Inc.
• Cotton Couture, Inc.
• The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago
• Private donors included Mr. Erden Arkan, Mr. George Blumenthal, Mr. Arnold Flegenheimer, Mr. I. Michael Kasser, Mrs. Louise A. Valdes-Fauli, Mr. Frank Spring, Mrs. Edmee Reit, Mr. Rick Schneider and Ms. Barbara Koz Paley.
Tessekür Ederim!