Download - Calibration of Resistive Voltage Dividers
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Calibration of Resistive Voltage Dividers
Richard Timmons, [email protected]
APMP 2019
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Different Techniques
• Background
• Calibration Techniques
• Comparison Method
• Bootstrap Method
• Ratiometric Method
• Self-Alignment Method
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Voltage Dividers
DC Voltage Dividers Are Primarily
Resistor BasedVout = Vin [R2 / (R1 + R2)]
Good Divider Design Should Also Allow For:
• Low Output Impedance
• High Input Impedance
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What Is A Voltage Divider and Why are they Important?
• Provide a known voltage, based on a voltage reference and ratio division
• Used to Calibrate or Verify high accuracy standards while providing minimum uncertainty contribution to the measurement process
Voltage Reference(10 Volts)
Voltage Divider 0.1V – Output
0.01V – Output
1.0V – Output
10V – Output
10:1
100:1
1000:1
1:1
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Voltage Divider as a Comparator
Voltage Standard(10 Volts)
Voltage Source
(eg 100 V)
Voltage Divider
(10:1)
Null Detector
Voltage Divider Allows Highly Accurate Comparison of Source Voltage to Reference Voltage
• For Example, 100 V Source compared to a 10 V Reference adds only a Small Uncertainty Contribution
10 V Out 100 V In10 V Out
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Why Is Resistance Network Calibration So Important?
Looking on the Inside of a Typical Voltage Divider
There are Many Resistors Inside!
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Not Just Resistors!
• Switches
• Potentiometers (Adjustments)
• Connections (Wire, Solder Points - etc.)
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Why is Calibration so Important
• Because the Divider Network is highly dependent on a Resistive Network – Low Uncertainty Dividers have to be calibrated each time before they are used
• Calibration Historically and Today Requires External Standards
• Voltage Source
• Voltage Meter, DMM, or Null Detector
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Resistance Drift Challenge
• Even Modern Resistors Have Material Short Term Drift
Why Many Dividers Just Have 8 Hour Specs
8 2412 16 204
Time (in Hours)
0.0
0.05
0.05Short Term Drift
in ppm
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Calibration ConsiderationsSub-ppm Measurements
• EMI Shielding
• Polarity Reversal
• Remove EMF Effects
• Temperature Stability
• Input Impedance
• Measure Offsets
• Short, Shielded Leads
• Measure Resistance
• Common Ground
• Run Voltage Reference and Null Detector off Battery
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Calibration by Comparison Overview
• Calibrate a Reference Voltage Divider and use to calibrate Voltage Divider Under Test (DUT)
• Use the same test setup
• Measure with Reference Voltage Divider then measure with DUT Voltage Divider and adjust DUT to match Reference
• Reference Voltage Divider needs to have ½ to ¼ uncertainty of DUT target uncertainty
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Calibration by Comparison
• Connect the Test Setup as Shown• Twist signal leads in pairs
• Set Divider mode to appropriate ratio(e.g. 1:1)
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Calibration by Comparison
Set V Source (e.g. +10 V (U5700+)) and Record the Null reading UND+
Reverse Source Polarity (e.g. –10V (U5700–)) and Record the Null reading UND–
Calculate the ratio error
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Calibration by Comparison1:1 & 10:1 Uncertainty
StandardUncertainty
(µV/V)
Total
Uncertainty
(µV/V)
1:1 Ratio Uncertainty Calculation
7520 DUT 1:1 Ratio Uncertainty 0.02
