CANADA AND QUEBEC Outline: Falk pages 171-179 Historical Background

• Treaty of Paris (1763) • Quebec Act (1774) • Confederation (1867)

French-English Relations After World War II

• Maurice Duplessis and the Great Darkness • Jean Lesage and the Quiet Revolution • Charles de Gaulle—Vive le Quebec Libre • Pierre Trudeau and the Official Languages Act

Maurice Duplessis, Quebec premier 1936-39 and 1944-59. Leader of the

right-wing Union Nationale, his era is known as “The Great Darkness.”

The English colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick joined together to form a country called the Dominion of Canada. As part of the new federation, the colony of Canada was divided into two provinces: Ontario and Quebec.

The Quebec Sovereignty Movement to 1980

• October Crisis (1970) • War Measures Act (1970) • Robert Bourassa and Bill 22 (1974)

Jean Lesage, Quebec premier 1960-66, often regarded as the father of the “Quiet Revolution.

Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada 1968-79 and 1989-84. Trudeau introduced the War Measures Act in response to the FLQ crisis of 1970 and was responsible for the patriation of the constitution in 1982.

• Rene Levesque and the Parti Quebecois election victory (1976) • Bill 101 (1977) • Referendum on Sovereignty-Association (1980)

Constitutional Reform and the Quebec Sovereignty Movement to 1995

• Constitution Act (1982) • Meech Lake Accord (1987) • The Bloc Quebecois • Charlottetown Accord (1992)

Robert Bourassa, Quebec premier 1970-76

Rene Levesque, Quebec premier 1976-1985. Founder and leader of the Parti Quebecois, and leader of the pro-sovereignty forces in the 1980 referendum

• Federal election (1993)

• Jacques Parizeau and the referendum on sovereignty (1995)

Jacques Parizeau, Quebec premier 1994-96. Architect of the 1995 referendum on Quebec sovereignty.

Brian Mulroney, Prime Minister of Canada 1984-93. He is best known for initiating two failed attempts at reforming Canada’s constitution: the 1987 Meech Lake Accord and the 1992 Charlottetown Accord.

Aftermath of the 1995 Referendum

• Calgary Declaration (1997) • Supreme Court Decision (1998) • Clarity Act (1999)

Jean Chretien, Prime Minister of Canada 1993-2003. He created the 1999 Clarity Act in response to the close result of the 1995 referendum.