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IN THE MATTER OF THE JOINT REVIEW PANEL ("JOINT PANEL")
ESTABLISHED TO REVIEW THE SITE C CLEAN ENERGY PROJECT
("PROJECT") PROPOSED BY BRITISH COLUMBIA HYDRO
AND POWER AUTHORITY ("BC HYDRO")
CANADA ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AGENCY
AND
BRITISH COLUMBIA ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OFFICE
_______________________________________
PROCEEDINGS AT HEARING
Topic-Specific Session
(Day 2)
Local and Socio-Economic Environment
January 21, 2014
Volume 26
Pages 1 to 285
________________________________________
C o p y
________________________________________
Held at:
Pomeroy Hotel - Scott Pomeroy Ballroom11308 Alaska Road
Fort St. John, British Columbia
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APPEARANCESJOINT REVIEW PANEL:Dr. Harry Swain - ChairmanMs. Jocelyne BeaudetMr. Jim Mattison
Brian Wallace, Esq. (Legal Counsel)
THE SECRETARIAT:
Courtney Trevis (panel Co-Manager)Brian Murphy (panel Co-Manager)
PARTICIPANTS:
Craig Godsoe, Esq., BC Hydro (Legal Counsel)Peter Feldberg, Esq., BC Hydro (Legal Counsel)Ms. Bridget Gilbride, BC Hydro (Legal Counsel)
REALTIME COURT REPORTING:
Mainland Reporting Services, Inc.
Nancy Nielsen, RPR, CSR(A), RCRDiane Huggins, OCR
AUDIO/SOUND SYSTEM:
AVW-TELAV Audio Visual Solutions
Alex Barbour.Technical Services Representative.
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INDEX OF PROCEEDINGS
DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
Opening remarks by the Chairman: 7
BC Hydro Panel:
Susan Yurkovich.Siobhan Jackson.Alex Izett.Trevor Proverbs.Judy Reynier.D'Arcy Green.Daryl Harrison.Gary Robinson.Steve Nicol.Jeff Lundgren.
7
Opening remarks by BC Hydro: 9
Presentation by Kwadacha First Nation,by Maya Stano, Legal Counsel:
13
Presentation by Dr. Charl Badenhorst: 27
Presentation by Penny Gagnon, FortSt. John Child Development Centre:
47
Ministry of Forestry, Lands and NaturalResources Operations Panel:
Ben Naylor (Legal Counsel).Jennifer Davis.Peter Harrison.Chris Addison.Dr. Kristy Ciruna.
61
Introduction of the Ministry of Forest,Lands and Natural Resources OperationsPanel by Mr. Ben Naylor:
61
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Presentation by Ms. Jennifer Davies,Ministry of Forestry, Lands and NaturalResources Operations:
63
BC Hydro Panel:
Susan Yurkovich.Siobhan Jackson.Alex Izett.Trevor Proverbs.Judy Reynier.Bettina Sander.Celesa Horvath.Jeff Lundgren.Brent Mossop.Dave Mormorek.
129
Presentation by Mr. Brian Churchill,Peace Conservation and Endowment Trust:
130
Presentation by Dr. Kristy Ciruna,Ministry of Forests, Lands and NaturalResource Operations:
160
Presentation by Mr. Neil Thompson,(Atmospheric):
202
Saulteau First Nations Panel:
Jesse McCormick (Legal Counsel).Rick Palmer (via telephone).Alyssa Murdoch (via telephone).
229
Presentation by Jesse McCormack, LegalCounsel for Saulteau First Nations:
229
Introduction of the Saulteau FirstNations panel, by Mr. Jesse McCormick:
231
Presentation by Mr. Rick Palmer,Saulteau First Nations:
238
Continued presentation by Mr. JesseMcCormick, Saulteau First Nations:
243
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Presentation by Ms. Alyssa Murdoch,Saulteau First Nations:
245
Continued presentation by Mr. JesseMcCormick, Saulteau First Nations:
248
Comments by Mr. Brent Mossop, BC Hydro: 252
Closing comments by BC Hydro: 262
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INDEX OF UNDERTAKINGS
DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.
UNDERTAKING 88: To confirm air qualitynumbers in Volume 2, Appendix L,Table G8
9
UNDERTAKING 89: Provide link forguidelines for dealing with overlappingtenure holders on the Ministry ofForests, Lands and Natural ResourceOperations website
84
UNDERTAKING 90: Provide the source ofinformation for the study within theland and resource management planningboundary for Dawson Creek and how farback that information goes
115
UNDERTAKING 91: Provide the suite ofspecies and more information about theresults and what the species were inthe study
183
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Tuesday, January 21st, 2014
Fort St. John, British Columbia
Topic-Specific Session:
(Day 2)
Local and Socio-Economic Environment
(Proceedings commenced at 9:00 a.m.)
Opening remarks by the Chairman:
THE CHAIRMAN: Good morning, everybody. And
welcome to the final day of the consideration of
local and socio-economic topics.
BC Hydro Panel:
Susan Yurkovich.
Siobhan Jackson.
Alex Izett.
Trevor Proverbs.
Judy Reynier.
D'Arcy Green.
Daryl Harrison.
Gary Robinson.
Steve Nicol.
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Jeff Lundgren.
THE CHAIRMAN: I will spare you my usual opening
speech in favour of a leftover question on air
quality from my colleague, Madam Beaudet.
MS. BEAUDET: Thank you, Mr. Chair.
There was one more question of clarification
of verifications, if you want, that I forgot to
ask, I think it was yesterday. It's in the EIS,
volume 2, Appendix L, air quality technical data
report.
In table G.8: maximum predicted
concentrations of particulate matter with
background at schools. The column of particulate
matter, 2.5, 24-hour, gives for all the schools a
value of 16 microgram per cubic metre.
Now, when -- I was wondering why it's like
that? Is it a mistake or if chosen a basic
quantity, or ...
So if you can look at that and come back,
please. You may not have your air quality person
here.
There he is.
If there is an answer to that right away,
maybe we can just deal with it.
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MR. DAVID CHADDER: Good morning. I'm David
Chadder from RWDI. I'll have a look at and
reconfirm the numbers, but I'm pretty sure they are
correct. You'll see likewise amongst the PM10
numbers, and also the -- and several averaging
periods, the numbers are fairly consistent. So the
model is suggesting not much change amongst the
receptors, but I will reconfirm those numbers for
you.
THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Thank you very much.
UNDERTAKING 88: To confirm air quality numbers in
Volume 2, Appendix L, Table G8
THE CHAIRMAN: And I'd like to turn now to
Hydro for their opening remarks.
Opening remarks by BC Hydro:
MS. YURKOVICH: Thank you, Mr. Chair.
Good morning, panel. My remarks this morning will
be brief, as we are carrying on from the local
socio-economic topics.
I note we have a number of presentations from
parties today, and I just would make a few comments
about a couple of them.
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Today, we will hear from Northern Health. We
have had very constructive discussions with
Northern Health representatives about what health
services BC Hydro should plan to provide directly,
such as first-aid and physician care. And which
health services are appropriately delivered by
Northern Health such as specialized hospital
services.
We appreciate the leadership of Northern
Health in conducting recent and ongoing research
into camps from a perspective of both worker and
community health.
We look forward to working with Northern
Health, further incorporating the results of their
research and recommendations into our plans and
policies as we move forward.
We'll also hear from the Fort St. John
development centre. We do understand there are
existing stresses on social service agencies,
particularly, non-profit groups like the Fort St.
John development centre.
For that reason, BC Hydro has proposed a
number of measures to support Social Services,
including providing, amongst other things, $100,000
each year of construction to support non-profit
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organizations in the north and south Peace. These
funds will be provided -- will provide resources to
be determined by the local non-profit sector to
areas of greatest need.
We've also committed to provide financial
support to emergency and transition housing service
providers, and these are outlined in the draft Fort
St. John proposal for mitigation.
We'll hear from Saulteau First Nation and
their fisheries consultants, who were rescheduled
from our aquatic session on January 13th.
We understand they will present this
afternoon on fish and fish habitat. I would note
that we met with Saulteau to review the preliminary
findings with them in October. Preliminary
findings of our effects assessment on fish and fish
habitat in October of 2012 prior to filing our EIS.
Our fisheries experts are back with us today,
and will be available to answer questions. And we
look forward to working with Saulteau to continue
our discussions around mitigation measures for fish
and fish habitat.
And, finally, I would just like to respond to
a question raised by Madam Beaudet yesterday. You
asked about our sustainability reporting and
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whether there were indicators for addressing
Aboriginal group social issues as part of being a
good corporate citizen.
We do report on our social performance as
part of our annual service plan, and benchmark our
performance against the Canadian electricity
associations sustainable electricity program.
In our service plan, we have a measure of
succeeding through relationships, which includes
Aboriginal groups.
We measure our performance for that through
the progressive Aboriginal relations program, which
is a program of the Canadian council of Aboriginal
business. This program includes a comprehensive
independent external verification and measures an
organization success in four key areas, including
Aboriginal employment, business development,
community investment, and community engagement.
BC Hydro has an annual target of achieving
the gold level of standard, which is an indication
of sustained excellence in four areas. We achieved
that level in 2012, and we are committed to
maintaining it.
As well as part of the Canadian electricity
association's sustainable electricity program, we
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report each year on our sustainability performance,
including a social category that includes health
and safety, community investment, stakeholder
engagement, and Aboriginal Relations. This program
measures BC Hydro against other utilities.
And, finally, while not a measure, I just
would like to tell you about a program -- or a
committee that we have recently established. It's
a strategic engagement committee consisting of
First Nation leaders selected -- self-identified
and then selected by a group of Chiefs who will be
advising us on building stronger, enduring
relationships with First Nations in BC. And we
look forward very much to the advice that this new
committee will provide us as we move forward.
Thank you for the opportunity to make these
opening remarks. We look forward to today's
discussion.
THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you very much.
I would now like to call on Kwadacha First
Nation.
Presentation by Kwadacha First Nation, by Maya Stano,
Legal Counsel:
MS. MAYA STANO: Good morning.
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THE CHAIRMAN: Good morning, Ms. Stano.
MS. MAYA STANO: My name is Maya Stano, and I
am here today to speak as legal counsel on behalf
of Kwadacha First Nation.
Before beginning my presentation, I would
like to recognize and thank the Treaty 8 First
Nations on whose Traditional Territories we are
here today.
Now, there are two key points that I will
raise with the panel today.
First, the cost and availability of goods and
services to the Kwadacha community of Fort Ware.
And, secondly, the cumulative effects of the
proposed Site C project, along with other past,
existing, and reasonably foreseeable projects in
the Peace region.
Now, although I'm here today --
THE CHAIRMAN: Could you pull the mic a
little closer to you.
MS. MAYA STANO: Yes.
THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.
MS. MAYA STANO: Although I'm here today to
speak specifically to concerns for Kwadacha and its
members in Fort Ware, similar considerations may
also apply to other Peace River -- Peace region
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communities located more remotely from the project
site.
Turning to my first point. Kwadacha is
particularly concerned of the effects of Site C on
the increased use of regional goods and services,
and, in particular, the availability and cost of
construction materials, trades, trucking services,
community infrastructure, and social services in
Fort Ware and the surrounding centres.
Kwadacha already struggles with meeting the
needs of its stressed housing market and community
infrastructure needs in Fort Ware.
If the Site C project goes ahead, the long
projected construction period, coupled with the
current and projected boom of industrial activities
across the region, will further impact Kwadacha's
ability to meet its members' basic housing,
community infrastructure, and service needs with
likely and substantial cost increases and supply
complications for food and other important supplies
and materials to Fort Ware.
Today, virtually everything supplied to Fort
Ware comes in by truck over gravel road from Prince
George and Mackenzie. Now, this adds significant
costs to goods, fuel, and materials of every kind.
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Already, some companies are not willing to
come to Fort Ware at the best of times. Those that
do come, have to charge high enough rates to make
it worthwhile and to compensate for rough road
conditions and the associated damage to their
equipment.
Now, whether unstable road conditions also
compress Fort Ware's building season and can
dictate trucking schedules, this makes it
particularly critical that Kwadacha finds suppliers
that are both willing and able to work within these
severe constraints.
So it is reasonable to expect that these cost
and supply problems to Fort Ware will further
exacerbate as companies have the option to pursue
larger and more attractive and lucrative
opportunities with Site C and other projected
projects across the region.
In its EIS, BC Hydro has not adequately
assessed these potential impacts from the Site C
project, either alone or cumulatively with other
existing and projected projects. Instead, BC Hydro
has focused on the population levels in Fort Ware,
and the lack of projected change thereof as a
result of the Site C project.
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Now, Kwadacha does not suggest that Fort
Ware's population will experience significant
changes if the project goes ahead. This is not the
concern that it has repeatedly raised.
Instead, it is the effects of the Site C
construction and the cumulative impacts from other
projects in the region on the availability and the
cost of community infrastructure and services,
construction materials, and trades to Fort Ware.
Now, Kwadacha notes that, although the
spatial boundaries of the LAA used in the Site C
EIS include Fort Ware, BC Hydro did not include
Fort Ware or other rural communities in its
assessment. Instead, the assessment focused on
Fort St. John and those communities from which
workers would commute to the project site during
construction.
Similarly, BC Hydro did not consider the
drain on goods and services from Prince George and
other similar centres in the region to support the
construction of Site C, as well as other existing
and reasonably foreseeable projects.
Now, Kwadacha members secure many of their
goods and services from Prince George. And, thus,
the impact on the availability of these goods and
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services will also have a significant impact on
Kwadacha members.
BC Hydro does note that training and
recruitment of new workers may partly offset labour
market imbalances. Kwadacha is, however, concerned
that this does not adequately address lag times
until those new workers have been adequately
trained, or until they have arrived into the
region.
Now, to more substantially mitigate the
likely impacts, Kwadacha recommends that BC Hydro
promptly initiate trades and equipment training for
its community members.
Empowering community members with the
necessary skills may help alleviate some -- and I
stress "some" -- of the impacts on the availability
of services in Fort Ware.
Further, in light of the uncertainty of
impacts associated with the long-term construction
period and the new projects, training opportunities
must also be guaranteed over the long-term, through
legally-enforceable commitments such as conditions
attached to the EA certificate, if it is issued.
In addition, training; although, an important
aspect, is not enough on its own. Efforts are also
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required to ensure that the quantity of general
goods and construction materials are adequately
maintained in the region such that surrounding
communities are not deprived of these essential
materials.
Notably; although, BC Hydro repeatedly
indicates that the bulk of goods and services would
not be procured locally, BC Hydro concurrently
highlights the millions of dollars that the
proposed project would generate for the regional
economy and local trades persons and contractors.
So these conflicting statements create
further uncertainty and jeopardize the credibility
of assessments and commitments made in the EIS.
I will now turn to my second point, which
pertains to the lack of adequate cumulative effects
assessment in the EIS.
Notably one of the key purposes of CEAA 2012
is to encourage the study of the cumulative effects
of physical activities on a regional basis.
The concerns I've raised today will only be
exacerbated by the other existing and reasonably
foreseeable physical activities across the Peace
region.
In addition, as I mentioned at the wildlife
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session, a cumulative effects assessment cannot be
limited to only existing and reasonably foreseeable
projects and physical activities.
It must also take into account past
activities as contextual evidence to determine the
seriousness of the potential impacts on the
proposed development that is under consideration.
This need is also clearly articulated in CEAA
2012 with provisions that speak to physical
activities that both have been and will be carried
out.
Thus, the temporal scope of the EA for the
Site C project should have been addressed from the
pre-industrial context, which is the only context
from which total cumulative effects over time can
be reasonably measured. So this means before the
Williston Reservoir was created.
Unfortunately, the EIS fails to provide an
adequate cumulative effects assessment. Instead,
it repeatedly concludes that there will be no
residual effects, leaving the cumulative effects
analysis of important aspects, including the labour
market and the regional economy incomplete.
Now, clearly, the duration and the size of
this proposed project would create significant
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impacts to the region. Being a Crown corporation,
BC Hydro is well-positioned to consider the
cumulative impacts of its proposed project along
with those of past, existing, and reasonably
anticipated projects in the Peace region.
So this leads me to the need for a broader
regional planning approach for northern British
Columbia.
Douglas Eyford, the Special Federal
Representative on West Coast Energy Infrastructure
recently released his report titled Forging
Partnerships; Building Relationships, based on his
discussions with numerous First Nations and
regional stakeholder representatives across British
Columbia and Alberta.
In his report, Mr. Eyford acknowledged the BC
government's call for Canada to collaborate with it
on flexible and innovative approaches to address
Aboriginal issues.
Concurrently, Mr. Eyford noted that both
industry and Aboriginal groups have urged
governments to engage in land use planning on a
regional basis to identify and manage cumulative
effects.
Ongoing regional planning processes that
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establish desired environmental outcomes and
identify environmental thresholds to manage
subsequent land use decisions would help achieve
these goals in northern British Columbia.
It could also help to successfully build
prospering long-term relationships, which
Mr. Eyford described as requiring a foundation of
trust built on constructive dialogue, understanding
interests, and commitment to find solutions.
In Mr. Eyford's words:
"Shared interests encourage
constructive relationships."
In summary, I would like to provide the
following recommendations to the panel.
First, to address concerns about costs and
supply impacts on remote communities from drains on
regional goods and services, we recommend that a
forum or other mechanism be implemented through a
legally-binding agreement between BC Hydro and
communities in the Peace region, such as Kwadacha.
Such a mechanism would provide that if there
was a period during which the community needed to
meet a community need, such as building a new
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school, and was unable to get reasonable and
effective contractors to bid on that project, the
community could seek and obtain assistance from
BC Hydro, be it financial or other.
Now, admittedly, this would appear to be a
bit of an unusual request of a project proponent.
However, the Site C project, with its long
projected construction period and its purpose to
supply electricity to numerous projects across the
region is ideally situated to deal with persistent
and more long-term impacts in the Peace region.
Further, as a Crown corporation, BC Hydro is
an important public sector organization. The
British Columbia policy, which is entitled
Government's Expectations For British Columbia
Crown Agencies specifically acknowledges the vital
role that BC's Crown agencies play in advancing the
government's policy priorities and strategic
objectives.
In addition, on an annual basis, the
provincial government publishes a letter of
expectation, which provides a formal means of
communicating direction and priorities to the
boards of Crown agencies, such as BC Hydro.
The government's recent letter of
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expectations to BC Hydro for 2013 and 2014
specifically notes that it is up to the boards and
the senior management teams of organizations such
as BC Hydro to manage in the best interests of the
Province and the Province's citizens.
Thus, BC Hydro is ideally situated, and even
mandated, to play an active role in ensuring the
citizens and communities in the Peace region are
adequately protected and supported from adverse
impacts associated with the Site C, if approved.
Engaging in a mechanism to ensure communities
have adequate access to affordable goods and
services would be one means of exercising this
role.
Now, secondly, as mentioned above, Kwadacha
recommends that BC Hydro promptly initiate trades
and equipment training to its community members.
As stated, empowering community members with
the necessary skills may help alleviate some of the
impacts on the availability of services in Fort
Ware, whose availability and cost would be very
likely impacted by the proposed Site C project.
And, finally, there is clearly a need for
broader regional planning for northern British
Columbia.
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Although this must be government driven, it
needs to include proponents of projects in the
region, such as BC Hydro, and must provide First
Nations with meaningful roles in shared
decision-making over the future use of their
traditional territories.
We request the panel consider making the
recommendation to both the federal and provincial
levels of government regardless of the
recommendation on the Site C project.
With the boom of activity across the Peace
region, further delay on this matter is not an
option. Action was required yesterday, and it is
imperative today.
In summary, these recommendations are
consistent with the approach that Kwadacha has
adopted throughout its participation in this
regulatory process.
Kwadacha does not wish to be prescriptive,
but is willing to sit down with BC Hydro,
government representatives, other First Nations,
and more general stakeholders to further discuss
the project and plans for going forward should the
project be approved.
Thank you very much.
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THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you very much.
Are there questions from the floor?
Then thank you very much, Ms. Stano.
MS. MAYA STANO: Thank you.
THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Feldberg.
MR. PETER FELDBERG: Mr. Chair, I believe that
Mr. Chadder can answer the question now that Madam
Beaudet asked, so maybe while the next presenter is
coming up, he could do that.
THE CHAIRMAN: All right. While, Dr. Charl
Badenhorst is coming up, could we hear that
response?
MR. DAVID CHADDER: Thank you.
The results of the PM2.5 modelling in Table G8
are the sum of the maximum model concentrations
presented in Table G7, and the numbers are very
close to one microgram per cubic metre.
If you look at Table 3.3.5, that's where we
summarize the ambient background concentrations of
PM2.5. And for that averaging period, the
background value is 15. The modelling is estimated
at a contribution of 1 from the project. So the
sum of the two is close to 16 all the time.
