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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
CS184:Computer Architecture
(Structure and Organization)
Day 1: January 6, 2003
Introduction and Overview
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Today
• Matter Computes• Architecture Matters• This Course (short)• Who am I? Where did I come from? What
do I want?• Unique Nature of This Course• Relation to other courses• More on this course
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Review: Two Universality Facts
• Turing Machine is Universal– We can implement any computable function with a
TM– We can build a single TM which can be programmed
to implement any computable function
• NAND gate Universality– We can implement any computation by
interconnecting a sufficiently large network of NAND gates
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Review: Matter Computes
• We can build NAND gates out of:– transistors (semicondutor devices)
• physical laws of electron conduction
– mechanical switches• basic physical mechanics
– protein binding / promotion / inhibition• Basic biochemical reactions
– …many other things
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Starting Point
• Given sufficient raw materials:– can implement any computable function
• Our goal in computer architecture– is not to figure out how to compute new
things– rather, it is an engineering problem
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Engineering Problem
• Implement a computation:– with least resources (in fixed resources)
• with least cost
– in least time (in fixed time)– with least energy
• Optimization problem– how do we do it best?
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Quote
• “An Engineer can do for a dime what everyone else can do for a dollar.”
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Architecture Matters?
• How much difference is there between architectures?
• How badly can I be wrong in implementing/picking the wrong architecture?
• How efficient is the IA-32, IA-64?– Is there much room to do better?
• Is architecture done? A solved problem?
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Peak Computational Densities from Model
• Small slice of space– only 2 parameters
• 100 density across
• Large difference in peak densities
– large design space!
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Yielded Efficiency
• Large variation in yielded density
– large design space!
FPGA (c=w=1) “Processor” (c=1024, w=64)
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Architecture Not Done
• Many ways, not fully understood– design space– requirements of computation– limits on requirements, density...
• …and the costs are changing– optimal solutions change– creating new challenges and opportunities
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Architecture Not Done
• Not here to just teach you the forms which are already understood– (though, will do that and give you a strong
understanding of their strengths and weaknesses)
• Goal: enable you to design and synthesize new and better architectures
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
This Course (short)
• How to organize computations
• Requirements
• Design space
• Characteristics of computations
• Building blocks– compute, interconnect, retiming, instructions,
control
• Comparisons, limits, tradeoffs
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
This Course
• Sort out:– Custom, RISC, SIMD, Vector, VLIW,
Multithreaded, Superscalar, EPIC, MIMD, FPGA
• Basis for design and analysis• Techniques
• [more detail at end]
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Graduate Class
• Assume you are here to learn– Motivated– Mature– Not just doing minimal to get by and get a
grade
• Problems– May not be fully, tightly specified
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Who Am I?
• Academic History:– LSMSA [state gifted high school, LA]
• Real Genius summer before senior year
– (MIT)3 [decade]– UCB postdoc (1996-1999)
• co-ran BRASS group
– Caltech• start Sept. 1999
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
What have I done?
• Started research as a UROP– (Undergrad. Researcher…like SURF)
• Transit Project– RN1, TC1, Metro, Mlink, MBTA– parallel theory and architecture– SB on fat-tree networks– SM on fault-tolerant, low-latency, large-
scale routing networks
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
RN1
• 1.2m CMOS• 8-input• 8-output• Radix-4• Dilation-2• Circuit Switched• 50MHz
Hot Chips III
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
TC1
• 0.8m CMOS• Automatic, Matched
Impedance control pads
• Series terminated• 30—100
ISSCC 1993
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Reinventing Computing
• FPGA-coupled processor
• DPGA (first multicontext FPGA)
• TSFPGA
• MATRIX
• How compare FPGAs and Processors?
• PhD - Reconfigurable Architectures for General-Purpose Computation
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
MIT DPGA Prototype• w=1, d=1, c=4
p small
• 9 ns cycle, 1.0m – LUT– Interconnect– Context read
• Team:– Jeremy Brown,Derrick
Chen– Ian Eslick, Ethan Mirsky– Edward Tau– André DeHon
FPD’95
• Automatic CAD – multicontext evaluation– FSM partitioning/mapping
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
MIT MATRIX Testchip
• Efficient/flexible word size and depth
• Base unit:– c~4 or 256, d~1 or 128– w~8 expandable
• 50MHz, 0.6m• Team:
– Ethan Mirsky– Dan Hartman– André DeHon
FCCM’96/HotChips’97
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
BRASS
• Processor + FPGA Architecture
• HSRA – fast array, balanced interconnect, retiming
– mapping focus
• DRAM integration (heterogeneous arch.)