Voltage Source Short Term Stability (732A) 0.01
Null Detector (845AB) Short Term Stability 0.02
Total 1:1 Ratio Uncertainty 0.03
10:1 Ratio Uncertainty Calculation
7520 Reference 10:1 Ratio Uncertainty 0.05
7520 DUT 10:1 Ratio Uncertainty 0.05
Voltage Source Short Term Stability (732A) 0.01
Null Detector (845AB) Short Term Stability 0.02
Total 10:1 Ratio Uncertainty 0.07
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Calibration by Comparison100:1 & 1000:1 Uncertainty
StandardUncertainty
(µV/V)
Total
Uncertainty
(µV/V)
100:1 Ratio Uncertainty Calculation
7520 Reference 100:1 Ratio Uncertainty (4) 0.10
7520 DUT 100:1 Ratio Uncertainty 0.10
Voltage Source Short Term Stability (5720) 0.15
Null Detector (845AB) Short Term Stability 0.02
Total 100:1 Ratio Uncertainty 0.20
1000:1 Ratio Uncertainty Calculation
7520 Reference 1000:1 Ratio Uncertainty 0.25
7520 DUT 1000:1 Ratio Uncertainty 0.25
Voltage Source Short Term Stability (5720) 0.30
Null Detector (845AB) Short Term Stability 0.02
Total 1000:1 Ratio Uncertainty 0.46
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Calibration by Bootstrap Overview
• Calibrate DUT at 1 Voltage and Ratio
• Change Voltage, Recalibrate comparing to previous measurement using same ratio
• Change Ratio, Recalibrate comparing to previous measurement using same voltage
• Each stage uses measurements from previous stage, changing just one variable (i.e. voltage or ratio to ‘Bootstrap’ on previous measurements)
• Uncertainties build up at each stage
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Calibration by Bootstrap Process
Set Ref and DUT VDs to 1:1 Ratio and 10 V
• Use Measurement Offsets to determine actual input V to Dividers and Output DMM
Set Ref and DUT VDs to 1:10 Ratio and 10 V
• Use 1:1 Measurements to determine actual input V to Dividers and Output DMM
• Determine DUT 1:10 Calibration Coefficients by comparing Ref Div to DUT via Output DMM
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Calibration by Bootstrap Description
Set Ref and DUT VDs to 1:10 Ratio and 100 V
• Use 1:1 Measurements to determine actual input V to Dividers and Output DMM @ 100 V
• Use 10:1 Ratio Error from 10 V measurements to adjust 100 V measurements
• Determine DUT 1:10 Calibration Coefficients by comparing Ref Div to DUT via Output DMM
Continue for 100:1 @ 10 V; 100:1 @ 1000 V; 1000:1 @ 1000 V
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Calibration by BootstrapCalibrate Reference Standards
Calibrate Digital Volt Meters (DVM) and Reference Voltage Divider
(Reverse Polarity for ALL Measurements)
PJVS(Programmable Josephson
Voltage Standard)
ZenerRef (V)
Output DVM(3458A)
Ref DVM(3458A)Zener
Ref (V)
Div Ref(752A)
Manually Calibrate
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Calibration by BootstrapCalibrate Measurement Offsets
(Reverse Polarity for ALL Measurements)
V Source (Zener or 5440)
DUT (7520)
Determine Adjustments (e.g. lead resistance, input impedance of DUT
@ Diff V and Diff Ratios)
DUT (7520)Output DVM
(3458A)
Determine Adjustments (e.g. lead resistance, input impedance of Output
DVM@ Diff V and Diff Ratios)
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Calibration by BootstrapMeasure DUT
Calibration Setup
(Reverse Polarity for ALL Measurements)
Output DVM(3458A)
Ref Div(752A)
Ref V(Zener
or 5440)
Apply Adjustments to Ref Div / DUT
Input and Output Voltage Measurements
Ref DVM(3458A)
DUT(7520)
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NMI Calibration Certificate
NominalRatio
Nominalinput voltage
(V)
Nominaloutput voltage
(V)
Ratioerror
(µV/V)
Expandeduncertainty
(µV/V)
0.1 100 10 -0.30 0.43
0.01 100 1 -0.06 0.45
0.001 1000 1 0.62 0.59
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Calibration by Ratiometric Buildup Overview