There is some rounding in there amongst the
numbers, but the ambient background of 15 accounts
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for most of the total of sums to 16 all the time.
So the numbers are correct as presented.
MS. BEAUDET: Thank you.
What prompted this question is that it's only
for the schools. We don't have I believe something
similar for childcare facilities or hospitals. You
have for -- okay, you have for childcare
facilities.
The table you're referring is in the EIS
proper text, not in the appendices; is that what
you're saying?
MR. DAVID CHADDER: All of the tables I just
mentioned are in our technical report, in L.
MS. BEAUDET: Okay. I usually look at the
appendicis more than the EIS proper.
Thank you very much.
MR. DAVID CHADDER: You're welcome.
THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.
And welcome Dr. Badenhorst.
Presentation by Dr. Charl Badenhorst:
DR. CHARL BADENHORST: Good morning to the panel and
everybody present. And thank you for the
opportunity to present some outcomes of a very
special workshop that was presented and conducted a
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few months -- a few weeks ago in October last year
organized by all the medical officers of BC as part
of the health offices council and in collaboration
with Northern Health.
I'm wearing various hats. I'm also a
practising physician in this community. I'm a
public health physician, and I'm sitting on the BC
medical association board, as well as the board of
North Peace division of family practice, and also
the public health Association of BC.
So I'm hoping to bring some perspective on
what we understand the socio-economical impacts are
from a public health point of view.
And to be clearly recognized, the boom and
bust cycles have a significant impact on
communities, and we have to recognize that.
I just want to ask the panel a few questions.
Number one is: how many reps do we have
around here from the northeast? I just want to see
to help myself.
Anyone in the northeast?
Does anyone know how many oil and gas wells
we have in the northeast? And will be drilled in
the northeast?
What is the child poverty rate in BC?
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Is this project about revenue, or is it about
what is the right thing to do?
Is this a quick fix?
And, as a member of this panel, what is your
understanding of the socio-economical impact of
this intervention on the local community?
And how will this consequences of this
project influence health budget in the next to five
to ten years.
As a medical officer in BC, we are appointed
under the order of council in BC under the
government, and, actually, are an extension of the
Minister of Health. So our roles and
responsibilities are depicted in the public Health
Act. And, particularly, Section 3 of this Act
cites that even if a medical officer is concerned
about any health impact or health concern, it may
request the Minister of Health to develop a health
plan.
And with this in mind, I just want to bring
to your attention that from a public health point
of view, it would be recognized, as public health
physicians, that policies may significantly impact
community health.
It may be also a health hazard, and may also
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pose health risks to people.
And as I've mentioned, the child poverty rate
in BC is 20 percent and more; although, we say that
BC is one of the best places in the world to live.
In BC, the revenue from the northeast plays a
significant role from this area. But, as a public
health physician, when I looked at the health
indicators when I came to this region about eight
years ago, I was really concerned about looking at
the health status. And this data that came from
the Stats Canada community health surveys, they do
every second year, and if you look at these health
indicators, we win most of the prizes for poor
health.
THE CHAIRMAN: Dr. Badenhorst, can I get you
to bring the mic a little closer. Thank you.
DR. CHARL BADENHORST: Sure. Thank you.
Now, for me, it was a conflicting thing
because on the one side, I hear -- and if you look
around you, you see a lot of health -- wealth. And
you see the vehicles people use, the toys they buy,
and so on. Then you don't think about poverty.
But if you look at the health indicators, it
clearly doesn't jive with that impression.
If we look at the unemployment rate in this
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area, it's less than 4 percent. So -- and the
past, they said if you can pass a pee test and you
can have a driver's licence, you could get a job.
Today, they say if you can breathe over a meadow
and you can make fog, that means you can get a job.
So we call it the fog test.
But that means that if you want to work, you
can work.
So people from all over the country who've
got hope will come to this region for work.
And as a physician -- and I'm also involved
with addiction services in community; I'm running a
methadone clinic in this region, you see the
problems that come to this community by means of
this route.
So why do we have this paradox then?
Firstly, I thought, well, I was very smart to
figure out, though, I understand what's going on,
until someone said to me, no, you have to go back
in the literature and see, in the 1800s, this was
very well described; that boom and bust cycles in
New York and other northern part of the countries,
and the States, showed these cycles very clearly
and what they mean.
And, also, if you look in the old gold rush
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history, there's not much difference between the
economic rush today and the gold rush. And the
question is: did we really learn from the past?
So Henry George was a journalist and wrote up
all these cycles, and what it means to communities,
with a clear understanding of is it really
necessary? It can be addressed and it can be
mitigated and we could optimize the resource
development in the same time.
There's things we can do and there's things
we can't change.
If we look at the policies from the BC
government industry regulatory bodies, local
authorities, health authorities, the BC medical
association, the Canadian medical association, the
division of family practice, they all have one word
in common. It's about community.
If the well-being of the community is so
important, so why is it so difficult, then, for
key-role players to work together to form
partnerships and respect communities as you heard
from the previous presenter? To plan and prepare
for communities for what is coming.
I went on a road show, and I talked to all
the Mayors in the different towns in the area, and
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their story was very clear. And part of our health
offices council workshop is -- I made a joke one
day, and I said, "But there's no airport in Fort
St. John; he has to fly into Prince George and then
take a bus to Fort St. John", and then actually it
became a story, and we made this Northern Health
trip with all the medical offices and other people.
And we actually -- the Mayors from the region, each
stop along the road, we picked them up and they
tell their story. And then we took -- picked up
the next guy and so on.
So it forced people to sit on the bus, to
listen to people in the community, and to
understand what is really going on.
So to plan and prepare for communities, the
one way to do it is really to understand what is a
socio-economical impact?
We use these words very widely, and sometimes
irresponsibly, the same with environmental impacts,
and even with health impact studies.
Health impact is very complex. Environmental
is very complex, and socio-economic or economic
tools, we don't really have a formal tool in BC
that we can really use for most industries.
How do we ask citizens for their
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perspectives? If you ask them, they will probably
give you most of the answers.
How do we ask industry for what they need in
order to do their job in the community?
Well, I did that. I talked to bigger
industries, and I learned a lot from them, their
frustrations, because on the one side, as they want
to develop, and the other side, there's not
supportive infrastructure for them. How do you ask
local governments what they need? And how do we
ask healthcare providers what they need?
Most of the time, communities involvement is
about window-dressing, and sometimes let's take
what we can and get out of there.
Can these cycles be better managed?
Yes. We have basic project management tools.
It's been done in big industries, so why can't you
do it in the community?
And the boom and bust cycles are economic
laws. Like, what's happening now with oil and gas
drilling; we have new technology now, so everybody
is on the bus to develop as fast as they can, now
we build pipelines. Now that pipelines has got
more capacity, now we have to have -- add more
wells. And now we produce more gas, and -- so on
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-- and then they got competitiveness and the
industry becomes so competitive that it becomes
sometimes not lucrative.
And if you laid down people, if the price
drops a few dollars [indiscernible] centre, then
people are in trouble and a lot of people lose
money. And it's usually the unskilled people that
pay the price.
If you look at what the boom cycle really
means from a political point of view in this --
from a political point of view is they win
elections on this, they promote job creations,
stimulate economy. This leads to migration of
people and money to a community. This includes
revenue for the province. We've just been used for
a lot of industries to get involved in the
communities as the carrot.
Income in the region. There's some money
coming back to the region like BC fair share. Who
makes the real money?
It's not always the local people that's
making the money, it's usually -- it creates
poverty in many aspects, which I will show it to
you later on. And this creates a battle between
the old-timers and the newcomers.
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The bust phase is also, as I mentioned, part
of the economic laws. We overproduce and prices
drop and then people get laid off and they invested
in their equipment and so on.
The loss of jobs, people move out, they left
them in debt, family crisis, single parenthood,
substance use, alcohol use, and my list can go on.
So this leaves the community usually in a
socio-economical health dilemma and a crisis.
At-migration of people and money have
significant impacts of industry, and like -- if a
city council developed land, they have to take
loans, and suddenly people leave, the prices might
drop and plunge and keep -- and increase the
poverty rates.
And one of the biggest problems we see is
young people leave school very early because they
can make much more money than their moms and dads,
and they leave school in Grade 10, 11, 12. And
when the prices drop after four, five years, or
their health get impacted, or they make too much
money and they don't know how to use this money
wisely, they get in trouble with the law, they lose
their driver's licence, they get criminal records
for substance use and alcohol use. So that group
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of our young people get into trouble. And when
they get laid off, they don't have education.
So without planning, the quick buck we intend
to make out of resource development does sometimes
outweigh the socio-economical disasters it created.
It's like a credit card's philosophy: it's nice to
buy, but you pay back an interest later.
Unplanned community development will cost the
government probably more at the end from a
socio-economical point of view.
For instance, if you look at the one case of
Hep C or the one case of HIV or a single parenthood
and so on costs lots of money.
So if we just look quickly in -- at northern
health and the health indicators, despite the thing
is economic growth.
A lot of money is invested in this community.
We have a low unemployment rate, and significant
projects coming into this region.
So this project will actually just add up to
the activities in this community.
Now, if you look at the population profile,
in yellow, you look at northern health regions for
First Nations. The yellow line means that on the
one side you have more young people in the younger
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age group. And the blue line is northern
residents. If you look on the right side of the
graph, we follow more or less that of BC, but we
drop down at the end, so we have less older people
in the community. And we have more younger people
in the community compared to the rest of BC.
If you look at Fort St. John, specifically,
we have record birth rates. For the first time, we
are to create a prenatal clinic because it couldn't
accommodate the number of births and the loss of
physicians in the community. We have a record low
of physicians in the community because of policy
change of recruitment by the colleges that makes it
very difficult for people to recruit physicians.
Like in Hudson's Hope, we had a long time
that we didn't have a physician in that area. And
the government throw money out to physicians to
attach patients to the clinics. Although, we are
already working very hard, now you have to take
more patients on. Now, what's the balance between
good health care and taking on more patients? We
have more working clinic hours than ever before.
So this spill over to the ERs, where people
seen in the ER and put a lot of pressure on the
staff there; we had to deal with very difficult
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things, and don't have the time to do that
properly.
If you look at these figures, the blue is for
the northeast: northern interior and northwest.
And the red line is that for the average for BC.
The percentage of youth receiving employment
insurance. Does that tell a story? Does this
reflect employable, but not working people because
they work for three, four weeks, make enough money,
and sit at home and do something else, get in
trouble?
Lots of injuries, driver's licence suspended,
elicit drug use, and so on.
If you look at the motor vehicle accident
hospitalization rate per thousand; again, the blue
line is our areas. With the northeast very high
compared to the rest of the BC and Vancouver areas.
Total serious crime. Look at the blue lines
again. We win all the prizes there.
If you look at the percent of 18-year-olds
who did not graduate. That reflects what I've said
before, we lose a lot of people to the industry at
a very early age.
Alcohol sales also very high compared to the
rest of BC. So with this in mind, then, let's look
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at specific health issues.
Now, this shows the standardized mortality
ratio. That means death rates due to different
causes, motor vehicle crashes sky high.
And then for all those on the left side:
suicide falls, digestive system, chronic diseases
and all that list, we are over the average compared
to BC. So overall, we have a sicker population
compared to the rest of BC.
Potential years of life lost. The north are
the highest compared to BC and other areas in BC.
Motor vehicle crashes due to deaths due to
crashes. Look at our figures in the north: sky
high.
Deaths attributable to alcohol in northern
BC, it's also very high; although, it's coming
down, but this is only numbers, it's not the rate,
so it's very difficult to interpret this data.
Hospitalisation due to elicit drug use. If
you look at over the years, from 2002 to 2008,
significant increases. And this year, because of
illegal Fentanyl that came into the market from
other countries, we have record deaths in the past
three years in these regions because of overdose.
If you look the reports from the RCMP, that
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clearly state that, from the police chief,
"gastrolyne causing increase in crime locality".
If you look -- work in the walk-in clinics and
addiction clinics, you see that very clearly.
So this panel must ask themselves today do we
really care for those 300,000 people living in the
north? Or do we care more about what we can take
from them?
Will our interventions add to the health care
concerns, or will it make a difference?
How do we work with the BC medical officers
to develop policies and regulations to help plan
better in communities, to prepare communities
better for what's coming?
Accept that citizens and minority groups have
a democratic right to determine how the communities
will be used or abused.
How new projects may affect their health.
Unfold our health -- how do we unfold our
communities rather than how do we mold them into
something they don't want to be?
Prepare our communities better for economic
boom and bust cycles.
Leave something behind for the community. So
once your dam is done, what do you leave behind?
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How many of the people is going to work here,
live here, or going to fly in? When the VIPs and
executives fly in for a meeting and go out, how do
they understand the dynamics of that community?
And then realize that economic growth may
pose one of our biggest public health challenges.
And that came from Dr. -- the chief medical officer
from the north, Dr. David Bowering.
And today's exercise, I said with all
respect, is it just a window-dressing? Or do we
really understand the impact of this in the
community? Long-term effects? How do we consult
with communities? How do we develop plans to make
it sustainable, to make the life for the people who
live here, before the dam and before any other
project, that's an impact them forever?
And with this in mind, I say thank you very
much for the opportunity to present this to you.
Thank you.
THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you very much,
Dr. Badenhorst. Those are pretty shocking numbers.
Madam Beaudet.
MS. BEAUDET: The motor vehicle crash
that's for the north is very high. I was wondering
if you have any data for Fort St. John?
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DR. CHARL BADENHORST: It's always difficult to
break it down by smaller areas, but I think, with
some effort, it can be done. But I suppose -- if
you look at the Trans Alaska Highway, it's just
impacted with high vehicles. If you drive, and you
just count the number of big trucks on the road
compared to normal small trucks or small vehicles,
it's impressive.
If they closed this road for an hour, I
wonder what the back-up will be in an hour's time.
So this is difficult to say, but it reflects
some of the problems we have, but I think there's a
lot of safety also in place, to make sure driver's
rest a lot, and there's a lot of work done.
But the big truck -- the drivers -- the truck
drivers have, it's a problem of his own. It
creates, from a men's health point of view, a big
concern because people don't exercise, they eat the
wrong foods, they become overweight, they have
sleep problems, and that causes crashes.
MS. BEAUDET: Thank you.
THE CHAIRMAN: One of the earlier slides
showed that this is a younger population than the
rest of BC. If you normalized the statistics for
age and education, would the picture for BC -- I
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think it would still be fairly grim in northeast
BC, but possibly not quite so much so.
DR. CHARL BADENHORST: I think that it improved a
bit. I've talked to some of the school board
members in the past. It didn't improve a lot.
But, again, this explained to us that there's
a -- so if people, young people, get lost to
school -- from schools to communities, then same
with public health; why don't we take the services
to the camps? Why don't we take the services to
school services or school educations or internet
education or other means, to give people the
opportunity to get the education off -- on the
website? Why can't we do that? We can have mobile
clinics, there's many ways to do that.
So your question is clear. It can be
addressed. And people don't do well -- there's a
lot of slides I didn't show in terms of
mathematical skills and learning abilities; we have
low performance rates compared to BC.
THE CHAIRMAN: Are there questions from the
floor for Dr. Badenhorst?
Or comments from Hydro?
MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Yes.
Thank you, Dr. Badenhorst.
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We definitely look forward. And we already
have sought the advice of Northern Health, and one
of our team attended the workshop that
Dr. Badenhorst is talking about.
And in our EIS, it may look like just one
line, but we have also focussed on making available
-- or, sorry, having Northern Health's programs
that are relevant to the health indicators of our
workforce be provided to our workforce at the camp.
And that was at the advice of Northern Health, and,
in particular, the programs that are focused on a
young and male population. And I think that that
will be a great partnership, and provide a good
opportunity to deliver to the workforce, those
programs.
THE CHAIRMAN: These are very deep problems.
And, I must say, your panel is a long way from
having solutions for them; you've thought about
them much more than we have.
I'm encouraged by the fact that you're
talking pretty closely with Hydro about specific
concrete things that might be done in the present
circumstances.
DR. CHARL BADENHORST: Thank you. And I think it's
important because this will be one project, but
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there's lots of other projects going on in the
community.
What forum are we going the use to work
together and plan together and pool forces because
there's a lot of goodwill from all industries. And
I -- there's not a blame game to play because I
went out and I talked to them. And I think we need
the forum where all the industries work together
and join forces with the city council and the
health professionals and say how can we make it
better?
Like, if we have an apartment block, and we
have cheap accommodation for healthcare providers,
for other people who want to come in. Young
people, we need creches where people -- young
couples people come in.
If you look at this, they pay $1,000 a day --
a month for one kid in a creche, or a daycare. Why
can't we have that services to them on a cheaper
way of doing that? If people live like that, they
will be happy, and they will stay.
So we spend a lot of money recruiting health
care professionals, but they leave because it's
expensive to live here.
If you look at the taxes for this year, we
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have the highest tax per property, I think, in the
whole BC. So for a young couple to come in here,
it's almost impossible to get a place to stay and
to start a living.
So if we make it easier for them to get their
roots in the community, they will stay. People
don't leave because of money; they leave because
they are unhappy.
THE CHAIRMAN: Dr. Badenhorst, I'm struck by
the crosswalk between your message about let's
think and plan and engage in some foresight and the
comments made by the previous witness, Ms. Stano.
I'm also struck by the reference to Henry
George, and the notion that we are all prisoners of
dead economists.
Thank you very much.
DR. CHARL BADENHORST: That's true, yeah. Thank
you.
THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.
Is Penny Gagnon in the room?
Ms. Gagnon, would you be willing to do your
presentation now rather than -- thank you.
Presentation by Penny Gagnon, Fort St. John Child
Development Centre:
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THE CHAIRMAN: Welcome, Ms. Gagnon. I had a
feeling that what you were going to tell us about
might relate to what Dr. Badenhorst just said.
MS. PENNY GAGNON: Yeah. I was going to say
it's a great privilege to actually follow
Dr. Badenhorst. I had the privilege to work with
him for a short period of time before I left
Northern Health and went to the child development
centre seven years ago. So he really does set the
stage for what is happening in north-eastern BC
and, particularly, in Fort St. John.
I'm originally from Prince George, and I
moved here eight years ago. And I have to say that
Fort St. John has been an amazing community to live
in. It cares about its people. And people
generally stand together for what we believe in.
And I've really become entrenched in this community
partly because of the work that I do with children
and families, but partly because Fort St. John
really welcomes newcomers and I -- you know, just
listening to Dr. Badenhorst talk about the health
determinants of this area, it really does sort of
link with what I have to say today about the
children and families that we serve.
So we are a non-profit organization in Fort
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St. John. We are one of the larger, maybe the
largest, non-profit organization next to North
Peace community resources. We have been in this
community for 40 years. We're celebrating our 40th
anniversary this year. And we are governed by a
board of directors, who are very well-established
in our community.
We are very, very embedded in Fort St. John.
We have excellent partnerships with industry. We
have very well-established partnerships with
individuals, small businesses. We do two big
charity events every year that raise quite a
substantial amount of fundraised dollars.
We recently did an expanded project on our
building. We operate under about 20,000
square feet, and we're actually starting to burst
at the seams.
Our expanded project that we call Project
Build a Fort was completed about four years ago,
and we are now in a situation where we're starting
to look for more space.
We have a golf tournament that brings in lots
of fun, and we also have a talent show coming up in
March.
We really focus on inclusion in our
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community. We want all children and their families
to flourish at their most highest capacity. And we
work very, very hard to provide a service that not
only works with the individual child, but works
with the family, as a whole.
We know that families are the best advocates
for their kids. And we know that at the end of the
day, they move on from our services, and we want
them to make experts in the health of their own
children.
So John Lennon says:
"You may say I'm a dreamer,
but I'm not the only one.
I hope some day you'll join
us, and the world will live as
one."
So it speaks to the notion that we all need
to be working together for the betterment of our
community.
We offer a number of services; particularly,
our main focus is early intervention and paediatric
rehabilitation for kids 0 to 5.
We focus on early childhood development.
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We've been sort of switching gears a little bit,
and really taking a -- sort of a more well-rounded
approach, looking at parent caregiver attachment
and child and youth mental health.
We offer preschool to 240 kids in our
community. We do infant development, life skills,
respite, and services for children with autism.
I'm just going to show you a couple of
numbers.
So when I started at the child development
centre seven years ago, I think we were sitting
around serving about 450 children annually. In
2009/2010, we served 694 unique clients; meaning,
children. So from -- when you're working with a
child, usually you have a sibling, you have a mom
and a dad or a grandma or a caregiver. So when you
have a unique client, there's typically about two
or three other people wrapped around that child.