• SCORE– Models/architectural abstractions for RC and
beyond
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
UCB HSRA Testchip• Spatial, bit-level
– c=1, w=1, d=8, p=2/3
• 250MHz, 0.4m DRAM• 2Mbit DRAM macro
– c~50, d~16K, w~64
• Team:– William Tsu, Stelios Perissakis,
Randy Huang, Atul Joshi, Michael Chu, Kip Macy, Varghese George, Tony Tung, Omid Rowhani, Norman Walker, John Wawrzynek, André DeHon
• Automatic retiming– accommodate
interconnect pipelining
FPGA’99/VLSI Symposium ‘99
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
BRASS RISC+HSRA(heterogeneous mix)
• Integrate:– temporal (processor)– spatial (HSRA)– DRAM
• instruction• data retiming
• Ideas:– best of both worlds
temporal/spatial
– exploit 10 DRAM density
– SCORE • manage spatial pages as
virtual resources (like virtual memory)
– Compute model Language Mapping Scheduling run-time
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Silicon Spice
• Founded 1997 – by two of my MIT/RC M.Eng. Students– commercialize reconfigurable computing
ideas
• Focus on telecommunication solutions• consult for• Acquired by Broadcom for $1.2B 2000• CALISTO 240 channel, single-chip VoIP
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Caltech IC Group
• Three Themes:– Compute model beyond ISA?– Interconnect– Molecular Electronics
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Universal Nanoscale Architecture• Beyond lithographic
limits• Crossed Wire
nanoarrays• Implement PLAs,
memory, and xbars
NSC’02: to appear IEEE TR Nano
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Unique Nanoscale Characteristics
• Can only build very regular structures at nanoscale– Arrays of crossed tubes / wires
• Will have many defects
• Switching occurs at tube/wire crossing– Not at substrate…long term 3D opportunity
• Can store state of switch in wire crossing– Contrast with VLSI where switch >> wire xing
Same old architectures won’t make sense here.
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
What do I want?
• Develop systematic design
• Parameterize design space – adapt to costs
• Understand/capture req. of computing
• Efficiency metrics– (similar to information theory?)
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
What do I want?
• Research vectors:– architecture space– interconnect (beyond one/few PE per die)– SCORE (beyond ISA model)– heterogeneous architectures (beyond
monolithic, homogeneous components)– molecular electronics (beyond silicon)
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Uniqueness of Class
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Not a Traditional Arch. Class • Traditional class
– focus RISC Processor– history– undergraduate class on uP internals– then graduate class on details
• This class– much broader in scope– develop design space– see RISC processors in context of alternatives
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Authority/History
• ``Science is the belief in the ignorance of experts.'' -- Richard Feynman
• Traditional Architecture has been too much about history and authority
• Should be more about engineering evaluation – physical world is “final authority”
• Goal: Teach you to think critically and independently about computer design.
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
On Prerequisites
• Suggested:– CS20 (compute models, universality)– EE4 (boolean logic, basic logic circuits)
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Next Few Lectures
• Quick run through logic/arithmetic basics– make sure everyone remembers– (some see for first time?)– get us ready to start with observations about the
key components of computing devices
• Trivial/old hat for many– But will be some observations couldn’t make in EE4
• May be fast if seeing for first time• Background quiz intended to help me tune
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Relation to Other Courses
• CS181 (VLSI)
• EE4 (Fundamentals of Digital Systems)
• CS184 (Architecture)
• CS137 (Electronic Design Automation)
• CS134 (Compilers and Systems)
• CS20 (Computational Theory)
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Content Overview
• This quarter:– building blocks and organization– raw components and their consequences
• Next quarter:– abstractions, models, techniques, systems– will touch on conventional, single-threaded
architecture (ISA Processor)– Emphasis likely to be on parallel architectures
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Themes (this quarter)
• Design Space
• Parameterization
• Costs
• Change
• Structure in Computations
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
This Quarter
• Focus on raw computing organization
• Not worry about– nice abstractions, models
• Will come back to those next quarter
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Change
• A key feature of the computer industry has been rapid and continual change.
• We must be prepared to adapt.• For our substrate:
– capacity (orders of magnitude more)• what can put on die, parallelism, need for
interconnect and virtualization, homogeneity
– speed– relative delay of interconnect and gates
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Class Components
• Lecture
• Reading [1 required paper/lecture]– No text
• Weekly assignments
• Final design/analsysis exercise – (2 weeks)
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Lecture Schedule
• Scheduled MWF 1.5 hrs
• To allow for lost days– Holidays– Conferences
• Target use 22 of ideally 30 lectures
• (standard MW would ideally have 20)
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Feedback
• Will have anonymous feedback sheets for each lecture– Clarity?– Speed?– Vocabulary?– General comments
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Fountainhead Quote
Howard Roark’s Critique of the Parthenon
-- Ayn Rand
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Fountainhead Parthenon Quote
“Look,” said Roark. “The famous flutings on the famous columns---what are they there for? To hide the joints in wood---when columns were made of wood, only these aren’t, they’re marble. The triglyphs, what are they? Wood. Wooden beams, the way they had to be laid when people began to build wooden shacks. Your Greeks took marble and they made copies of their wooden structures out of it, because others had done it that way. Then your masters of the Renaissance came along and made copies in plaster of copies in marble of copies in wood. Now here we are making copies in steel and concrete of copies in plaster of copies in marble of copies in wood. Why?”
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Computer Architecture Parallel
• Are we making:
– copies in submicron CMOS
– of copies in early NMOS
– of copies in discrete TTL
– of vacuum tube computers?
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Caltech CS184 Winter2003 -- DeHon
Big Ideas
• Matter Computes• Efficiency of architectures varies widely• Computation design is an engineering
discipline• Costs change Best solutions
(architectures) change• Learn to cut through hype
– analyze, think, critique, synthesize