• Use a Voltage Reference and calibrated 1:10 Reference Voltage Divider (720A Kelvin Varley)
• Use Fine Tuning Resistor to ensure voltage input to DUT (adjusted by appropriate ratio) is the same as voltage input to the Ref VD
• Calibrate each 1:10 Ratio/Resistance Network (i.e. 1:10, 10:100, 100:1000) separately against the Kelvin Varley
(i.e. Ratiometric Buildup from Kelvin Varley)
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Calibration by Ratiometric Buildup
Kelvin Varley (KV) 1:10 Ratio Calibrated at NMI and Fixed
DUT 1:1, 1:10, 10:100, 100:1000 Ratios Calibrated
1:1 Ratio @ 10 V
Compare directly to Zener Reference, with and without DUT
1:10 Ratio @ 10 V
Set DUT to 1:1 Ratio and balance at Null Detector (ND/3458A) by adjusting SOURCE (fine tune with Fine Tuning Resistor (FT) (i.e. adjust 10 V source used by DUT to be the same as Zener used by KV)
Set DUT to 1:10 Ratio and balance at ND against KV by adjusting DUT 1:10 calibration coefficient
Repeat for 10:100 Ratio @ 100 VRepeat for 100:1000 Ratio @ 1000 V
Reverse Polarity for All Measurements
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Calibration by Ratiometric Buildup
1V, 10V(Guildline
4410 ZENER)
+
–
SOURCE(5700)
DMM
KELVIN-VARLEY(1:0.1)
Hi
Lo
Hi
Lo
IN
OUTMUX
DUT (7520)Hi
Hi
Lo
Lo1:10
1:1001:1000OUT
IN
FT = Guildline Fine Tuning Resistor (< 0.1 µΩ/ Ω)DMM = 3458A used as a Null DetectorMUX = Guildline 6664C Scanner
Reverse Polarity for All Measurements
HHi
LoOFT
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NMIA Voltage Traceability
• Up to 10 V Traceable to Programmable JJ
• Up to 1100 V Comparison to Guildline 9700PL
• 55 Years of continuous operation
• Calibrated via Ratiometric Build-Up and Inductive Voltage Divider
Thanks to NMIA For Picture
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Self-Alignment Method
• Patented Design Incorporates True “Self-Alignment”
• Once Initial Factory Calibration Done, Only Self-Alignments Are Needed
• Initial calibration determines leakage and offsets
• Self alignments adjust for drift of resistive divider network
• Self-Alignment
• Incorporates internally All Required Standards
• Internal standards are also Temperature Controlled
• Fully automated Via push of a button
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7520 Voltage Divider
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Self-Alignment Modules
• New Design Incorporates a True “Self-Alignment” / “Self-Calibration” Process
• Even Checks Internal Temperature (to see if Stable)
Menu Operation
(Procedure)Manual,
Automated, Time Based
Divider Self-Alignment Modules
Internal Voltage References
Internal Null Detector
Internal Resistive Network
Temperature Stabilized Environment
Internal Wheatstone
Bridge
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100R
300R
HI
HI
LOLO
OUTPUT
INPUT
300R
300R
CALIBRATESWITCH
Reconfigurable Divider NetworkSelf-Alignment Mode AND Divider Mode
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10:1 DIVIDER CALIBRATION CIRCUIT
100R
300R
VOLTAGESOURCE
Nk
CALIBRATESWITCH
300R
300R +10:1 POT
HI LONULL
DETECTOR
Nk + BALANCE POT
7520 True Self-AlignmentDynamically Configured Wheatstone Bridge
Divider Network Reconfigured in Hamon Configuration
AFTER CALIBRATION RECONFIGURE LEFT SIDE OF BRIDGE TO GIVE 1:10 RATIO
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100R
1000R HI
HI
LOLO
OUTPUT
INPUT
10:1 VOLTAGE DIVIDER
Vin x RoutVout =
Rin
Vin x 100R=
1000R=
Vin
10
Divider Operation 1:10 Ratio
300R
300R
300R
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VOLTAGE DIVIDER Operation
Divider Operation 2
R
HI
HI
LOLO1000:1 OUTPUT
100:1 OUTPUT3R
3R
3R
30R
30R
30R
300R
300R
300R
10:1 OUTPUT
HI
HI HI
1:1 OUTPUT
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Questions
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