In 2012 and 2013, we served over 1,200 unique
clients. So we are a very, very busy centre. And
Dr. Badenhorst spoke to the birth rate in Fort St.
John. We can talk about numbers, but, you know, I
invite you all to spend a day in our centre and
watch. There's probably about 160 kids every day
that come through our centre. So these are just
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some historical comparisons.
In March 2013, in our infant development
program, we had a caseload of 255. Two years ago,
that caseload was only 125. I'm not going to go
through them specifically, but you can just kind of
see that our number of clients accessing our centre
is on the rise.
We have not seen an increase in our staffing
levels of any sort of, you know, big sort of jump
in the whole seven years that I've been there.
We've seen little leaps of having, you know, .8 FTE
increased to a -- you know, a full-time FTE,
but ...
You know, we also struggle with the
recruitment and retention of qualified
professionals, as they do in the sort of acute
health care system.
And if you look at the numbers of the unique
clients that are accessing our centre, without, you
know, proper growth in terms of our staff, that
does impact, you know, what our waitlists look
like.
So if you just go over across and compare it,
you know IDP in -- two years ago, we -- at the end
of the year, in March, we had 19 children on our
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waitlist. In March of last year, we had 162.
So those numbers are very disturbing, you
know, and -- and, like I said, numbers are numbers,
but, you know, when you come into our centre, and,
you know, we're sitting around every Wednesday
morning at a team meeting, and, you know, I see the
grave faces on the clinicians and the therapists
and consultants that work directly with these
children and families, and we have, you know, 50
new referrals that we've just received in a week,
children being referred with no feet, children
being referred -- haven't even left the hospital
yet because they have been born at 33 or 32 weeks,
have, you know, rare syndromes that we haven't
even, you know, ever heard of before, and, you
know, we're all looking at each other, and I have
to remind them, you know, we're not an acute
centre. But there's a lot of pressure put on our
staff at the child development centre because there
is no paediatrician --
Slow down? Okay.
There is no paediatrician in this community;
although, we have the highest birth rate.
Just a couple of images of some of the
children that we work with.
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Again, some more historical comparisons:
March 2011: 771. March 31st, 2013: 1,208. So you
can see that the pressures on our centre continue
to rise; they are not changing, if you look at sort
of the graph over a period of time. Again, new
referrals increasing every year.
So I just wanted to point to a couple of
general concerns that I have. You know, when I
listen to Dr. Badenhorst speak today, it -- you
know, definitely we don't want to sort of --
everybody repeat what we have to say, but the
information that he provided is -- really needs to
be considered in the context of this community.
And I'm really hoping that BC Hydro can sit
down with the non-profit organizations because --
you know, although, we've had some general
conversations; we've had -- you know, I've met with
BC Hydro staff, and we've -- you know, they know
about our services, but we really have not sat down
and just really hashed out what our -- the real
short- and long-term impacts of Site C on all of
the non-profits in Fort St. John, not just the
child development centre.
The concern for daycare is always a concern.
However, there has been some recent changes in Fort
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St. John. We've had a couple of expanded services;
a new private daycare opened, so we're really
excited about that. It is still a concern. I'm
just wondering if it's still the most important
concern -- or the primary concern.
Accessible, affordable daycare definitely is
something that needs to be examined.
And, although, I've been provided with some
stats from BC Hydro in terms of what the number of
children will be at the height of the project, I
just -- it's really hard for me to fathom or agree
that it will only bring, you know, around that 40
new additional children to our community under the
age of 5.
I'm no scientist; I'm no statistician, but
I've been in this community long enough to know
that big projects bring a lot of people and a lot
of families. And I think what happens is there's
this idea that people will come and stay in camps.
They come to this community; they realize how great
it is, and they bring their families.
I only have two -- actually, if I can just
speak to a couple more things around the general
concerns.
The accessibility of our service for, you
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know, any new workers -- you know, if I can be so
blunt to say that, unfortunately, new families
coming to Fort St. John, you know, needing our
services, unless their children are very, very
complex, and they hit a prioritization for our
services that is extremely high, they will sit on a
wait list. They will not have access to service.
That's how stretched we are right now.
When I left the office yesterday, I just did
a quick poll of where our waitlists were, and we
have about 300 kids sitting on our waitlists right
now.
Sorry.
So my two recommendations are that I would
like a formal discussion from BC Hydro to assist
with the mitigation of short- and long-term impacts
of Site C project; particularly, on our
organization and children and their families that
access our services.
I would also like, after that conversation or
several conversation happens, some type of formal
agreement made with the child development centre
about the state of affairs, and what things will
look like at the end of the day.
And so that's my --
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THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you very much.
It sure looks like you've got your hands
full.
MS. PENNY GAGNON: M'mm-hmm.
THE CHAIRMAN: Rather than waiting until the
end of the day, I wonder if Hydro has any comment
on that right now?
MS. SUSAN YURKOVICH: Thank you.
Thanks for your presentation.
As Penny mentioned, we have had discussions,
and, you know, we understand that the existing
services are stretched, as I mention now. We look
forward to having further discussions and seeing
how we can be of assistance in this area.
I think part of, you know, putting together a
fund was hopefully to allow communities to make
choices about where the need is greatest, and so
that was what we have proposed, but we absolutely
are interested in having further discussions.
I think we've had some really helpful
suggestions already. And I think there is a
recognition that Site C is part of it, but there's
also some existing conditions. And so we look
forward to following up with you.
Thanks.
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MS. BEAUDET: I want to know if you have
statistics on the parents, if -- to what extent
they come from the region, to what extent they are
locals that have grown up and lived here all their
lives, parents that are attached to a company
working here. Do you have any data?
MS. PENNY GAGNON: No, we don't actually keep a
lot of stats on the people around the child,
per se. We keep the stats on the child. We,
obviously, have the information around the parents,
but we don't track whether they are local
individuals or people who have sort of migrated in,
but, you know, from a -- just a -- the experience
of being there, I can very comfortably say that --
you know, I don't even know what the percentage
would be, but most people who are coming to our
centre probably are not born and raised here.
Because we know who those people are. Right? They
come and they tell us they don't have any family,
they don't have any help, they can't find childcare
because, you know, grandma and grandpa don't live
in town.
We are looking at hiring a contract
clinician, and she's actually going -- because we
don't have a physiotherapist, and, you know,
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childcare is an issue for her, and so she's
bringing a family member from a different city to
come and help with childcare.
So, you know, we see a lot of people from the
eastern provinces come and need some assistance,
so ...
MS. BEAUDET: The reason why I'm asking is
because usually when there's a bigger centre in the
region, and it offers services that you don't find
in more rural areas, then more people come to that
big centre.
MS. PENNY GAGNON: M'mm-hmm.
I know that some employers do use the child
development centre as one of their sort of
marketing strategies for recruitment efforts, but,
you know, like I sad, unless their children are
very, very highly complex right now, they're not --
they're sitting on waitlists way longer than they
should be.
So if you have a child with a, you know,
fairly simple articulation problem, they probably
will maybe get one appointment with the speech
language pathologist, and then they will be sent
home with a home program. And the days of weekly
therapy, or coming for therapy three days a week,
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are far gone. Whereas, you know, some of these
children with very sort of easy-fix problems, that
could be addressed in a block, and make great gains
in a shorter period of time are, unfortunately, not
being seen because of the kids that are, you know,
born premature with rare syndromes, you know, and a
whole other host of problems.
MS. BEAUDET: Thank you.
THE CHAIRMAN: Are there comments from the
floor?
Mr. Little.
MR. JAMES LITTLE: Anyway, CDC does provide a
great service here, but my question is is that --
and I think I know the answer, but I'd like it
stated, is that you basically are the only service
that does what you're doing? And that's what I
want in the record, please.
MS. PENNY GAGNON: M'mm-hmm. Yeah, we are the
only service in Fort St. John that offers this type
of paediatric rehab, and I think, as well, to build
on what the gentleman had to say was that the
concern that we have, and will continue to have, is
there is no paediatrician in Fort St. John. Not
saying that's a BC Hydro problem, but it is a
community problem.
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THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Thank you very much.
MS. PENNY GAGNON: Thanks.
THE CHAIRMAN: I'm going to suggest that we
take a somewhat early coffee break, come back in
15 minutes, at 25 after the hour, and then spend
some time with the Ministry with the impossible
name. Thank you very much.
(Brief break)
THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Good morning, again.
We now have an opportunity here from the
Ministry of Forestry, Lands and Natural Resources
Operations; principally, on tourism. We're in your
hands.
Ministry of Forestry, Lands and Natural Resources
Operations Panel:
Ben Naylor (Legal Counsel).
Jennifer Davis.
Peter Harrison.
Chris Addison.
Dr. Kristy Ciruna.
Introduction of the Ministry of Forest, Lands and Natural
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Resources Operations Panel by Mr. Ben Naylor:
MR. BEN NAYLOR: Good morning, Mr. Chair,
esteemed panel members.
My name is Ben Naylor. I'm legal counsel for
the Province of British Columbia, and I'm here to
introduce a panel that's been convened to speak on
tourism topics and questions that were raised by
the panel.
Principally, in the centre of the panel, we
have Ms. Jennifer Davis, who is the executive
director of the tourism branch of Ministry of Jobs,
Tourism and Skills Training.
On the panel's right, we have Mr. Peter
Harrison, who is the director of partnership
marketing of Destination British Columbia.
And on the panel's left, we have a familiar
face, Mr. Chris Addison, who is the director of
resource management for the Ministry of Forests,
Lands and Natural Resource Operations.
So I will leave you in their hands. But
before I turn the presentation over into the
capable hands of Ms. Davis, I would just like to
add that if there are any follow-up questions that
need to be addressed in the form of undertakings, I
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note that today is the last day to submit those
undertakings. So if there are any questions that
do fall within that category that we do have a
brief discussion about the timing of that after the
panel speaks.
THE CHAIRMAN: Yes, we'll do whatever ad hoc
thing we need to do.
Thank you very much.
MR. BEN NAYLOR: Thank you.
THE CHAIRMAN: Ms. Davis.
Presentation by Ms. Jennifer Davies, Ministry of
Forestry, Lands and Natural Resources Operations:
MS. JENNIFER DAVIES: Thank you. Merci.
Thank you for letting us come here in person
and answer the questions that you put to us. There
were seven questions, and what we thought we would
do is go through them in a bit of a systematic
manner, going from the provincial context down to
the local context and work through them that way.
But, first, I wanted to talk a little bit
more, you've gone from the agency, as you said,
that has the indescribable name, to having
additional people with another agency --
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THE CHAIRMAN: Now, Ms. Davis, I'm going to
have to tell you right away that --
MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: Slow down.
THE CHAIRMAN: -- you're being transcribed
and the speed must be moderated.
MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: Thank you, sir. I appreciate
the reminder.
So, as Mr. Naylor mentioned, you've got
representatives here from three government groups.
I'm with the Ministry of Jobs, Tourism and Skills
Training. This is the ministry that is responsible
for the provincial agenda for tourism, that
includes setting the strategic direction.
Tourism is one of the eight jobs plan sectors
for British Columbia. And it has its own strategic
plan, which is called Gaining the Edge, which we've
provided to the Secretary as well.
Gaining the Edge kind of sets out where we're
going. It runs from 2012 to 2016.
In delivery of Gaining the Edge, we've got a
core partner called Destination British Columbia.
This is a Crown corporation. It's newly-minted.
It started out just a year ago. And Destination
British Columbia's primary focus is to work on the
demand side of tourism marketing us locally,
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nationally, and internationally with the goal of
increasing revenue and jobs and businesses all
across British Columbia.
The third component, we have some operational
delivery elements. One of the most important being
our colleagues at the Ministry Of Forests, Lands
and Natural Resource Operations.
They have, in summary, kind of two roles for
us: one, they do the integrated resource management
for the natural sectors, that includes tourism.
And, two, they have straight-line delivery of
some programs, including outdoor recreation.
There's a branch that deals with the mountain
resorts in British Columbia, heritage, and a few
others.
So in the Province of British Columbia, it
kind of links the three groups together to really
deliver tourism, and why you've got the panel here
that you have today.
So the first question that you asked was a
little bit about the basis for BC tourism
promotion. I have five slides that quickly go
through this, and they will set the context for the
remaining questions.
So the first point is that we define tourism.
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We use a standard methodology both here in BC and
Canada. It's the definition that the world tourism
organization uses and the UN. And it's written
there for you.
So it's the activities of persons travelling
to and staying in places outside their usual
environment for not more than one consecutive year
for leisure, business, and other purposes.
There's three quick points I want to add to
this. There is a distinction between tourism and
public recreation.
Tourism is generally about generating
revenue, employment, and businesses.
The second point is that, as the definition
states, there is both leisure and business travel
in tourism.
Sometimes I use the definition "a travel
economy" to help people understand what's in
tourism, that seems to resonate more easily to
understand: "a travel economy."
On that one, I just want to note that the
definition says for not more than one consecutive
year, here, in British Columbia, we understand that
there are areas of the Province, and this being
one, where there's a lot of long-term business
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travel. So we use statistics that separate out
anybody who is staying for more than 30 days. So
we don't want to overestimate what's going for
tourism, so we net those folks out here in BC.
The third point, is that, for us, this
includes domestic travel. So people in BC, we
don't view them just as circulating money around
the Province.
In the tourism lens, quite often those are
people who might go elsewhere: to Mexico, to
Hawaii. We'd rather they spent their money here at
home on our wonderful products.
So continuing on. This slide, I wanted to
talk a little bit about -- there's a suite of
industries that are part of tourism. Sometimes
people hear the word "tourism" and think of our
adventure tourism business operators, but that's
only a part of how we define tourism.
This pie chart in front of you is just an
example about employment. So it shows -- the big,
yellow chunk is accommodation and food services.
There's transportation, retail, and some other
services in there as well.
Again, we are using a globally-standard
methodology. And in that, it's important to note
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that not all sectors are fully linked to tourism.
So we talked about accommodation earlier.
Accommodation is, you know, more than 95 percent
visitors are coming and staying in your hotels.
But taxis, for example, taxi services, about
25 percent of that is accrued to tourism.
Retail is, again, proportionately less.
So, again, it's very important that we don't
overestimate how much of this industry is accruing
to, what we call, tourism.
So, again, we use some standard methodology
that BC Stats handles for us.
Just to give you a quantum here in British
Columbia, given all those industries pooled
together, it's a 13.4 billion-dollar industry in
British Columbia. That's why it's one of our eight
job sectors, jobs plans sectors.
But the question really asked around how we
promote British Columbia. We have our BC brand.
It is Super, Natural British Columbia. We've had
it for more than 30 years. And we continue to
analyze the relevance of this brand. It's a
highly-competitive marketplace out there.
In the 1950s, there was about 15 countries
that had 90 percent of the travellers. And Canada
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was in there.
Now, we're finding a lot of, what's called,
exotic locations: Thailand. New Zealand. The
marketplace is becoming increasingly crowded. So
Canada is dropping in its destination in terms of
the percentage of travellers of the world coming
into Canada; ranking, that is, not in volume.
We're still growing.
So we continue to take a look at our brand,
and how we action that brand on the marketplace.
And it's important to know the essence of what
British Columbia has, and how we market ourselves.
We're seen as a welcoming place. We're
sophisticated. We have a great diversity of
cultures, city experiences, small-town experiences.
All in a very safe environment. We're seen as a
very safe destination. And all of this is in the
backdrop of breathtaking beauty and exceptional
experiences. That's our brand, and our brand
promise.
So we'll touch on British Columbia's key
markets. And I've provided you two pie charts:
one that looks at the volume. So who is coming?
And the second one is the expenditures; who's
paying?
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You can see that British Columbia
domestically is our -- continues to be our key
volume market. But when we're looking at who's
paying more, we can look at Asia Pacific, which is
the purple slice, and Europe, which is the blue
slice, which are proportionately more. This is
really important because Canada and British
Columbia are considered high-cost destinations for
people coming elsewhere.
So we have a target client; it's the people
that can afford to come, and, ideally, like to
enjoy spending their money here. We're not a
Disneyland that works on volume. We're a high-cost
destination. So we operate giving exceptional
experiences, high quality.
Just to give you a flavour: in 2011, which is
kind of our best statistical information right now,
there was 4.3 million international tourists coming
to British Columbia. So we've got lots of people
coming, even in those smaller slices.
So this is my last slide on question one,
which was how do we promote and really focus
promotion of tourism in British Columbia?
Really, we need to look at the marketing
side, and this is where my colleagues in the Crown
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corporation Destination British Columbia play a
pivotal role, and we really want to convert
awareness of British Columbia as a destination,
both for people here in BC and elsewhere, and
convert that awareness into actually coming.
And through our programs, we also want to
profile and market our businesses.
We have key products, these are in our
Gaining the Edge strategy, which I referenced
earlier, touring vacations -- and we'll talk a
little bit more about that as we talk about the
local economy -- city stays, skiing and
snowboarding. There's a picture there of our Ski
It To Believe It winter campaign, that's on right
now. Aboriginal tourism, conventions, outdoor
adventure and ecotourism.
We have about 50 products in British Columbia
that we're looking at, tending, monitoring, but
those are our key ones that we're focusing on right
now.
Moving to question two. And the question was
around the northern regions, is the basis for
tourism a cultural frontier experience?
And I've taken the liberty of providing a
picture of British Columbia. And we divide it into
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six tourism regions, each with their own unique
characteristics, each with their own branding
flavour, all of which together come to make the
Super, Natural British Columbia brand.
So the next slide is about northern BC, but
keep in mind that's the red on this one. It's
pretty much everything Prince George and up, is,
what we call, our northern region.
So I have very good -- we've got good
information by regions. We don't have very good
information slicing the regions down into a more
granular level.
So for the northern region, here's how we can
describe it. It's an expansive, diverse, and
spectacular world for outdoor enthusiasts. The
visitor who visits northern BC is drawn to the
frontier of the north by its beauty, the uncrowded,
wide-open spaces, the abundance of wildlife, and
unique Aboriginal culture.
No problem.
Of course, in the north, there's some
seasonality: May to September. We know the key
markets for the north, they are listed here: BC,
Alberta, Alaska, Germany, and Washington.
We have travel motivators. Those are the
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things that make you decide to go to a certain
place. It may not be all that you do when you're
there, but it's the lure that brings you there.
The travel motivators for the north is that
sightseeing, the nature viewing, there's a huge
piece around visiting relatives and friends.
That's a little different than some of the other
regions in the Province.
And that's also reflected in accommodation
pattern. There's more people that actually go and
stay with family and friends in the north.
Now, we have products. It's a bit of a busy
slide, but I wanted to give you a flavour of the
regional products, number one, and that's the
northern region.
And then we look at number two, which is the
northeast products. And number three, the local
area products.
So you can see from the regional products,
that great big, blue slice is touring. People
taking long-term treks through the north, lots of
RV travels and that sort of thing. A huge and
important component of tourism in the north.
It's also an incredibly important component
in this part of the country. The Alaska Highway
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traveller is the most critical visitor to the
market here locally. That's not to say there
aren't other products.
Again, outdoor recreation, parks trails,
wildlife viewing. But from a tourism market,
demographic, and traveller, the Alaska Highway is
number one for this area.
I did -- we do have a listing of businesses
affiliated with tourism. It's our approved
accommodation and attractions listing. We use that
with our partners in Destination British Columbia
to help promote businesses.
And I did a query on our listing. And for
this area, of course, there are hotels,
accommodations, that sort of thing. But I
specifically looked for -- because the question had
asked -- ecotourism and outdoor recreational
businesses. And there were none on our listing.
That's not to say there are none in the area, but
there are none currently accessing our marketing
side of things.
For example, I also know there are guide
outfitters in the area, that they are not on our
tourism business listings. So I've got a takeaway
there for some follow-up work with the local area.
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So moving to question four, which was around
the market in the area. So given the information
that we've got so far, I think you can see that
there's definitely an existing market
proportionately to British Columbia; it's small.
It's got definite potential to grow. And I've
given a few statistics there.
Again, BC generates 13.4 billion in revenue
for tourism. The entire north is 1.1 billion, so
about 8 percent. We don't have comparable stats
for the Peace area, but I do know we have a report
that I believe one of the communities submitted
earlier, and it's called the Value of Tourism Study
for the North Peace Region. Again, that report was
done through colleagues in my ministry.
It's a good report, but it's the little
apples to oranges in terms of comparative. But if
you look at it, the Peace is about 10 percent of
the north.
And then I've also done visitors overnight
and expenditures, which are about 5 percent each.
If you compare this to Vancouver, Whistler, and
Victoria, they represent about 70 percent revenue,
visitors, and expenditures. That's not to say that
tourism is not important in this area.
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It's very important in every part of the
Province, and it's certainly an area we'd like to
grow, but the question was how does this compare
provincially?
I wanted to touch a little bit, as well, on
the traveller profile for this area.
So, again, it's sliced up here around Canada,
U.S., and international travellers to this area.
BC and Albertans are about 70 percent.
And what was interesting -- and I'm going to
say these are leisure travellers, this is not the
business traveller.
Again, the demographic of -- or the profile
of this traveller represents often that Alaska
Highway traveller. A little bit older, a little
bit more time on their hands, fewer children with
them, because often you need, you know, a couple of
weeks at least to start taking that touring
adventure.
So question five asked about whether or not
we expected major changes in clientele. So you can
see the Site C project isn't really expected to
have major changes in the clientele. We continue
to have business travellers here. We'll continue
to have the Alaska Highway. We'll continue to have
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some local businesses. And from my provincial
perspective, we would like to continue to
definitely grow the tourism in the area.
Question six was a very interesting and very
good question. And asked a little bit about
changes and comparability to things like the
Revelstoke Dam.
So comparing a potential Site C here to the
Revelstoke Dam was a bit difficult for us because
they are, again, different regions from our tourism
perspective. They have different clientele,
different key products. So we were a little
challenged to give you a good, crisp answer on that
one. But what we do know, visitor centres at the
dams are definitely tourism attractions. People
like to go there. But just creating a visitor
centre unto itself doesn't meaningfully help
tourism. It has to be aligned with the marketing
and promotional side of things.
So the final question we were asked was
perspective on the proposed mitigation measures.
And in looking at it, you know, the -- as we've
talked about, the key issues are around scenics,
visual management, replacement of some of those
infrastructure elements that might get impacted:
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camp sites and boat launches, I know are specific
ones. The visitor centre potential at the site,
they all seem to be -- you know, Hydro has looked
at all of those aspects and come up with some ways
of going forward with them.
What we did note, though, is that at a more
operational level, if the project was to go
forward, there's some additional opportunities that
we should be looking at.
And I know the communities yesterday talked a
lot about traffic flow. And I ask you to put your
tourism lens on it. You've got the big RVers, that
Alaska Highway traffic coming through. It's a
bucket-list trip for people. We want them to have
a great experience. And we want them to have it
easy to get into the local communities and enjoy
the facilities here. So traffic management becomes
a really big point.
And I said earlier on the slide around a
visitor centre, great idea to look at a visitor's
centre from BC Hydro. And we'd love to do some
more discussions around how we can build that into
what we do provincially with visitor centre
networks.
So this is a picture of an RV on the Alaska
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Highway.
And we hope that that's answered the
questions you put at us. And we're here if you
have any further questions or things that we can
help with.
THE CHAIRMAN: That's very helpful, thank
you.
Jim's got one question.
MR. MATTISON: I just want help to
understand the business traveller that's part of
tourism. I looked in the parking lot of the hotel,
and I watch people -- and we've been here for some
time -- I've watch people get up in the morning,
and there's a lot of guys putting on hard hats and
reflective vests and boots and going out to get
into well service trucks or communications trucks
or whatever. That's not your business traveller, I
assume?
MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: From a statistical
perspective, if they are here for less than 30
nights, they are --
MR. MATTISON: Okay.
MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: -- because we can't get
it so granular to really define it out any tighter
than that. And the reality is that business travel
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is often the welcome mat to leisure travel. We
know there's a tight correlation in terms of them.
So, again, we use the 30-night marker to break it
down.
MR. MATTISON: Okay. That's helpful, thank
you.
MS. BEAUDET: Thank you, Mr. Chair.
It is very helpful to put things in
perspective for us.
The reason why we ask if you could look at,
for instance, the Revelstoke reservoir, is from the
comments we had and we read, was people would come
and tell us it's different if you are a river
person or a lake or reservoir person.
We had other comments saying a reservoir is
not a lake. And we wanted to know from a previous
experience of a change from a river to a reservoir,
if there had been noticeably a change in -- not
just the type of clientele, but also a drop in that
region? But maybe we are getting here too much in
the details of what northern BC offers. Or maybe
you can answer more precisely to that.
MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: Well, I can certainly comment
that if we were in another area of the Province
that had a river that had a number of established
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businesses on it, that would change the perspective
on it.
Here, as I said, when we look at this part of
the Peace River, there's not an existing number of
tourism-related river-based businesses.
So from a development perspective, you're
definitely going to impact the river-use enjoyment
largely from a public recreation, not to
marginalize that.
From a tourism business development, you
don't have a number of businesses that are
currently going to be impacted.
So if you're an entrepreneur, looking to
develop, it's a bit of a net -- net, you know,
gain/loss perspective. Whereas -- and I don't know
about the number of existing businesses in the
Revelstoke area that may or may not have been
impacted.
So we tried to take a look at it specific to
this area, and the existing product, or lack of
product, in terms of tourism, ecotourism, and
river-based businesses.
MS. BEAUDET: We had a few presentations in
writing or orally of outfitters. Would that
category fit in the ecotourism, or in the outdoor
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recreation?
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: I'm sorry, I'll answer that;
guide outfitters are my client.
So they are -- I don't think that they
necessarily see themselves as being either of those
things. They are a sustainable resource use
tourism business, you know. I would expect that
the half dozen of them or so who would be impacted
would need to change how they operate, but I don't
know that it would have a net impact overall.
MS. BEAUDET: In a way, they have fallen
through the crack?
THE CHAIRMAN: But it seems as if they don't
register with you and get on the list of approved
accommodations. Why is that?
MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: It's an excellent point.
We've just started working with another
program with the guides and outfitters, to look at
how we might help themselves market themselves a
little bit. The program is called Experiences BC.
Guides and outfitters are definitely -- we
view them as part of tourism because many of them
bring in external clients and often high-paid
clients. So back to our target demographic.
But I'll leave it to Chris to talk about
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whether the specific development of Site C would
have a meaningful impact on their business or not.
And we're currently thinking probably not.
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Yeah. In terms of an overall
impact, it would be difficult to see a direct
effect there.
I know that there are individuals, for
instance, who are -- we heard from Gary Drinkall
last week specifically about this, that he's got a
camp that's within the project area, that sort of
thing. Those kinds of effects would be certainly
important to individuals. But as an overall
tourism thing within the area, it's difficult to
see that direct line.
MS. BEAUDET: I believe you have a guide
for compensation for outfitters, and I was
wondering if we could get a copy of that, please.
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: I'm sorry, we do?
MS. BEAUDET: BC Hydro said that you do
have a guide if outfitters, for instance, here,
lose part of their business because of the flooding
of the river, and we were told that your Ministry
has a guide. Can we -- did I understand well?
MS. JUDY REYNIER: On the -- on the internet
site, or the website, there's a reference, and I
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forget the exact name of it, but it's guidelines
for dealing with overlapping tenure holders. And
what it does, it deals with the category of tenure
holder, like oil and gas or guide outfitters or
trappers. And there's a page on each, very, very
general. What it says is just sort of make -- form
an agreement between the two overlapping interests.
It doesn't actually give compensation guidelines.
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: For guide outfitters, in
particular, there is no compensation mechanism
within the Wildlife Act.
We rely on where there is an impact between
two tenure holders. We rely on those people to
work together to come to a common understanding.
But we don't insert ourselves in that.
MS. SUSAN YURKOVICH: Madam Beaudet, we could
provide you the link, if you'd like that.
MS. BEAUDET: Yes, please, I would
appreciate it. Thank you.
UNDERTAKING 89: Provide link for guidelines for dealing
with overlapping tenure holders on the Ministry of
Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations
website
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MS. BEAUDET: My last point is with respect
to, I would think, promotion of activities up here.
And you did explain very well where it is based,
like -- you know, it's a safe place, breathtaking
views, exceptional experience.
What we heard, for instance, from the
outfitter, one of the groups, anyway, here, it's
really "adventure". I mean, they have foreign
clientele, I suppose, fairly at ease with their
finance.
And I know that instead of concentrating on
breathtaking views, I mean, that level of clientele
usually has seen the world very often, and they
want an exceptional experience. And I was
wondering if you have a little niche for that type
of clientele? And how do you promote it for BC
and, especially, I suppose, northern BC?
MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: It's an excellent
question. Two parts to the answer.
From the tourist clientele to this part of
the country, we have to make sure we're taking care
of the Alaska Highway traveller. They are the
bread and butter, the volume user, the ones that
generate the most revenue, particularly, for these
communities. But you talk about that niche
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clientele.
And, as I mentioned earlier, we're just
engaging with the Guide Outfitters Association of
British Columbia to talk more about how do we
actually help with their promotions? Because they
are often dealing with our BC ideal customer,
exactly as you said, a high-pay affluent person.
There's a comparable to our heli-ski client.
So it's an area that we know is an opportunity, and
one that we're starting to action. We actually
started last year to work with that association.
MS. BEAUDET: Thank you.
MR. MATTISON: I'm astounded to get this far
into this presentation and no one has said the word
"parks." Does that not matter in the north?
MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: Parks are incredibly
important in the north and across British Columbia,
of course. It's a great question.
Parks -- and, again, the questions were
around the impacts of Site C. If the questions
were around how we action the tourist advantage in
the north, then certainly the answer would be an
inclusion of areas like the parks and whatnot.
So, again, the Alaska Highway traveller
certainly accesses the parks along the routes.
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We know that the parks interpretive and
visitor stops are part of our, what we call,
visitor servicing and network. So it's very much
part of the tourism fabric. It just didn't come up
from the questions that we were asked here.
THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Hadland.
MR. RANDAL HADLAND: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
I've got a couple of questions.
The first one is for this panel. And I'm
wondering if they have any information on the
potential for agritourism in the Peace Valley, that
we've heard the impact of the flood reserve on
agriculture itself. And agritourism is,
apparently, a growing industry. Have you looked at
that potential?
MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: Provincially -- again,
great question. Provincially, agritourism is on
the radar as a really important product. We're
finding more market seeking it in the Fraser
Valley/Lower Mainland area. It hasn't emerged yet
as a market-ready product for the north. That's
not to say it's not important.
Again, earlier on, we track about 50
products. And we have to -- we pick and choose
where we put our energy. We certainly both want to
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invest our energy in those new and emerging
markets. And we want to invest our energy in those
existing markets that draw clientele.
So agritourism in this area, again, we
haven't got much in the way of businesses aligned
to that in our inventory. I personally think it's
a great growth opportunity that we should be
actioning, particularly. I'm going to talk with my
tourism hat. We've got, in a way, this wonderful
influx of people to the north to experience it.
And a great place to live is a great place to
visit. So I think there's a great tourism
opportunity in this area.
MR. RANDAL HADLAND: Thank you.
Mr. Chairman, my second question is for
Hydro. And this comes out of the Section 25 on
recreation. And I can't get a more specific
reference to it, I was looking for it a minute ago
and I couldn't find it.
But Hydro established a series of points from
which they tried to determine the aesthetic impact
of the project, but none of those sites were on the
river. And I wonder if Hydro could comment on what
they might be missing by not having any of those
sites from the river itself.
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MS. SUSAN YURKOVICH: Are you speaking about
the visual resources, Mr. Hadland?
MR. RANDAL HADLAND: That would be -- that sounds
reasonable to me.
MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: I'll ask Mr. Harrison to
follow-up.
I will note that the Joint Review Panel asked
us to provide additional viewscapes from the view
of the river, and while Mr. Harrison is talking,
I'll find the reference.
MR. RANDAL HADLAND: Well, Mr. Chairman, I wasn't
aware that the panel had already done that, or
asked that question.
THE CHAIRMAN: Earlier on you had asked for
synthetic pictures of the landscape from the river.
MR. RANDAL HADLAND: Oh. Oh, I didn't --
THE CHAIRMAN: Once it had been flooded in
comparison with the existing --
MR. RANDAL HADLAND: And has Hydro provided that?
THE CHAIRMAN: Yes, they did.
MR. RANDAL HADLAND: Okay. That's good for me.
Thank you very much.
MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: The reference is JRP IR
number 13.
MR. JAMES LITTLE: Thanks.
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Jim Little. Just a couple points, the first
one is the other day, I didn't get -- have the
opportunity to come up when Mr. Drinkall finished
because things got speeded along, so ...
The point on that one was they were talking
about compensation for outfitters, and one of the
points that I wanted to make on that is that an
outfitter like Mr. Drinkall, or a high country
outfitters, they have actually have several
tenures, not just the one he's -- under the
applications where he'll have a guide outfitters
certificate. And he also has a commercial back
country recreation tenure. And there are two
different tenures and they both have evergreen
clauses in them.
So Hydro had suggested that they would only
negotiate to the term of the tenure, but they
actually have -- in the midterm, they can apply
for -- to start again, type of deal, go to the --
whatever the term of the tenure is, so that's the
point I wanted to make there.
The other thing I wanted to add on the Alaska
Highway tourist thing is that the Northern Rockies
regional municipality, which is Fort Nelson, they
actually changed the name of their community to
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represent what was happened in the Fort Nelson
LRMP, the Northern Rockies is one of the zones, and
then included the Muskwa Kechika.
So the Northern Rockies has a significant
tourism thing on their website. If you went to the
Northern Rockies' deal, you would see
significant there. And, also, the Alaska Highway
Tourist Association has significant advertising and
stuff within that.
In addition to that, the guide outfitters
themselves are fairly successful in doing their own
advertising for their own businesses and beyond
that, even the Ministry environment -- Chris'
organization -- in their annual hunting synopsis,
they actually have advertising in there to say
people can have back country experiences being
whether you're just going out to take photography,
et cetera. So there's some substantial advertising
out there for that. So I just wanted to mention
that.
Thank you.
THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Atkins.
MR. TONY ATKINS: One of the reasons people
come here on their way to Alaska is to drive the
section between Hudson's Hope and Fort St. John.
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It is a valley that's worthwhile looking at, and
it's probably one of the better drives or the nicer
drives or the most scenic drives in British
Columbia.
We already have two visitor centres at two
existing dams. So if people wish to go and have a
look at the dams and the visitor centres, we've got
two of them. We've only got one road by the river
in the Peace, and we'd like to keep it that way.
Thank you.
THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, sir.
Mr. Boon, I'm sure you have an opposite view.
MR. KEN BOON: No, I concur with that.
My comment and question is in regards to the
response to the question number six.
I would suggest that the two previous dams
have had a tremendous impact on tourism that could
have taken place in the Rocky Mountain Trench
section that's now all inundated.
You know, like, we seen a presentation this
morning from Kwadacha. Like, you know, how
different would things look up at the north end of
the trench around Fort Ware if that was not a
reservoir, and, you know, the tourism potential up
there would have been just tremendous. And, you
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know, it could be argued that Fort St. John might
have been almost like the Calgary of Alberta with
all the mountains to the west. You know, we're --
we are really missing out on a huge potential there
because of those two dams, and I'm just wondering
if this panel could maybe comment on that a little
bit.
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: I don't think we're prepared
to speculate about what might have happened if we'd
made other decisions.
THE CHAIRMAN: I think there's wisdom in
that. The question was a bit of a set-up.
Madam Beaudet.
MS. BEAUDET: I would be interested to
know -- for me, I'm discovering, in these last few
months, British Columbia. We always -- you have
the reputation of being a very beautiful province,
and, you know, you look at Vancouver, the Rockies,
I mean -- and I was wondering in the planning of
promoting for tourism if the northern part has been
a little bit neglected to some extent because you
have so much to offer in other places.
If you look, for instance, just agro-tourism,
you have the Fraser Valley. If you want to ski,
you have Whistler. And so in the planning, you
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have to look, first, for your bread and butter, and
you have to concentrate more on the assets that you
know will bring a lot of tourism.
So I would like to hear your comments on
that, please.
MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: Again, excellent
question. And it's a delicate balance between --
to be blunt, if we just wanted to raise revenue for
tourism in British Columbia, we would only focus on
Vancouver, Whistler, and Victoria. We could up the
numbers very quickly by doing that. It's existing
markets; people come. It's got global reputation.
But that is not what the Province is doing.
The Province is investing extreme resources
around supporting each of those six regions so they
can market themselves to their target clients.
And we have a few other programs, I mentioned
one called Experiences BC, which focuses on key
sectors, guide outfitters is one. We also have
other programs for community development. And we
have our visitor centre networks.
So you make an excellent point around is
enough resources being put to the north? And I
think that's always a debatable question. But we
certainly from a provincial perspective are
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focusing, in fact, a little more of our provincial
resources outside of those three centres of
Vancouver, Victoria, and Whistler because, frankly,
they are taking care of themselves quite well. And
we are trying to look at our promotional activities
in these other areas.
But if we have no supply, then there's not
much to market. We want to make sure people come,
have a great experience, and the product is
developed in a way that the supply and the demand
match up.
MS. BEAUDET: What year did you start
investing, for instance, in the region of northern
BC? I mean, you say the strategy is to look at the
entire province, but when did northern BC start
getting funds to look at this particular area?
MR. PETER HARRISON: Yeah, we've worked very
closely with the six tourism regions in the
Province, and, obviously, northern British Columbia
is very important. And we've had a partnership
program with northern British Columbia tourism
probably for about 30 years, and it's close to
about $1 million that's provided to the region to
do cooperative programs with the different tourism
stakeholders that operate throughout the Province.
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The other thing that we do primarily for
northern British Columbia, but also the Cariboo
Chilcotin Coast Tourism Association as well, is
that there's a program called Tourism North, which
is targeted directly towards the RV consumer that
is done in the lower 48, that's wanting to drive up
to Alaska for that trip of a lifetime. And we've
been involved in that program for probably about
15 years. And that's trying to encourage those
consumers to come up and be able to enjoy all the
different experiences that are available in British
Columbia. And there's a very important market here
right in northern British Columbia, and especially
along the Alaska Highway.
MS. BEAUDET: Thank you.
THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.
Maya.
MS. MAYA STANO: Thank you very much.
I wonder if the government panel could just
bring some slides back here. There was one
question on impacts, and the answer was no.
Could you just bring that one back up.
Here we go. Okay.
So I just want to make some comments, and
then I hope the government panel could perhaps
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respond to these comments.
So, first, there was the comment about the
promotion of the northern area, and that the area
has got beautiful wide open spaces, and it's a big
draw to also show Aboriginal cultures.
I just want to stress that Aboriginal
cultures are not frozen in time. They are not just
what happened pre-European contact or in the last
hundred years ago or so on. It is well-recognized
that the Aboriginal rights and Aboriginal cultures
are meant to evolve over time. There's
Constitutional space for that. And those are still
a culture worth promoting.
And when there's this discussion of wide open
spaces, I think that's perhaps maybe a bit of a
narrow characterization of that because these wide
open spaces are covered with traditional
territories of First Nations where they exercise
their traditional rights to hunt, trap, gather,
exercise spiritual and cultural uses.
So I think there needs to be some clarity on
that.
But then that leads me to this issue of who
are the tourists that come to northern BC?
Now -- and the government representative
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mentioned that this is usually an older population,
a touring population.
But what I'm wondering is, in answering this
question here that no major changes are expected,
has the government panel considered whether the --
sorry, there was a mention earlier about a great
place to live is a great place to visit. So I'm
wondering how the government panel in answering
this question has considered the impacts of the
increased population, construction population, for
both Site C and all other projects in the area,
recognizing that that can be a short-term
population. Some workers will be here for that 30
days or less period; some will be here the less
than a year period. But as the panel had mentioned
earlier, often business travel leads to
recreational travel.
And there was also reference to heli-skiing
as the ideal traveller. Well, this is a
population -- construction population that will be
making high salaries. So, ideally, they will
actually be this type of population, this ideal
recreational use population.
And I note, too, the reference to Whistler
area, which, yes, is great proximity to
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Vancouver --
Sorry.
To Vancouver and so on, but not far from
Mackenzie. There's Powder King, which is I think
one of the best named resorts in the Province. It
truly is Powder King. And many people come to
Powder King and they discover the back country uses
in that area.
So all of these implications I wonder if the
government panel could just speak to those, please.
MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: I love the questions.
I'm happy to speak to this all day.
The question that I was asked to come back to
was a very specific question that the panel asked
of us, which is around expecting major changes in
clientele with a change from a river environment to
a reservoir, a lake environment. And with that
specific question, I think we answered it fairly
clearly.
The questions, though, that come up
specifically around -- I've got three notes here.
Aboriginal culture. We know that one in four
people coming to British Columbia would like to
experience some component of Aboriginal culture in
their stay. We know that's a wonderful product
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that British Columbia has. And we work very
closely with an association called Aboriginal
Tourism British Columbia. And we're working both
with them on both marketing and product
development.
For example, I've got one of my directors
working directly with them around youth
entrepreneurship.
We really support Aboriginal tourism not only
from wanting to have that cultural product, but
continuing to have Aboriginal business people in
tourism. So there's -- that doesn't have to be
limited to the culture experience.
And the work that we've done with Aboriginal
Tourism British Columbia has led -- well, hasn't
led, that's overstating it, but their work has led
them to be international renowned as leaders in
Aboriginal culture. British Columbia is very
pleased that we are helping -- we are hosting the
International Aboriginal Tourism Forum this April.
And part of my team will be working with Aboriginal
Tourism BC on that.
So the question was an excellent segway to
talking about Aboriginal tourism and culture,
businesses and products.
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Just a note that Aboriginal Tourism British
Columbia is currently doing regional profiles.
They didn't have the work done for their north
region in time for -- to share with me for this
panel, but what they are trying to do is an
inventory of all of the businesses and interests,
and then we can start looking at what's in the art
of possible to help grow those businesses.
The other question that came up was with the
construction, the inflow of people. And as other
presentations have talked about, Site C is one of
many industrial developments in this area. And
that's bringing a lot of people to the area, and a
lot of affluence to the area. And the speaker
rightly pointed out that we want those people to be
enjoying the area.
Coming back to my very first slide. Tourism
is not about public recreation in how we define it,
so we want those people to either come back and
visit, have their relatives come and visit, we
want -- one of the northern BC's critical
challenges is the consumer's lack of awareness of
what we've got here up in the north.
So we would like the booms to help deal with
that problem a little bit.
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Now, how we action that into targeted
marketing and promotion, we need -- that's not for
the Province to impose on the communities or the
regions. We work in partnership with the
communities and the regions around how that may
evolve in the future.
And the last point was around Powder King.
I've skied it. I love it. Powder King is part of
the Ski It To Believe It campaign, that is our
winter campaign under way right now. But the point
that the more awareness we can get of our product
outside of those three centres, the better.
Couldn't agree more.
MR. MATTISON: The panel is charged with,
among other things, determining the impacts of the
proposed development on heritage resources. And
one of the -- there's a couple of sites in the
valley where Alexander Mackenzie passed through
here in 1792 on his way to the coast and camped,
and he came back and camped in 1793. Simon Fraser
camped in the valley. David Thompson camped in the
valley; they set up forts.
When I think of, I don't know, Fort McLeod,
Fort St. James, other sites; now, there's nothing
left of the encampments that those people made in
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the valley, but the viewscapes are largely
untouched probably because they've been in a flood
reserve for several decades, but, nevertheless,
they are undeveloped.
The question for us is what are we losing
here by inundating those sites and changing the
nature and character of that valley from a tourism
perspective?
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Forests, Lands and Natural
Resource Operations has a heritage branch that may
be posed to provide some information on that
question. I don't think that we are today.
We don't -- like, the tourism, the Ministry
of Tourism that Jennifer represents doesn't have
that information on that scale. We don't have that
degree of resolution.
THE CHAIRMAN: But if those sites were
developed or reconstructed or an historical
tableaux set up around them, it might be something
which could be promoted and enter into a regional
tourism strategy; is that it?
MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: Absolutely. Heritage
attractions are a great product. It's not existing
yet, so ...
THE CHAIRMAN: Yes. Yes. Okay. Well,
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look, unless there are other pressing questions
from the floor, I think we will break a little
early with the idea that we might reconvene a
little early.
Sorry, do we have another presentation on
wildlife?
MS. BEAUDET: Well, we have questions.
THE CHAIRMAN: We have questions. All
right. We're not going to break.
Okay. Mr. Addison, in particular.
Madam Beaudet.
MS. BEAUDET: I hope you were prepared that
we would go on with the conversation and questions
we were having with you last time and it was a very
long day and we said we would come back some other
day and I think it was planned for this morning.
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Okay.
MS. BEAUDET: You, yourself, had a long
list -- and I hope you still have it -- of points
that you had heard through the different
presentations and discussions that you wanted to
clarify or correct the information, so maybe we can
start with that.
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Sure.
I think there were several, I think, that we
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really wanted to touch on. And I think it's
important to note, in particular, when we talk
about moose hunting and regulation proposals, and
this idea that I've raised about how we can grow
more moose within the region, and make more people
happy with the resource that we have for moose.
I want to make it clear that it's my
intention and my preference to change moose harvest
within in this region regardless. I mean,
irrespective of Site C, I believe that changing how
we manage moose, in particular, can solve a lot of
problems that we have internally and with all the
stakeholders and with First Nations as well.
So I'm hoping to do that over the
coming years, but it's important to recognize as
well that my intention is to do that both
thoughtfully and with intent and from a position of
knowledge. And there are a lot of things that we
don't know about our moose population today,
particularly, around demographic questions. And we
need to answer those before we can intentfully move
forward with how we manage moose.
MS. BEAUDET: Regarding that, we had
started with looking at a population density or
numbers. You had mentioned that, for instance, for
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moose, it was stable.
You also gave us a fair amount of details on
grizzly bears. I think you had said -- I can't
remember if it was mule deer or elk, the population
had dropped extensively --
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Yeah.
MS. BEAUDET: -- and recently. Was it mule
deer or elk?
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: It's both over recent
periods. But over, say, 20 or 30 years, elk are
probably higher than they have been. Elk are not
new to the area specifically, but they are -- over
time since about the '70s or '80s, they have
increased in number. And then over the last five
or six years have decreased, and I'm kind of
expecting Jim little to stand up and correct me
about that as well.
Mule deer are a bit of a different story in
that over longer timeframes, there have always been
quite a few mule deer here, and, in particular, in
the valley. And then they've declined since about
'06 with a major decline in that winter, '06/'07.
MS. BEAUDET: You took an undertaking about
looking at the waterfowl corridors, and if --
anywhere, can you notice if there's another
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corridor that could take, you know, the place of
the Peace River?
And I was wondering also for ungulates
because we've heard a lot of people say they don't
move, others say they move, they cross the river;
they don't cross the river. So I was wondering if
you could sort of make a statement so that we can
understand in a way who is right. I mean, you know
about the populations here. You know where they
move, what they do.
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: I'm a firm believer that all
generalizations are false. And there are generally
populations within populations of mule deer, some
of them might move in elevation, some of them might
not.
Without some fairly detailed collaring
exercises, it's difficult to tell exactly which --
you know, which individuals might choose to move to
higher elevation or move to different areas.
So I guess the short answer there is that
both of those things are true. Some elk cross the
river; some mule deer cross the river; some don't.
MS. BEAUDET: Thank you.
I would like to look at another area of your
expertise here, unless my colleague has some
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questions about populations.
No? Okay.
Licensing and permitting. We heard, for
instance, that a trap line -- I mean, the trappers
would use also the islands on the river, and I was
wondering when you give a license for trapping, a
trapping area, do you include also the licenses
of -- I mean, the rivers on -- sorry, the islands
on the river?
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Generally, yeah.
The trap line boundaries will generally be
one shore or the other. And they can trap any land
that they have permission for within that area. So
if it's private land, then they need the permission
of the landowner. But if it's Crown land, then
they can trap it.
MS. BEAUDET: I'd like a side question with
BC Hydro, then. When you determined the percentage
of the trap line that is lost by the flooding of
the river, did you also calculate in the hectare
number, of the islands?
MR. STEVE NICOL: Steve Nicol.
Yes, we did. It's based upon the reduction
or the overlap between the project activity zone
and the territory of the trap line, was based upon
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the total area of the trap line, so that would
include the islands.
MS. BEAUDET: Thank you.
We had several presentations concerned with
the change in the bag limits or the catch or -- in
terms of the judgment passed by BC Hydro from their
analysis, saying that there'll be no effect because
the bag limits would be taken into consideration,
of course, you know, the population that rises or
is lowered. And they were worried about the
magnitude of that because -- you say there's no
effect because it would be adjusted. But then if
you have less number that you can hunt, it is an
impact.
And I was wondering, first of all, what do
you look at when you determine these numbers. And
has there been historically big changes that, you
know, people would feel the impact? In
recent years, of course.
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: I'm not sure I understand.
Are you asking if the regulation changes over
time more generally? Or just bag limits? Or.
MS. BEAUDET: Bag limits.
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Yeah. Bag limits for all
ungulates are one -- no, sorry, that's not true.
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It's different for deer. Bag limits for deer are
actually quite complicated. But for elk and moose,
you know, a licensed hunter can take one per year.
The same applies to mountain goat and sheep.
In terms of the harvest itself has, you know,
fluctuates over time for sure.
And, I'm sorry, can I ask for clarification
about -- is there something else that's missing
from my answer?
MS. BEAUDET: Well, if you look, for
instance, I think we heard from BC Hydro that there
would be, let's say, 25 percent loss of habitat
that could affect moose. I don't think it's
necessarily the figure, but let's take that as an
example.
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Okay.
MS. BEAUDET: And then hunters -- and also
Aboriginal groups would be worried that, you know,
the number of moose will go down.
Now, we know the moose population is stable,
and you said that, you know, there's enough at the
moment. But if it does go down, and you can't even
hunt a moose per year, or you have to be three
hunters for one moose.
So, first, how do you determine, you know,
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that suddenly you have to go down in the number
that you are allowed? Could there be one year you
can't hunt moose or you can't hunt elk? To what
extent the users of the land could be impacted?
I mean, we say, okay, there's no change or
there's no residual effects, but to what extent is
that true?
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Okay. With respect to
moose, specifically, we use a regulation for
hunting moose that we consider -- we call them
"safe regulations" because they are
density-dependent.
So if there are only a certain proportion of
the moose that we have, and it's about 20 percent
or so, of the moose that we have on the landscape
are vulnerable to harvest, based on the animal
configuration they have.
If there are fewer moose out there, then
there'll be fewer moose vulnerable to harvest, and
harvest will go down.
If we were to see that, then, it's certainly
possible that we would change regulations to effect
that.
The point that gets asked of me quite
commonly is to forecast what that's going to be,
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what the appropriate tool is going to be in the
future, and that's a difficult question for me to
answer.
It's somewhat like -- you know, you're trying
to build a house and you've got a plan and then
somebody comes and says, well, go hammer those
boards together, you know, and without really
understanding if that's going to be the right tool
or not.
MS. BEAUDET: Just one more thing on that
subject.
The regulations will not change, but there
was somebody -- I think it was Dr. Nagy who
suggested, like, what they do in the Northwest
Territories, that they can have a limited number
for certain years with the tag, that you can't hunt
more than this or that when there's an influx of
population.
And so, let's say, the people that do come in
are restricted more than the users of the land or
any other proposal that would sort of counteract
the possible effect. Have you envisaged that?
Have you ever done it here?
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Differentiate between local
people from British Columbia?
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MS. BEAUDET: Yes.
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: No, we don't. We
differentiate between a resident of British
Columbia and someone who is not a resident, but we
don't differentiate between the residents.
You know, a moose licence or an elk licence,
you can go into, you know, any Service BC or any
sport store, most Wal-Marts, buying an elk licence
or a moose licence, and it's good wherever there is
a season in BC.
MS. BEAUDET: Regarding the moose that are
infected, and that we heard from the Aboriginal
groups, you had brought some documents. And I
don't think you gave them to us. I think they are
not on the Registry.
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Around the health?
MS. BEAUDET: Around the health of the
moose. And I was wondering if you could give that
to the Secretariat. Maybe you don't have it today.
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: For sure. Yeah, I certainly
can.
I believe I forwarded them to Gelita, to the
Secretariat.
MS. BEAUDET: Oh, okay. Because we tried
to look at the documents, and we didn't have them.
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So I thought -- okay. If you've done it, it's
okay.
Maybe we can -- my last point was on
watershed restoration. We've heard several
presentations trying to explain to us how it should
be done and what should be preserved and it should
be a rallying concept, you know, for the problems
that you have with all the different industries
here.
And I believe -- I don't know if it's
Minister of Environment or your Ministry, but you
do have quite a lot of involvement in watershed
restoration, and I was wondering how you function
when you have a huge project adding to the other
local industry that is happening here?
Do you have any strategy with respect to
Site C concerning watershed restoration?
Do you intend to look at all the different
planning tools that exist here on the land?
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: I don't think I'm the person
to answer that.
MS. BEAUDET: Okay.
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: That may be a Ministry of
Environment question. I'll confer with the people
here, and get back to you.
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MS. BEAUDET: Yes, please. Thank you.
UNDERTAKING 90: Provide the source of information for
the study within the land and resource management
planning boundary for Dawson Creek and how far back
that information goes
THE CHAIRMAN: You have a point, I think,
probably on what was just being talked about?
MR. JASON LEE: Yes, I do. Thank you, panel.
And Jason Lee, my instructor at the Treaty 8
Tribal Association.
So in regards to trapping, and the question
about trapping, to FLNRO and to the proponent,
BC Hydro, was the panel aware that although there
is the provincial trap line system, Treaty 8 First
Nation members, throughout the Treaty 8 Territory,
which makes up a third of this Province, do not
require a trapping licence to trap in the Treaty 8
Territory.
And so although some members and communities
do participate in the provincial trapping system,
members, any member, can trap anywhere. So was
that taken into the assessment when you asked that
question about the islands?
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THE CHAIRMAN: Yes, we are certainly aware
of that.
MR. JASON LEE: Okay. Thank you.
The second question I -- a point I would just
like to make is when you asked Mr. Addison about
moose and moose harvest, you did mention First
Nations. I didn't hear in that response how it's
taken into account the First Nations moose hunt
considerations? Was that answered? Or did I
miss --
THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Addison?
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: No, I didn't.
Currently, we consider that we have a
sufficient surplus, you know, on broad spatial
scales, especially to meet the Aboriginal need.
What we do is consider that -- and this is
another question that has come up quite a bit, is
this issue of how do we assess what a community
needs to meet their Aboriginal Right? And that's a
complicated question. And we're just starting to
have that conversation with communities now. It's
more than a number.
And it's, you know, how we assess it today is
that we have this fairly restricted harvest for
licensed hunters. And then the Aboriginal hunt is
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essentially unrestricted. They have access to the
whole population of moose over the whole year.
Certainly, you know, recognizing that, you
know, I -- I do hear that they are -- you know,
there are individuals at least who have -- you
know, who bring to my attention to this perceived
decline in moose populations. We need to be
thoughtful about how we address that in the future.
So the -- you know, over the coming year or
so, I'm expecting to have a fairly in-depth
conversation about Treaty 8 needs.
THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Lee, one gap in the
system that I think I've been hearing is that there
is incomplete data about the Aboriginal take, which
needs to feed into the demographic of the moose
population.
MR. JASON LEE: M'mm-hmm.
THE CHAIRMAN: Treaty 8 is alive to that
proposition, or problem?
MR. JASON LEE: It is, yes. And that is an
outstanding question.
And, as I mentioned the other day, I have
been in this position full time since 2004. And
this question has been asked and requested over
the years since I've been there by the Treaty 8
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communities, and still it has not been answered or
addressed with the communities. We're hopeful in
the future our government will sit down and have a
that dialogue. But as to my recollection, there is
no data on that.
Thank you.
THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Thank you.
MR. JASON LEE: Now, I do have two questions
for FLNRO in regards to our conversation the other
day, and I thought today would be the day to ask
those two. Should I wait for that, or could I ask
them now?
THE CHAIRMAN: No, you're there, carry on.
MR. JASON LEE: Okay. So two, quick
questions.
I'm aware, and we're aware, and we mentioned
the other day the collaring project. And I talked
about how Treaty 8 had been involved in the
consultation for that permit, and also in the study
design; although, they tried early on to be
involved.
I know there was collaring was done and there
was line transects done throughout Stage 2, but I'm
wondering at any time did BC government or the
proponent -- I've heard about FLIR -- no, I'm not
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an expert on that, but that's using infrared,
forward-looking infrared image scanning. And I'm
just wondering did the proponent ever consider that
or do that for this project, for the islands or the
studies?
THE CHAIRMAN: That's a factual question?
MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: I need Mr. Simpson to come
and respond to that. He's here somewhere.
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: In advance of that, I might
be able to address it. This use of FLIR is not
currently within the accepted protocols of the
British Columbia; mainly, because we don't know how
to index it. Like, we know that regardless, you're
not going to see 100 percent of animals in your
scanning area. And we don't know how to index that
to what the actual population is.
THE CHAIRMAN: I suppose it's difficult to
tell an elk from a moose, too, with a FLIR
instrument.
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: It can be, yeah.
THE CHAIRMAN: Can you comment on that?
MR. KEITH SIMPSON: Yes. I think the question
was had used or considered using infrared imaging
for doing surveys?
MR. JASON LEE: For this project.
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MR. KEITH SIMPSON: No, it's not required. The
visibility of the animals is high enough in this
area that it's quite easy to do a standard survey.
MR. JASON LEE: So it was not done?
THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Lee, your second
question.
MR. JASON LEE: Yes. That's regards to -- we
had a lot of dialogue about grizzly bears in the
past week, and I know you've heard this a lot.
So when Mr. Addison was here last week -- and
just paraphrasing -- he talked a bit about the Fort
St. John area, and not wanting grizzlies really in
this area. We talked a bit about -- he talked a
bit about the management unit where they are
currently, quotation marks, "considered
extirpated."
I did have dialogue with the staff who
originally were tasked many years ago, and I
believe it was Tony Hamilton, at that time about
saying -- looking into the grizzly bear population
of that management unit. My understanding was
there was no field research ever done to come up
with that decision.
In our experience at Treaty 8, just saying
they are extirpated has become more of a problem
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and that's because it's allowed a lot of activities
to go on in that area that may have not in the past
because the understanding is there is no grizzly
bears. So I understand there was no actual field
research done to make that decision.
What I'd like to ask Mr. Addison is I know
Treaty 8 First Nation communities, members, Elders,
and Chief and councils have raised this for a long
time about their understanding that there is a
population there, and there is, you know, a lot of
sightings by grizzly bears. I received the
pictures anywhere from April all the way -- I have
pictures up until December of grizzly bears within
this area.
I also heard from the proponent for -- that
they mentioned -- that they talked about when they
were in Doig that it was the FLNRO office that had
not recommended or didn't think there needed to be
a study of grizzly bears, but I know the
communities have raised that with government.
So how was that taken into consideration by
FLNRO and the ecologists in the office when they
were hearing from the Treaty 8 First Nations that
there should be a grizzly bear study; was that
considered?
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THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Addison?
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: There are -- a "grizzly bear
study" is a pretty loose term. I'm not exactly
sure what the specifics of that would be.
If we were to do a population assessment --
and, again, we know that there are bears in there.
In the spring, when a grizzly bear walks by a
school bus stop, I'll certainly hear about it. And
those are fun, fun phone calls to have. If we were
to do a population inventory within the Peace, it
would not be my top priority.
We know that the mortality of them is quite
high within this region. It's really -- the
extirpated applies to a management strategy. We
are -- there are only three classifications for,
what we call, grizzly bear population units within
the Province. And in this case, it's three
management units running from the border to about
the Halfway River or so.
And we have no real intent to manage these
grizzly bears like we do in the rest of the
province. To have a hunt there, it's just not
appropriate for this area.
THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Lee?
MR. JASON LEE: Sorry, I asked about how
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Treaty 8 First Nations were considered in that --
in the decision not to go ahead with the grizzly
bear study, so --
THE CHAIRMAN: But we're now getting a
little far afield from the Site C question. You
may have a --
MR. JASON LEE: Okay. It's in regards to
those management units in that area.
So I guess my understanding that there wasn't
a study recommended by FLNRO, or it was recommended
they did not require to do a study, but I heard
from our communities there should -- there needed
to be a study to be done. And I just -- is it all
science-based, or does FLNRO consider the Treaty 8
First Nations' interests or recommendations? I
think that's important.
THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Addison, do you have
further comment on that?
MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Yeah, I mean, we would look
at it in terms of what the information need was to
answer the questions in front of us. And a grizzly
bear research program -- you know, I mean, they --
they are included as a VC within the EIS. You
know, there's -- to say that we need a study of
them is a very broad statement, and I don't know --
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you know, I wasn't involved in the decision to do a
study or not do a study, perhaps Keith can answer
that. I see him actually interested in it.
MR. KEITH SIMPSON: I think I can clarify what
happened with grizzly bears. We did consult with
the provincial specialists for grizzly bears, both
Tony Hamilton and Matt Austin, and what should be
done in this area. They were quite happy with the
habitat-based assessment that we did, which was
totally consistent with the current assessments
that the Province had done for grizzly bears,
recognizing that there are very few in the area.
And in terms of potentially capturing grizzly
bears and collaring them and tracking them in an
area like that is a considerable effort involved to
capture animals, even in a normal bear population
because they are quite widely dispersed, and they
don't occur at high densities, even in a healthy
population.
In an area like this, it would take an
extreme effort, months to capture a bear probably,
and all you would find out is what we really
already know.
THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Lee, I think we'll call
that one there. Thank you very much.
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MR. JASON LEE: Okay. Thank you.
Mr. Little.
MR. JAMES LITTLE: Thanks. I got several
points. I appreciate the opportunity.
I'm also representing the North Peace Rod &
Gun Club also, one of my questions are.
Just to -- Chris had talked the other day
when they presented that basically how they
allocate populations basically, first of all, you
have to have a huntable population. First Nations
then get the first kick at it, then the rest of us
have the opportunity. I just wanted to emphasize
that. And we support that.
Beyond that, this past weekend we just
finished what we have annually, we have a wildlife
count. And the Rod & Gun Club plus others in the
community go out and that get designated areas to
count what's going on out there in terms of
critters. So my zone is actually the confluence of
the Doig, and my wife and myself did ours on
Sunday. And other people did it in the Peace
valley, et cetera.
I can report to the panel their current
information on wildlife populations. In our zone,
there's literally no deer left this winter, or at
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least not actively operating out in our zone, which
we cover 280 kilometres of roads and trails and
stuff this past weekend. We saw one mule deer.
Last year, we saw 30 whitetails and about the
same number of mule deer in our zones that we've
had the look at.
We also saw -- last year, we saw elk, and we
didn't see an elk this year. And we saw three
moose, and the moose were -- they looked healthy
and everything else, but that's all we saw in our
zone for 280 kilometres.
The Peace Valley, the people I have talked to
there, there's a significant number of moose in the
Peace Valley this winter, and also a significant
number of both mule and whitetail on the slopes.
So this winter it's going to be a winter
that's going to prove what we've been talking
about.
The unfortunate thing is now going forward
for the deer, this icing and nice weather we have
is going to kill a lot more deer going forward
because your predators can take them on pretty
good, and we'll probably loose about a half of
what's left out there because of predators.
And, also, their skins are very thin compared
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to moose. They go through the deep snow, or if
they get chased out there, they actually literally
can bleed to death from cuts they achieve in the
snow. So Peace Valley is very important, in this
kind of winter.
Going beyond that, I want to remind people in
terms of the ability to cross the pond when the
reservoir is filled.
The other day, I was out in the valley, a
moose did come across the river, and did quite well
on it. This type of winter, where you get
freezing, thawing, everything else, and here,
steep-sloughing banks, the odds of a moose crossing
or an elk or any kind of wildlife is next to
nothing. And I've seen in my career, I've seen a
lot of critters die in the Pine Pass and that's
where the deer try to cross even the Pine River
there in the winter, where if they get in the
water, they can't get back up on shore, et cetera,
they don't make it. And onto the new reservoir
regime, there's going to be very little crossing of
that.
I guess in terms of changing seasons and
everything else, we do work with fish and wildlife
significantly in terms of providing funds for their
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wildlife count, providing funds for expansion of
stuff, and have done that along the Peace Valley
and wildlife berms, et cetera.
So the North Peace Rod & Gun Club do
continue, and will in the future continue to work
with Chris' group to see that we have a huntable
population of all species, even with or without
Site C, but we really feel that Site C could be a
critical downfall in the number of populations.
Thank you.
THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you very much.
And now I think it's time for lunch. I'd
like to thank the panel for the two topics that
they covered in some considerable detail.
We'll reconvene at 1:30. Thank you.
(Proceedings adjourned at 11:55 a.m.)
(The luncheon adjournment)
(Proceedings reconvened at 1:30 p.m.)
THE CHAIRMAN: Well, good afternoon,
everybody. I think most of us are here.
Mr. Brian Churchill is our first speaker,
and, as he's getting set up, I would like to turn
to Hydro, who, I gather, have information on
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accidents on roads.
MS. SUSAN YURKOVICH: Thank you, Mr. Chair.
I believe you asked the question of
Dr. Badenhorst this morning about motor vehicle
accidents statistics in Fort St. John. I'd like to
-- Mr. Izett can provide a little bit of
information related to that.
BC Hydro Panel:
Susan Yurkovich.
Siobhan Jackson.
Alex Izett.
Trevor Proverbs.
Judy Reynier.
Bettina Sander.
Celesa Horvath.
Jeff Lundgren.
Brent Mossop.
Dave Mormorek.
MR. ALEX IZETT: Thank you, Ms. Yurkovich.
Madam Beaudet, from the information that we
have from the Ministry of Transportation and
Infrastructure, there has been one fatal injury
collision from along Highway 97 from a point
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several kilometres east of the 100th Street to
about a kilometre and a half west of here at 269
Road. That's information from the Ministry's
collision information system. There might have
been -- sorry, one.
SPEAKER: What years?
MR. ALEX IZETT: Two thousand -- between 2002
and 2011.
THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Churchill. Welcome.
Presentation by Mr. Brian Churchill, Peace Conservation
and Endowment Trust:
MR. BRIAN CHURCHILL: Thank you.
My name is Brian Churchill. B-r-i-a-n,
C-h-u-r-c-h-i-l-l.
First, I would like to acknowledge the
traditional territory of several Treaty 8 First
Nations, and thank them for sharing.
I would like to thank the panel for granting
me an opportunity to make this presentation.
My wife and I have driven 1,300 kilometres,
from Creston, BC to Fort St. John, at our own
expense to attend a week of your panel hearings. I
would like to say that the only clients I represent
are my family and perhaps the public interest.
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My personal commitment to volunteer with the
Peace Valley Environmental Association and Treaty 8
exceeded the useful life of no less than three
computers. This commitment has had a significant
negative influence on the financial resiliency of
our retirement.
I am no longer resident of the Peace. I'll
get to that later. So I thank you to my many
friends and acquaintances in Fort St. John who has,
again, made me welcome.
I would like to introduce myself.
I'm a land owner in the upper Cache Creek
within the regional impact area identified by
BC Hydro. I'm a businessman holding wood lot 1925,
also, in the upper Cache area.
I'm a former resident of Hudson's Hope and
Fort St. John from 1977 to 2011.
I'm a (indiscernible) member of the North
Peace Rod & Gun Club.
I earned a Bachelor's degree from the
University of British Columbia with a dual major in
ecology and physical geography.
I earned a Master's degree in forestry,
forest wildlife from the University of British
Columbia.
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I was honoured to serve as a school trustee
in School District 60, Peace River north, from
1998 -- 1988 to 1993, serving both as Chairman and
finance Chair.
I was honoured to serve as a councillor with
the City of Fort St. John from 1995 to 2001.
I enjoyed a career as a biologist for the
British Columbia Ministry -- Minister of
Environment from 1975 to 1997, holding a number of
positions as a researcher, MOE regional team leader
for the northeast coal project, wildlife habitat
enhancement biologist, and regional combined
wildlife management and fish wildlife habitat
section head for the Peace drainage subcomponent of
the Peace region for a decade.
I'm a registered professional biologist in
the Province of British Columbia, number 128. And
currently president of the College of Applied
Biologists of BC, the regulatory body for
biologists.
I've been a principal of Chillborne
Environmental, a small consulting company since
1997 with a focus on interactions and
accommodations of wildlife, primarily ungulates, in
response to industrial developments.
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In 1998, I teamed with a number of other
local persons forming the Peace Habitat and
Conservation Endowment Trust facet to promote
conservation planning in the Peace low lands.
I have a varied project history, as do most
consultants, you may be interested to know that my
most recent and last major project included
submitting a report and being qualified as an
expert in the Northern Gateway Joint National
Energy Board, Canadian Environmental Assessment Act
panel proceedings. My specific focus was caribou.
My introduction to the Peace country is
similar to many who have drunk from the waters of
the Peace, and have been drawn to return as per the
Dane-Zaa culture.
Coming down the Alaska Highway in 1972 from
the north, after several weeks in the mountains of
the Muskwa Kechika, I couldn't understand the
brilliant, lush agricultural landscape and the
valley that suddenly appeared out of the sea of
spruce forest that made travel on the Alaska
Highway in those days so prolonged, like crossing
northern Ontario.
To this recent university graduate familiar
with the dry Ponderosa ecosystems of southeastern
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BC, the lush hillsides of the Peace River Valley
were a complete surprise this far north. They
spoke of much promise.
The northeast coal project provided
employment to begin my 35 years of residency in the
Peace. I lived initially in Hudson's Hope and
commuted to Fort St. John, but I moved to Fort St.
John with my family, taking the kind advice to buy
a house on one of the few paved streets.
Living and working in Fort St. John, I
learned the ecological values and functions the
valley mostly related to, the warm air flow that
creates a microclimate as it flows through the only
river valley to breach the Rocky Mountains chain;
now, the Peace Reach in the Williston lake.
This microclimate, the wildlife, the berries
abundant in the valley, the protective pastoral
landscape of farms and wildlife formed a personal
bond to the values found in the valley.
I'm here because I believe socio-economics
are not just about the numbers and graphs and
models and management plans; they are about
individuals, their occupations, investments, and
social satisfaction.
Those who choose to change their place of
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residency for their final resting place, perhaps,
easily understand the trade-offs -- understand
trade-offs are based on history and on family, on
quality of each day, and the comfort for their soul
are used in that decision. The place you choose to
live is a socio-economic decision.
My wife and I invested 35 years of the most
productive years of our life in the Peace. We
raised our family and formed our lives and dreams
in a continuing investment in place in community.
Suddenly our mental health would not allow us to
live here. The social and economic cost to us of
the dark cloud that has hung over the valley.
My objective for these hearings I'm going to
outline. The information flow has been
insurmountable for an individual, and the hearing
process has been fatiguing for me. I have respect
for the panel's fortitude and forbearance. I will
attempt to be concise and talk only about what, I
feel, may assist the panel's understanding. I will
close with some specific suggestions.
I'll address four topics: done deal, style of
consultation, the failure of the current Peace
mitigation plan, and the opportunity cost of a dark
cloud or shadow of the dam.
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The done deal, the long-term impact. After
30 years since the findings of the BC Utilities
Commission, and with continuing statements by the
proponent that Site C is shelf-ready, some people
and organizations have adopted a mentality that
Site C is a done deal.
The concerns of individuals and organizations
like the Peace Valley Environment Association, the
City of Fort St. John, have tended to be dismissed,
similar to the stop-the-hearing/start-the-dam
sentiment at the time of the BCUC hearings.
Without the BCUC, what would have been the
cost of Site C to the provincial economy had it
been built 30 years ago?
We hear much about the need for business to
have certainty, a concept I believe has merit.
Some level of certainty required by individuals,
organizations, business, and government so they can
anticipate and plan for the future.
Business needs certainty in the rules that
support not only their financial datas, but their
social licence.
Individuals need certainty that they can
invest in property, business, and community.
Social licence requires the perception of
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trust in fairness, transparency, and governance in
the best public interest.
A 30-year hanging done-deal status for Site C
has created uncertainty opportunity costs for
agriculture, recreation, conservation, and
effective mitigation for existing hydro
developments.
For example, Peace Habitat and Conservation
Endowment Trust Society facet was created by myself
and some other concerned individuals, many from the
local Rod & Gun Club. The purposes of this society
were to initiate habitat conservation projects with
other partners and to stimulate conservation
planning in action in the Peace lowlands
ecosection.
Unfortunately, those efforts have been
stymied by the perception of Site C being a
done-deal. Being in 1998.
In most every institution, local and
national, as well as individuals, identified that
the pending dam would waste their effort of
investing either energy or funding in projects in
the Peace lowlands; the most valuable and diverse
ecosystem in the region.
The substantive absence of meaningful
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dialogue and presence by the proponent in the three
decades following BCUC hearings fundamentally
implies the corporation has the right to Site C,
and, further, that such review, as your panel, is
perfunctory and perhaps unnecessary.
Much of the frustration in the region comes
from the projected attitude that Site C is a
done-deal. This perception has significantly
impaired the management of the valley and
associated resources.
Just try to develop a wildlife viewing
strategy, off-road vehicle management,
recreation-based business. These issues would not
be dealt with by the authorities because Site C was
perceived to be a done-deal.
Has the done-deal mentality led to minimizing
the scope of assessments and significance that the
proponent has chosen? Could the assumptions of
outcome flavour the process?
It would decrease values in both financial
and social licence terms, lubricating the way for
the project.
To me, the done-deal mentality certainly
appears to have had some impact on current day
short-term values that are used for the new
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baseline.
The economic axiom of resource certainty
(sic) indicates the abundant resources have less
value than scarce ones.
I need to repeat that.
The economic axiom of resource scarcity
indicates that abundant resources have less value
than scarce ones. So if an ecosystem, a soil, or a
desirable landscape becomes scarce or is perceived
to be scarce, its value increases.
So industrial envelopment is having a
cumulative impact on environmental resources and
social well-being in the assessment area, the less
impact the resources in the Peace Valley increase
in value.
The greater the region cumulative and social
impacts, the higher the value in keeping them
intact in the Peace Valley, contrary to the
perceived decrease in value from the done-deal
mentality.
A sentiment, apparently, shared by 1,000
people who participated in the Paddle for the Peace
in 2012. However, the done deal is not necessarily
done. And in the David and Goliath type situation,
the PVA and the people of Treaty 8 First Nations
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have raised, approximately, half a million dollars
in donations and contributions in excess of that
for volunteer efforts, all to try and provide the
panel with enough information to understand that
Site C is not a done deal, nor in the public
interest.
THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Churchill, could I get
you to move your mic a little closer. Thank you.
MR. BRIAN CHURCHILL: Thank you.
I want to talk about the style of
consultation. People tend to react based on
experience. I cannot remember when the proponent
ever accepted that it did not have the best
perspective or the correct interpretation.
The scepticism of many of the participants in
this hearing to the Proponent's intentions or
undertakings are not a matter of trust. It's a
reaction to experience.
The proponent has undertaken two
highly-structured consultation processes since 2010
that I have been involved in.
The Oxford dictionary online has a definition
of "consult". It's a verb to be used with an
object:
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"To seek advice or
information from, or ask guidance
from. Or to refer to for
information. Or to have a regard
for a person's interest,
convenience, et cetera, in making
plans."
For me, the proof is in the pudding. As I
sat with this panel for the past week, I did not
get the impression there was a surplus of people
that felt consultations met those definitions.
Not only the information provided appeared to
promote the project, but the formats appeared to
divide the consultees -- I'm not even sure if
that's a word -- into separate sessions to prevent
reasonable discussion.
Furthermore, the consultations were heavily
managed and perceived to be less than transparent.
As any recording of the proceedings was prohibited,
and only summaries, not transcripts, were produced
later.
Invitations to a number of business
consultation sessions were apparently restricted in
secret. Consultation with special interest groups
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were restricted to no observers and lacked
transparency.
Frustration levels at the open house
consultation sessions were high, as information
provided by the consultees, at one, were not
included in successive ones. Errors were common.
Such things as obvious, primary roots were
often misidentified or non-identifiable, and often
the presenter's knowledge was restricted only to
the presentation materials. This for a project
that had been shelf-ready for three decades.
Suffice to say, I doubt that anyone was
satisfied with the consultation, satisfied that the
consultation session sought advice or information
or guidance, gathered insufficient information, or
had a regard for the interests of attendees. The
proponent, however, seemed -- deemed the
consultation to be successful.
My comments on mitigation and compensation
programs. My comments made apply to mitigation and
compensation programs in general, but are
experiences with Peace-Williston for fish and
wildlife only. I have looked at the EIS
guidelines, and their requirements for mitigation.
I believe the panel has heard that the
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mitigation and compensation proposals are not
specific enough, that their effectiveness has not
been assessed in any rigorous fashion.
The funding level is not proposed in the EIS.
It was revealed at the hearings this week -- I
guess it's last week, rather than being documented
in the EIS that at least in the mitigation fund for
agriculture is not based on analysis of
effectness (sic) or cost, but on a model of the
value of today's agriculture effort.
I note that in the 2008 report for the
Columbia Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program
identifies a process of mitigation, planning, being
undertaken retroactively.
A suite of different terrestrial ecosystem
impacts are associated with the construction of
BC Hydro dams on the Columbia Kootenay river
system, from an ecological perspective, these
include loss of habitat or ecosystems, loss of
connectivity between remaining ecosystems, loss of
associated wildlife populations, and loss of
associated productivity related to those
ecosystems.
The Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program is
conducting a multiphase project to evaluate the
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footprint impacts of BC Hydro developments within
the basin by determining extent of habitat, primary
productivity, and fish and wildlife community
changes that result from dam construction.
The footprint impacts project will provide a
baseline understanding for the amount, location,
and significance of ecosystem impacts of dam
footprints in the Columbia basin, as well as assist
the Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program to
develop, prioritise, and monitor compensation
projects. This is from Oszik v. Hope (phonetic)
2008. I can supply that reference.
To hands-on biologists like myself, this
sounds suspiciously like a cumulative and
comprehensive assessment of where and possibly how
to design a mitigation program.
This 2008 project was reporting out during
the time that the proponent was keeping Site C
shelf-ready and preparing information for the EIS.
The EIS did not include similar studies and
would appear a similar project would have greatly
added in this assessment.
For some projects in the Peace-Williston
program have had the support at these proceedings
concerns have been expressed about the overall
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program and no measure or assessment of the
programs will lead to mitigate or compensate for
the losses has been identified.
The Williston program clearly does not
acknowledge downstream effects as it confines
projects to the watershed above Peace Canyon,
including virtually any relevance to the lower
Peace River communities, and even Hudson's Hope.
As a result of my tenure on the wildlife
advisory committee, I can testify that it was
identified that, for many species, many of the most
effective projects were downstream.
The terms I reference certainly impedes
wildlife and fisheries management in the lower
Peace River Valley, and frustrates the
effectiveness of trying to mitigate the impacts of
the existing dams.
Further, I'd note the proposed Peace
Williston Columbia fish and wildlife programs
started in operation, approximately, at the same.
1992.
I note that the Columbia basin and Peace
basin developments are somewhat similar. And what
is not similar is the mitigation and compensation
programs where the expenditure in the Columbia
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basin projects, I believe -- and this is very
difficult information to get -- are in the order of
55 million, a magnitude higher than what's been
expended in Williston.
However, I believe the example of the
Columbia Basin Trust model, which is not a BC Hydro
compensation program, where the objectives are
controlled by the effective communities has been
somewhat more successful.
You have been advised that BC Hydro programs
have been changed last year in the direction of the
Columbia Basin Trust model. This is positive,
however, I believe as long as the corporate
interests of the proponent set the parameters for
the program, it will continue to be unacceptable,
inefficient, and not mitigate effectively the
impacts.
The dark cloud or the shadow of the dam.
This is my last point.
I believe that BC Hydro does not believe the
dark cloud over the valley and the shadow cast by
the dam proposal is real. I know of no way of
illustrating this but through discussing personal
impacts. Despite my bull-of-the-north reputation
and somewhat fragile, as you've seen, and I ask
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your understanding if I have some difficulty with
this topic.
We professionals try to think in sterile
terms like opportunity cost or analysis of cost
benefit. But I'd like to think -- like you to try
and think of it in terms of hopes and dreams.
Think about the young person wanting to
practice horticulture as a common dream. If you
live in the BC Peace, that dream is squashed by the
potential inundation in the valley, or when the
proponent decimates the community of south Taylor.
This community was eviscerated by BC Hydro land
acquisition to prevent liability when the ice jams
formed, from their unwillingness to reduce
generation under ice forming conditions.
It is no coincidence, and not even market
forces that there's no horticulture in the valley.
[Indiscernible], a huge attraction to
resulting Taylor RV park or perhaps more it's a
lack of access to the river environment elsewhere.
I want to talk about -- to the panel about
how the dark cloud and shadow of the dam has
affected the mental state of many of us.
I believe that I represent a number of
people, some who are incapable of expressing their
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sentiments, some who are not mentally able to
withstand being here. I personally know of a
number of people who could not appear and speak to
you because the impact on their personal well-being
and the outlook of the dark cloud on this proposal
has had, day after day, year after year, for
30 years. They cannot speak to you about their --
as their dark places are too large. My list
includes residents of the valley, past and present.
People with personal or family trauma as a result
of upstream dams, people affected by the
acquisition programs, and First Nations people
whose culture is threatened.
I lived on the 269 Road, and was constantly
in contact with the valley. Our family investment
in the community was huge.
For a decade or two, we ignored the prospect
of Site C, but two issues drove it to the
forefront, and the hole in the dam was the start.
My wife was teaching at Taylor Elementary.
She was put in the position of being prepared to
rush her students out the door and make them climb
the Taylor hill on 20 minutes notice while being
responsible for their well-being from the crisis of
the hole in the dam.
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Then, for both of us, there was the
consultation, the frustration, the facilitators,
not even being able to locate the 269 Road on a
map, assuring us there would not be traffic
increase there, even when the written material said
opposite.
The lack of recognition in the consultation
that the already-limited health, culture, and
community services in Fort St. John.
Then came the secret drill rigs across the
street and other unexplained activities by the
proponent.
These incidents, combined with our frequent
recreation in the valley, in my respect for its
unique biological values could not be replaced,
worked on us day-by-day, week-by-week,
year-by-year. We became irritable, unsettled,
lacking in purpose. Instead of planning and
looking forward to our retirement years, we began
to worry that community wouldn't support us, that
the social network of long-term families would
disappear with the overwhelming influence of
construction camps and crime. Both of us began to
have physical anxiety issues.
I don't know who was more surprised: our
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friends or ourselves, when we quickly decided that
the shadow had threatened our health and future so
much, and we had to leave.
We moved to Creston. Ironically, there
appears to be more access to socio-services in
Creston, one of the smaller isolated communities in
the Kootenays, the size of Chetwynd, than in Fort
St. John. We will make a new life there, but, in
our hearts, we will grieve for our Peace River
home.
And there are some people with the fortitude
of Charles Steiner who can dream and overlook the
shadow of the dam, but they are in the minority.
The shadow is real, and results from the dark cloud
that has impacted the values in this assessment.
I want to tell you that I believe the Site C
project is not acceptable because the need for
Site C is both exaggerated and additional
generation needs can be met by more incremental
sustainable and cost-effective projects.
The agricultural valleys in the Peace River
Valley for future food security are a greater
legacy than electric generation of Site C.
The ecological values in the valley are
critical to the ecological sustainability in this
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region already overstressed by cumulative
industrial development.
I would submit that you might consider the
following issues in your consideration of this EIS.
The done-deal perception has acted against
the public interest. And this is in light of a
conflict between testimony of severity of potential
impacts and the proponent studies.
The cumulative effects analysis failed to
consider sufficient residual effects of the
opportunity cost in maintaining shelf-ready Site C,
and is faulty.
The Proponent's estimate of compensation and
mitigation programs do not meet the terms of
reference. They lack adequate specifics to
identify the funding required or the effect --
efficacy of the proposed and potential measures.
The compensation proposals lack the
information and technical details at this point.
Lacking the information and technical details at
this point likely do not allow the panel to have
the assurance that the required standards of
mitigating or compensating the impacts will meet
the public interest mandate.
Compensation and mitigation programs need to
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be at arm's-length with the Proponent's role being
advisory. While it is responsible for the
proponent to identify and fund mitigation programs,
once the fund amounts for these projects are
established, the proponent has, I believe the term
is, "dirty hands" in the administration of these
funds. The transparency, the information, the
programs they provide, and their efficacy cannot be
trusted.
Your panel has identified the shortcomings of
the Environment Impact Assessment. It has failed
to have identified or assessed the number of
significant issues in scope or, in fact, at all.
However, the proponent has stated its budget,
established more than two years ago, is adequate to
cover all these contingencies. Either budget was
grossly inflated or the budget, like others
worldwide, will be significantly exceeded, as you
had earlier heard from Dr. Sandra Hoffman.
The dark cloud over the valley or the shadow
of the dam deemed insignificant by BC Hydro has
hugely impacted the agricultural community and
social fabric of the north Peace.
The cumulative effects of other regional
development on ecological, social, and community
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values are so great that the combined additional
effect of Site C project on a combination of
ecological, social, and community values will be
the straw that breaks the environmental back. This
project has a combined impact greater than the sum
of a number of impacts by working in combination.
This combination includes an overall impact
that is significant, but has been deemed
insignificant by the proponent. The level of
cumulative impact is unacceptable and contrary to
the public interest, and I believe the intent of
the environmental assessment.
I thank you. And I apologize.
THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Mr. Churchill.
Do my colleagues have any questions? Or are
there questions from the floor?
I see one.
MR. KEN FOREST: Ken Forest, landowner.
A question for BC Hydro. Has BC Hydro
undertaken a review and an in-depth look at the
community structures and the social structures that
have been around here, and what to expect from
those structures once the dam is in place?
I'm not sure if you understand the question.
THE CHAIRMAN: I'm not sure it's closely
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related to what Mr. Churchill said.
MR. KEN FOREST: So that it was a social
structure and a community set of dynamics in Fort
St. John over the last number of decades and years
and even up until now, and I would expect that a
magnitude dam this size and the camps and
everything else that are going to come here, the
impact on the area will change some of that.
Has Hydro looked at the potential changes for
those, and described what there can be expected
from those?
THE CHAIRMAN: Hydro?
MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: I hope this answers your
question.
In the EIS, we have provided detailed
estimates of the expected size of the workforce and
where they might reasonably be living, either in a
camp as mobile workers, or as new residents in the
community. We've looked -- the assessment looks at
the recent -- I say "recent," sort of ten years
historical trends, for example, on the existing
mobility of the region with respect to the
population. The in-migration and out-migration.
And we've looked at the project numbers in those
contexts.
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So across all of the assessment areas on the
socio-economic, there are historic trends that are
able to provide some context. And that context has
been considered in the assessment, if that answers
your question.
MR. KEN FOREST: So within that context -- one
of my concerns, for instance, would be during the
EIS, when I was here, I was looking around the room
at a large number of people that I knew that had
been here for many decades, like myself. And
there's a huge chunk of the community structure
here. They are in leadership positions, they take
on community organizations, they belong to so many
of the infrastructure of the community, and they
really do help to run this place. And most of
those people would leave.
I'm wondering if you've taken a look at how
that structure would change if Hydro came in, and
we had people parachuting in and parachuting out
and not a really long stable kind of social
dynamic, the way we've had it in the last number
of years. That's the kind of question --
THE CHAIRMAN: Sir, I would take that as a
representation, as an argument.
MR. KEN FOREST: Right.
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THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Thank you.
MR. KEN FOREST: Thank you. That ends my
comment.
THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.
Ms. Culling.
MS. DIANE CULLING: Thank you, Mr. Chair.
I know you'll be delighted to know that I
have two clear concise questions. I certainly am
delighted.
So for Mr. Churchill, this morning there was
a conversation about the tourism potential of the
-- and the effects from the project. So -- and I
believe one of the panel members asked about parks,
which were brought up.
And so drawing on your experience as in the
decades of working with the Ministry of Environment
here, could you identify some of the tourism
opportunities within the project area that are not
currently realized due to the flood reserve
superseding existing reserves like (indiscernible)
reserves that would -- could contribute to the
growth of the tourism resource in the region if
Site C doesn't go ahead?
MR. BRIAN CHURCHILL: Yeah, there's actually quite
a list of facilities because there is only one.
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There's only the lookout at Attachie. There's no
boat launches. There are no trails. There are no
pull-outs. There are no places where people can
park their cars and go enjoy it. There's no -- all
those opportunities are not developed. And they
are not developed as was my personal experience in
trying to develop wildlife viewing areas in the
valley because, well, there's this dam proposal
here, and we won't spend any money there.
As a provincial government employee, every
project they brought up to enhance access to
wildlife and access to wildlife viewing, in
particular, and a major project going on time.
Said, no, you can't go there.
THE CHAIRMAN: Follow-up question?
MS. DIANE CULLING: Thank you.
And so my second question -- and you gave me
a segway here -- was drawing on your career as a
Ministry wildlife biologist, can you comment on the
importance of that drive on Highway 29 for
wildlife-viewing opportunities with specific
reference to moose and the importance of seeing
moose to both international and national visitors?
MR. BRIAN CHURCHILL: Well, as a wildlife person --
and this is not the wildlife session, but it is
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really interesting.
If you talk to any of the multitude of
tourists -- and I think it's about 300,000 that go
up the Alaska Highway every year -- their trip is
enhanced by the sighting of a single moose in the
entire trip going up and down.
To give the significance of the valley, I had
the opportunity to host the Habitat Conservation
Trust Fund board at a meeting here in Fort
St. John. And I arranged a trip up to Hudson's
Hope, and actually up to Dunlevy on the other side
of -- in the WAC Bennet dam, for these members of
the board.
Now, this is the Habitat Conservation Trust
Fund, the one that administers several million of
dollars of primarily hunter and fishermen's money
to do enhancement projects and manage wildlife in
the Province. That board in that trip in that
little bus saw moose, saw mule deer, saw stone
sheep at Williston Reservoir, and the comment to me
and feedback to me from the executive director of
the board was in all the tours in all of British
Columbia, the board had never seen half that much
wildlife.
THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you very much,
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Mr. Churchill.
MS. DIANE CULLING: Thank you, Mr. Chair.
THE CHAIRMAN: Our next presentation is, I
gather, by telephone due to fog in Lower Mainland.
MR. BEN NAYLOR: Good afternoon, Mr. Chair,
panel members.
Again, my name is Ben Naylor. I'm legal
counsel for the Province of British Columbia.
Yes, as you have stated, the next
presentation is going to be given by one Kristy
Ciruna. Unfortunately, the weather has conspired
to keep her from us in person; however, I believe
she is on the line, or shortly will be.
Kristy, are you there?
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: I am, Ben.
MR. BEN NAYLOR: So Kristy is here to
speak today about cumulative effects assessment and
management in Dawson Creek operational;
specifically, the Dawson Creek operational trial.
Kristy is the director of strategic projects in
northeast region for the Ministry Of Forests, Lands
and Natural Resource Operations.
Unfortunately, Ms. Ciruna does not have
specific knowledge as to Site C project itself;
however, at the request of the panel, she is here
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today to present the information that the Province
does have on cumulative effects in the region.
And so, Kristy, I'll just mention that Mark
is here to operate the PowerPoint presentation for
you, so if you'd like us to move to the next slide,
just please indicate that.
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Great. Thank you, Ben.
MR. BEN NAYLOR: Without further adieu,
I'll leave it in your hands.
Presentation by Dr. Kristy Ciruna, Ministry of Forests,
Lands and Natural Resource Operations:
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Thank you, Ben.
So, Mark, yes, if you could please advance to
slide 2.
So I'm here to talk about -- thanks, Mark.
And thanks for the introduction, Ben.
So I'm here to present a cumulative effects
assessment management approach, an operational
trial that we're undertaking in the Dawson Creek
area. And slide 2 portrays the boundary of our
study area, so it generally corresponds to the
Dawson Creek LRMP area.
However, there are cases where this boundary
can extend beyond the LRMP due to logical
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assessment units associated with some of the values
that we're assessing. So, for example, some
watershed units that might go slightly outside this
boundary, or, for example, northern caribou
herds that might extend beyond these boundaries --
THE CHAIRMAN: Dr. Ciruna, can I slow you
down, please, you are being transcribed.
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Yes. Thank you.
So for caribou herd units that might extend
beyond this boundary, but we want to contain the
full extent of that assessment unit.
And I also want to note that the assessment
units were truncated when it extended -- when it
extended past and into the Alberta border. We're
hoping that, you know, over time we'll be able to
better match information with Alberta to have a
seamless transition across the border.
This operational trial, this cumulative
effects assessment and management operational trial
is one of three demonstration projects under way
across the Province. The other two are in the
northwest and in the Thompson Okanagan region.
The focus of this demonstration project is on
cumulative effects assessment and incorporating
that assessment into decision-making to mitigate
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risks through management responses.
Next slide, please.
This slide provides an overview of the
project's approach. Thousands of decisions are
made across a natural resource sector every year.
Considering only project or sector-specific effects
can allow unintended impacts to accumulate over
time.
This project is taking a values-based
approach to cumulative effects assessment and
management where we focus on a manageable set of
values that are impacted positively or negatively
by the decisions.
A manageable set of broad values are
selected. And cumulative effects assessment
considers the impacts of past, present, and
reasonably foreseeable future development on each
of these values.
The information is used to compare the
current and near-term condition of each value to
its legal or government policy objective as seen as
the dashed line in the graph. So we're trying to
focus on one -- establishing one common objective
to be applied across all natural resource sectors.
And then managing cumulative effects involves
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designing and implementing strategies to mitigate
risk to values applied in a consistent and
coordinated way across natural resource sectors.
So to meet this challenge this operational
trial is exploring ways to look at changing
internal government decision-making processes, as
required.
I would like to take this time to talk about
some of the differences between this approach to
cumulative effects assessment versus cumulative
effects assessment conducted at the project or site
level for major projects without undergoing an
Environmental Impact Assessment.
For our approach, it's the responsibility of
government to be undertaking the assessment,
whereas, at the project level, Environmental Impact
Assessments are the responsibility of the
proponent. From our approach, we're using a broad
scale sort of area-based multi-sector approach to
assessing and management of cumulative effects. So
looking at all decisions on the land base and the
effect that they have on values, and we're applying
strategies to mitigate risk across all the natural
resource sectors versus more the classic
project-level Environmental Impact Assessment looks
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at more site-specific or single-development
orientation approach to assessment and management
of cumulative effects.
So the two complement each other very well
and both are needed.
Mark, slide 4, please.
So this approach provides, what I'd say, a
major advance for integrated resource management in
British Columbia, including three shifts in
decision-making across a natural resource sector.
So the shift from a single-sector approach to
decision-making to a multi-sector
coordinated-area-based approach to decision-making
moving from a project focused decision-making to a
values-focused approach to decision-making. And
moving from reactive to more of a proactive
decision-making focus on desired outcomes.
It's also intended to support governments --
a shift to open government as cumulative effects
assessment information is intended to be publically
available. So industry will have access to the
same information that statutory decision-makers
will use in decision-making processes.
Proponents will have improved information
upfront so they can be proactive in identifying and
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addressing cumulative effects, which will help to
streamline the authorization and referrals process.
And proponents of major projects requiring an
environmental assessment certificate will be
provided consistent, accessible information for
selected values. So information on current
condition, near-term trend, risk level, which will
increase the effectiveness of current proponent
assessments and help to reduce costs.
We also hope the intended outcome will be to
substantially address First Nations and communities
cumulative effects concerns.
Slide 5.
This schematic gives you a quick sort of
schematic illustration of our cumulative effects
assessment approach taken in this operational
trial.
At the top, we have -- it's key to define
what values we're using in the assessment, and for
each of those values, we conduct an assessment
where we assemble information, identify trends, and
basically conduct a risk assessment, that we would
come up with a cumulative effects assessment and
report on that.
And then we would take that information and
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develop management recommendations as guidance to
our statutory decision-makers for, you know,
consistent and coordinated management approaches
across the natural resource sector.
At an operational level, this may be seen as
guidance for permit conditions. Or at a more
strategic level, we might look at an area where we
need to be working with industries, First Nations
communities on a management plan for a given
watershed where there's high risk. Or looking at
access management problems. Or potentially be
looking at the level of where a current objective
is set for that value, and, you know, where it
needs possibly to change based on existing
conditions if it's not set in an appropriate place.
These are just examples.
I want to preface in this operational trial,
you know, in the approach that we perceive taking
is that, you know, government is leading this work.
But we are also working closely with First Nations
communities and industry throughout the process.
So making the connections to help us define what
those values are, what's important, what
information we collectively have to support the
assessment of those values, working together to
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look at a review of those assessments, and to
discuss what those management options might be, and
where our collective strengths might be in helping
to implement those management options.
Next slide.
So what I'd like to do is in the last few
minutes run everyone through just a little bit more
detail around the assessment that was done. And
starting with the values.
So we assessed five values for this
operational trial based on the following criteria.
Because it's an operational trial, we wanted to
make sure that we had -- we could use existing
values that were associated, that had existing
legal or policy objectives. We wanted to make sure
we had values where data was available to be able
to measure current condition, that the data was
spatially explicit so it could be mapped. We also
wanted to look at the values where, you know, they
are mutually exclusive of each other.
We were interested -- you know, I've
highlighted in red, the two values: water quality
and air quality. We say that, you know, those two
values are really important to assess in terms of
cumulative effects assessment. We did not include
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them at this time because we currently didn't have
the data available in this area to do a proper
assessment, but we would like to include it in
future assessments.
One additional point that I wanted to include
around the selection of values is that these are
broad values. And we've taken, as well, more of an
ecosystem based approach, we'd say, for managing
for these values. We understand that there'd be
other values that are nested within them, so it's a
bit of a coarse-filter/fine-filter approach.
So assuming that these nested values, like,
where they co-occur within these broader values,
they would share common ecological processes and/or
threats and we would assume that they would be
expected to respond similarly to development
pressures, as well as corresponding management
actions.
And this approach right now is -- which is --
you know, it's clearly defined in the literature,
coarse-filter/fine-filter. This
coarse-filter/fine-filter approach, this helps to
maintain a management set of values for assessment.
So the next slide just provides everyone with
an example of what we mean by, you know, the
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concept of nesting of values within these broad
values, and this is an example of some of the
values that we would say would be nested under the
riparian value.
So if we're maintaining riparian, if we have
these values that are co-occurring, then the fact
that we can say we're helping to maintain the
condition of these associated values. So things
like moose, black-footed green warbler, western
toad, bay-breasted warbler, you know, native fish
populations, et cetera.
The next slide, I just wanted to give
everybody a quick overview of the assessment and an
example of some of the assessment results. And
I've identified -- I wanted to walk people through
two values: one is an aquatic and one is a
terrestrial example.
So the first one on the left is water
quantity. So for the value water quantity, we had
the objective of limiting water withdrawals to
15 percent of monthly average flow. The converse
meaning that we want to maintain 85 percent
in-stream flow to maintain ecological processes and
maintain the environment.
So for this objective, our assessment unit
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was major watersheds, and we had 15 watersheds
identified in the study area as seen on the map.
When we assessed current condition of each of
these watershed units relative to the objective;
overall, the allocation of water was low relative
to the objective by a major watershed, but we did
note that there was some, you know, localized or
temporal over allocations.
For near-term trends. We are approaching
assessment of near-term trends not from a
quantitative approach, by trying to use
back-casting or forecasting to identify trends,
but, rather, take a more pragmatic approach,
looking at a qualitative assessment of the types of
industry development in an area, and what are the
major development drivers or leading indicators?
So for near-term trends around water
allocation, we think that the primary water
allocation pressure in the near term will be from
unconventional, natural gas development.
We know right now that market conditions are
a suppressing investment, but demand will increase,
you know, if pipeline infrastructure is approved.
We'd say, based on this information, overall,
the assessment of risk to each of those watersheds,
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in terms of hitting that objective, is low, a
low-risk. And that the anticipated bottoms
of withdrawal are very small compared to the amount
available in those systems.
And also to help to understand the risk, we
acknowledge that decisions are currently being made
on individual-stream courses, not at this watershed
level. So decision-makers are looking at the
seasonality of flows, which helps to further
minimize risk to over allocation.
So our management recommendations would be
that, you know, we need to improve the collection
of water use data, in addition to water allocation.
How much data water is actually being used
versus how much is being licensed, to give us a
better estimate of what's available, and that we
want to continue to support improvement of our
water quantity monitoring, as well as flow
modelling.
So the next example, just to give you a
terrestrial example, would be our valued old-growth
forest. And we used the objective to retain timber
in old-growth management areas except for minor
incursions, and it's, like, (indiscernible) percent
old-growth management area, less than 50 hectares
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or 5 percent. Or 40 hectares for large old-growth
management areas, whichever is less. That's a
total mouthful, but it's based on the land use
order for the Dawson Creek Timber Supply Area.
I want to note that there are no old-growth
management areas designated in the tree farm
licence 48, which is also part of this assessment
area.
So for current condition, you'll see from the
graph that most old-growth management areas have
had few incursions since being established in 2009,
so the bar on the -- the first bar on the left
shows the amount in old-growth management areas
that have had no incursion whatsoever.
The next bar shows where you've had
incursions, but it's still within the acceptable
level under the objective, and then there's no
incursions that have exceeded the objective.
In terms of near-term trends, we know forest
activity is stable or even a little bit down. Oil
and gas developments declined recently, but it's
going to increase if pipeline infrastructure has
improved the risk to this valley, we would
indicate, overall, across the old-growth management
areas as being low to moderate because even minor
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development can exceed the allowable incursions.
And the legal objectives apply, primarily
only to forestry activity, but old-growth
management areas are not designated under the Oil
and Gas Activities Act, but a process is under way
right now to develop operating procedures for oil
and gas activities.
The other risk is that, you know, for mining
exploration and development, it's a potential in
old-growth management areas, but we currently do
not have a regulatory requirement to meet this
objective.
So management objectives would be to conclude
a process for developing operating practices for
oil and gas activities in old-growth management
areas, and investigating application of old-growth
retention requirements in other sectors.
And just to conclude, after that detailed
example, I wanted to conclude on next steps for
this operational trial. So we're currently closing
up the trial for end of this fiscal. And we will
be completing a valuation of the trial: lessons
learned, what worked? What didn't?
We're going to continue to engage, to build a
shared understanding and to improve the cumulative
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effects assessment and management approach by
working with First Nations communities and
industry, and, you know, hope to be applying these
learnings to cumulative effects assessment and
management, you know, as we move forward.
Thank you.
THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Dr. Ciruna.
Questions?
Madam Beaudet.
MS. BEAUDET: Thank you, Mr. Chair.
Good day. It's a pity that you're not here
with us, but we understand why.
I have a few questions.
First, I'm not sure I understand how you
determined the map according to management unit
or -- because when we look at it, there's only part
of the Dinosaur Lake that is there.
So I'd like you to elaborate a bit more on
that.
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Madam Beaudet, are you
referring to slide 2 of the study area?
MS. BEAUDET: Yes, please.
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Yes, so that's a
terrestrial -- that's the boundary of the land and
resource management planning boundary for Dawson
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Creek. So that is the standard study area.
And for the values that we assessed, we know
that our assessment units for those values may not
follow neatly within the lines of that study area,
so they would be -- if they needed to extend
outside, they would -- except for when it hits the
Alberta border where we didn't carry over into
Alberta.
MS. BEAUDET: My next question: is the
source of information -- I think you mentioned
literature -- do you also consult with federal
Ministries that would have data on wildlife;
provincial Ministries on riparian habitats? How is
the information gathered? And how far does it go
back? What date do you have with the oldest source
of data?
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: The oldest sources of data, I
would have to go back through our metadata because
it would be -- like, I can get back to you with
that information because it depends on the data we
have for each of the values.
MS. BEAUDET: Yes, please.
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Okay.
MS. BEAUDET: So what are the source of the
information? How did you build your bank? And how
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do you continue to build a bank, the bank data?
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Right. So a lot -- the
information that we're using is actually all
existing government data. And it's all data that's
currently available on -- through our -- our
government storing house.
And to get specificity, we are working with,
through this demonstration project, I'd be working,
you know, reaching out to First Nations,
communities, and industry, operating in the area to
say, you know, if they have some -- where they
might have existing information that could bolster
our existing datasets. But, right now, it would be
on provincially-collected data.
And then over time, we would have that
information, the vision, is available, open to
public so that anybody can look at that data and
analyze it the same way that we did, proponents,
anybody, public, would have it available to look at
how we did the condition, the near term, and the
risk assessment. All that information would be
publicly available.
MS. BEAUDET: Thank you.
My next area of questioning is the two types
of cumulative effects assessment, you did mention
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that what you're doing is government
responsibility, and I agree. And for proponent, it
would be more specific type of cumulative effects
assessment not for a region.
When we look -- when you mentioned that you
would be advising proponents, who can either use
the bank to, I suppose, to prepare EIS or any
direction that you would feel is important to --
for them to notice. It would be more -- what you
have after the fact, when you do -- when the
proponent does an Environmental Impact Assessment,
it's a planning tool. And if he finds, through his
studies or through advice that you give him, that
certain things should be looked at more closely, or
that he should modify his project because there
would be some major impacts.
And I'm trying to understand if your role is
proactive, or if you just give the information. I
know it's a pilot study, but I would like to have
some indication in the direction that you will be
taking with proponents that have to prepare the
Environmental Impact Assessment.
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Great question. And I would
like to just sort of say that, although, the
Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource
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Operations is leading this work, we're working at
part of an inner-agency team.
So we are working closely with the Ministry
of Environment, Oil and Gas Commission, Natural
Gas, Development, Energy, Mines, Aboriginal
Relations and Reconciliation, and Environmental
Assessment Office.
So we've had many discussions with staff at
the EAO on how we can sort of fit these two
elements together. And where we see the most
interest -- and I think it's quite exciting -- is
that what we envision is that this assessment work
that's being done for these values, in essence,
could be defining what the regional assessment --
regional -- what is it called? The regional
assessment --
MS BEAUDET: (Indiscernible).
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: -- area. Correct, for a
classic Environmental Impact Assessment so that
proponents would have that information to know the
regional context, and that they'd have to provide
the site specificity.
The other area where we think that there's a
direct link is that the environmental assessment
office is a policy-taker, not a policy-maker. So
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they would be looking for direction from government
about how -- the vision for this to be successful.
And it's rampant in the literature, is that in
order to truly address cumulative effects, you need
to be managing in a consistent way across the
natural resource sector.
So we are setting up a process right now
where we're looking at establishing, you know,
heading towards the establishment of these common
objectives for a given suite of values.
These values -- or these objectives would
then be objectives that we would foresee the EAO
adopting to help with their assessment of
cumulative effects and guidance to proponents.
So those are the two pieces where I see the
direct link.
MS. BEAUDET: When we look at the region
here -- and we received a lot of information from
briefs and witnesses that have come to us -- you
look at the region, and you feel that they -- in
order to go ahead with any more projects, there
should first be a strategic environmental
assessment done.
And I was wondering if -- with all the
information that you are gathering, and the
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interactions you have with the different proponents
and agencies that you consult, if that would be
eventually a role that you would take on.
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: I think the two -- from my
understanding in the literature of reading of a
strategic environmental assessment or a strategic
regional environmental assessment, this process
that we're testing right now and trialing in the
Dawson Creek study area is very close to that.
And then I would see over time -- I think we
can all acknowledge that it being an operational
trial, we had to pick, you know, the low-hanging
fruit of a set of values where you've got some
clear objectives and data to test, but over time,
we would be envisioning to expand that list and
create more policy objectives to address more
values.
So I definitely think that that's where
you're going with the relationship of this project
to that type of work.
I think it's hand-in-glove.
MS. BEAUDET: My last point would be -- I
find it interesting that you are doing input from
15 different watersheds. We did have some
presentation, trying to indicate to us that there
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are lots of land-use planning and all kinds of
plans and committees, and the underlying direction
should be watershed protection.
You have indicated here -- like, for
instance, there's a low-risk with water allocation
-- sorry, there's a low-risk with the values of
location of water and -- in each different
watershed. Or forest is low to moderate with what
you have at the -- at present.
Two questions here: what would be -- what is
your role in watershed protection? Do you have --
on top of the data, you collect an active role on
different committees, or do you plan to have?
And, also, I would like to know, you've been
talking about water and forests, but you didn't
mention anything about priority wildlife.
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Correct on that question, I
think just for the sake of time. I just gave
snapshots of these two values. I can go into more
detail on the priority wildlife, if you would like.
Coming back to your question around the role,
and what we've done currently in watershed plans.
The Province of BC does have a very robust
land-use planning program where we have established
objectives on the land base that, I think, for the
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most part define watershed units, and we've set
objectives within that, which would be incorporated
into this type of project. So we do have a role to
play right now, currently, in how we're maintaining
values from a watershed perspective.
We also have, and will be furthering with,
with implementation of the Water Sustainability
Act, an interest in water sustainability plans.
So those are -- I think those are the two big
pieces to best address your question there.
I believe that you had a third part that was
the second question, and I have already forgotten
it. So if you could please repeat, that would be
appreciated.
MS. BEAUDET: My second question was with
respect to priority wildlife.
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Priority wildlife, yes.
So we assessed a suite of priority wildlife.
They were determined where we have objectives right
now for wildlife, that has existing wildlife
habitat areas, and objectives for wildlife habitat
areas, as well as ungulate winter ranges.
And, specifically, looking at northern
caribou, with the objectives coming out of the
northern caribou management plan.
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MS. BEAUDET: So only caribou so far was
looked at?
MS. RENATA KURSCHNER: Caribou and a suite of
wildlife species, for right now, where we have
objectives related to their core habitat, which
would be their ungulate winter ranges, or wildlife
habitat areas.
So we assessed the percent incursions, the
objective was 100 percent intactness of wildlife
habitat areas in ungulate winter ranges against
those suite of species.
Sorry, unfortunately, I do not have that
suite of species in front of me, but if you would
like more information about the results and what
those species were, I could easily provide that to
you.
MS. BEAUDET: Yes, please.
UNDERTAKING 91: Provide the suite of species and more
information about the results and what the species
were in the study
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Okay. Thank you.
MS. BEAUDET: Thank you.
MR. MATTISON: Hi Kristy, it's Jim Mattison.
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A couple of questions. I'm looking at your
map of the study area, the Site C proposals on the
Peace River, which is the northern boundary,
really, upstream of Taylor there to Hudson's Hope.
So we've been looking at that area east of Hudson's
Hope and south of the northern boundary of this
study area.
And one of the -- a couple of issues -- and
you just had a request for some of the wildlife --
certainly moose has been a big issue for us. And
the First Nation use of the land. And one of
things you talked about: incursions into wildlife
winter range.
Disturbances on the land, generally, has that
been looked at in any detail? We've seen some
alarming maps of -- at a different scale, with
different assumptions of the area -- much larger
area. But I wondered if you've looked at
disturbances to the land? And I'm thinking of
roads and seismic cuts and that kind of, you
know -- well sites and things that start to cut
into the land and provide access for hunters and
other vehicles and disturbed wildlife, generally.
And I wondered what work might have been done in
that area.
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DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Right. No, a good question, Jim.
So what we have done, we have done an
assessment of a -- you know, for the incursions
layer to look at the development footprint.
So, yeah, roads, pipelines whether it's been
cutblocks, et cetera. But I think the key thing --
and it's interesting when I started the project and
I started to grapple with this, the impact is going
to -- of those changes to the land base will be
different depending on your reference point. So
which value?
It may not have any effect on water quality,
but it might have a huge effect potentially for a
priority wildlife species.
So that's why, when we're looking at this
approach, we've taken a values-based approach in
saying, you know, what is the objective -- what is
the management objective for that value? And then
assessing impact past, present, reasonably
foreseeable to be able to get an understanding of
current condition, and then do that assessment of
near-term trend because it's unique to each value.
So we have done the underlying work of what
you would, you know, you would generically call
those different impact layers, but you've applied
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it differently to where it relates to each of the
values.
And for wildlife, right now, for this
demonstration project, we were just looking at the
objectives related to wildlife habitat areas and
ungulate winter ranges in terms of priority
wildlife.
MR. MATTISON: Okay, thank you. I
understand the approach, and I understand looking
at impacts on values.
It was our interest in First Nation use of
the land; particularly, with respect to wildlife
with respect to hunting and areas of importance to
First Nations that probably aren't mapped, and
don't appear to show up yet as a value.
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Right.
THE CHAIRMAN: Yes. Thank you. Just to
quickly -- are you done now with this first shot?
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Yes.
THE CHAIRMAN: When will it be published?
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: So we hope to complete the
evaluation, as well as a final, what I would say,
draft assessment report by the end of this fiscal,
which would be fiscal year, for folks that might
not be aware, it's end of March.
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THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. And I'm correct in
saying that for this first, as it were draft,
you've relied entirely on data that other people
have collected, and you've done no independent
fieldwork; is that correct?
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: That's correct. It's
existing information, so it's not a -- we have not
incorporated information at this time that's down
-- at the boots on the ground.
THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Fair enough.
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: However -- okay.
THE CHAIRMAN: Well, I understand that for
an initial study.
On the priority or values, I guess, I don't
see anything that would indicate that legal
limitations to the use of land, in particular,
Treaty Rights was a valued component. Am I
understanding Jim's question right?
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Okay, I will -- can I reframe
what I'm hearing you say is the question?
THE CHAIRMAN: Sure.
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Are you -- how are Treaty
Right -- are Treaty Rights looked at as an explicit
value?
THE CHAIRMAN: Yes, that would be a good way
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of putting it.
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Okay. So Treaty Rights are
something that's negotiated between -- with
government-to-government negotiations where, you
know, in our work with First Nations on the
project, it's acknowledgment that these values,
from the values and the condition of these values,
you can infer the condition of Treaty Rights but
establishing further on the negotiation of those
Treaty Rights because a Treaty Right could be --
it's not just moose, which might be a priority
wildlife value that we can assess current
condition, and trend, but it's more, you know, it
could be having other factors about, you know, what
is the experience of getting to area where moose
are, and the experience of the hunting plus the
value of the species. So that's a much more
in-depth process and conversation that comes out
through our specific negotiations and work with
First Nations.
But where we see the importance is that on
the values themselves, like, what's important in
terms of the environmental values, we can
understand specifically, you know, for priority
wildlife, how are they doing? What's the condition
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of their habitat. But it's just -- it's part of
that question because a Treaty Right is much more
than that, and it's hard for us to be able --
that's not for us to express, that's for First
Nations to express.
THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Thank you very much.
I hesitate to ask if there are any further
questions.
Tribal Chief Liz Logan from the Treaty 8
First Nations.
TRIBAL CHIEF LIZ LOGAN: All right. Thanks. You did
ask part of my question about how they gathered
information. So, Kristy, this was basically a
desktop process?
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: That's correct. And we've
been working with the communities -- we've been
working, I say, even more intensely with the
communities, with traditional territories within
this study area, and I've been working on, and it's
going to take a little bit longer a time, but
saying how does the information that the
communities have currently collected? So they're
very -- you know, approaches and their data
management and GIS, how can we help to incorporate
into this assessment?
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So those are relationships right now that
we're forming. And, you know, as we move forward,
continue to evolve, but that's very much three of
our approaches, is working together.
TRIBAL CHIEF LIZ LOGAN: Okay. So you're in the
process of informing and reaching out, but you
haven't got there yet; right?
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: I think that we have. I
think that this year we've had -- we've been able
to engage with -- engage at a high level with all
of the 11 Nations in the northeast, and I would say
intensively with -- or maybe I shouldn't say
"intensively," but working on a regular basis with
several meetings that we've had to discuss the
process and talk about values and information and
get those relationships going with many of those
First Nations.
An example might be, like, with our work
right now closely with Saulteau, West Mo, and
McLeod Lake.
TRIBAL CHIEF LIZ LOGAN: Next: are you personally
aware that this was a discussion at the Chief to
Minister's meeting in November where we had
requested, again, a regional strategic
environmental assessment --
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DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: M'mm-hmm.
TRIBAL CHIEF LIZ LOGAN: -- and we wanted to be
included in that process and to work jointly with
BC, and I know that West Moberly has been
requesting this for years. And so when is that
going to happen? When are we going to work with
you on this process?
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Right. Well, with West
Moberly, we're already working -- we've had
numerous meetings even this year, sitting down,
face-to-face, and talking about this project. So I
think that the linkages are there, and now it's
continuing to build those relationships as we move
forward.
TRIBAL CHIEF LIZ LOGAN: I'm not talking about
building relations, I'm not talking about talking,
I'm talking about when are we going to do this
because this -- I just got a text because they are
listening, and they want answers. When are we
going to be working together with BC on this
regional strategic environmental assessment,
especially in this zone, this area?
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: I -- we would need to have a
better understanding. As the question was just
discussed by Madam Beaudet, she can see the
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linkages between the approach that we're developing
provincially, and how it becomes, first and
foremost, a strategic regional environmental
assessment.
So we think that we are building those
methods right now to implement in the Province, and
we've been working with First Nations and reaching
out to build this --
THE CHAIRMAN: Dr. Ciruna, if I may, it's
Harry Swain -- and I don't want to prolong this --
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Right.
THE CHAIRMAN: But I do think it's time you
came up and sat down and had a talk with Treaty 8.
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: I -- I have been --
THE CHAIRMAN: Okay? Thank you.
TRIBAL CHIEF LIZ LOGAN: And I won't even respond to
her last comment, I figure it's -- it's on the
record.
THE CHAIRMAN: Okay.
I think time being what it is, we need to
move along, but Madam Beaudet has a question for
Hydro on this topic.
MS. BEAUDET: Thank you, Mr. Chair.
Yes, a question on cumulative effects
assessment again.
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My query started with your response, so I
think it was in your closing comments when you
referred to a response to Saulteau First Nation on
the Registry number 407, and you indicated to us
that the CEAA agency stated that for this project,
the EIS guidelines will not require the proponent
to create a pre-industrial baseline for cumulative
effect assessment.
So I went back to look at different comments,
some of them I was aware of already, when the EIS
guidelines were prepared. And there were lots of
comments of people asking that the two previous
dams be included.
And I believe there was three: Treaty 8
Tribal Association, Saulteau, and, what I found
interesting, there was also Environment Canada.
And they said that they recommended that the
guidelines direct preparation of an Environmental
Impact Statement that includes a thorough
discussion of existing hydroelectric developments
on the Peace River.
The environmental effects that have occurred
as a result of the effectiveness of measures taken
to manage them.
And I also looked at the document. It's a
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very extensive document from BC Hydro that
responded to public comments on the preparation of
the guidelines, and with respect to cumulative
effect assessment, you say -- and it's on page 3,
the letter is June 26th, 2012 -- and you say here
that you agree:
"... that in characterizing
any potential residual effect and
any potential cumulative effect, it
is helpful to characterize the
extent to which an area has already
been disturbed including a
consideration of the existing
hydroelectric generation projects
on the Peace. However, the
accumulated effects of all past
projects and activities will be
reflected in the current baseline
condition."
Some groups said, you know, that there was
existing data and you disagreed. Some agreed on --
they disagreed on your spatial boundaries,
especially with respect to the PAD, and we're not
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going to go into that. I think we've tried to have
some questions and directions on your thinking
regarding that.
But -- and you do mention that other projects
use a baseline similar to what you have done,
giving examples of oil sands projects, Prosperity
Gold-Copper Mine project, et cetera, and one is the
Dunvegan hydroelectric project because the other
projects as examples are not dams.
Now, the Lower Churchill also did the same
thing as you did. And they had lots of participant
views that disagreed.
I'd like to know more about the arguments
that you've used and managed; they must be magical.
And managed to convince the agency and
environmental assessment office of the Province to
go ahead and exclude the two dams. Because even if
there's a narrative, it doesn't preclude the
proponent to do a cumulative effect assessment,
especially if in the narrative you acknowledge that
the previous dams had effects.
DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: So in terms of that
question --
MS. BEAUDET: Excuse me, this was addressed
to BC Hydro. I'm sorry.
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DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Okay.
MS. BETTINA SANDER: Thank you, Madam.
I think you summarized many of the issues
with the whole cumulative effects assessment
method, so I'll try and answer, I think some of
what I thought your key points were.
In terms of, yes, we did hear during the
review of the EIS guidelines many requests to go to
pre-industrial, pre-Bennett, et cetera. And we
went through that process.
In terms of -- there was some -- within that
period, that review period before the Minister of
Environment and the executive director of the EAO
finalized the guidelines, we had some discussions
with Environment Canada. We had a meeting, I
believe it was in May 2012, I believe, where we
discussed the approach to cumulative effects
assessment in light of all those questions that
came out of the working group review period.
And through that, the -- that information, I
guess that discussion we had at that meeting was
taken back to the Canadian Environmental Assessment
Agency and the EAO at the time, and the
recommendation during that meeting was to,
recognizing that there was limited information to
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be able to go back pre-industrial, pre-industrial
for us would have been going back to the 1800s.
Very difficult to recreate that scenario in a
meaningful way that would help us to understand the
effects of the project.
The recommendation was made to, using the
information that is available to go back and
understand within the limitations that data and
describe in a narrative way what those effects of
those previous dams would be. And so when the EIS
guidelines were finalized by the Minister of
Environment and the executive director of the EAO,
that was the direction to us, to include that
information. And so that's what we did.
And so in terms of available information, we
looked at -- the hydrology data went back the
furthest, so we looked at that.
And as we talked about in the downstream
sessions, used that information to understand the
current flow and how those might be changed during
construction and operation of the dam. And then
subsequently to see -- to use that information in
our effects assessment where relevant.
MS. BEAUDET: Do I understand that the
major argument was that you didn't have the data?
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I mean, the Peace Canyon Dam had the
Environmental Impact Assessment done. The Bennett
Dam -- when you build a dam, you have data. I
mean, even if it's 1957, you would have data. You
had data only on the hydrology?
MS. BETTINA SANDER: We had -- the furthest
dating back data was on the hydrology. There was
some aerial photographs as well. And other
projects have gone back to re-create those
conditions. But if you read through those, at the
end of the day, it didn't provide a lot of
certainty with respect to what those predicted
effects would be.
MS. BEAUDET: So the argument is just the
availability of data; there was no other arguments
that they agree that you were right in going in
that way?
MS. BETTINA SANDER: Sorry, Madam, could you
repeat that?
MS. BEAUDET: I'm trying to find, as I
mentioned, the magical arguments that convinced the
Agency and the environmental assessment office of
the Province for you to go ahead and consider that
the baseline was September 2012.
MS. BETTINA SANDER: I think at the -- or the
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discussion at the time in that May meeting was
around the availability of information and being
able to, in a meaningful way, go back and create
these pre-industrial condition, and how that would
help you understand what the effects of the project
would be today.
And I think those -- you made reference to
other projects that had done -- had been requested
to do that work, and we reviewed those and found
that at the end of the day, it didn't really help
in understanding what that specific project would
contribute with respect to effects.
MS. BEAUDET: Thank you.
THE CHAIRMAN: I'd now like to call on Neil
Thompson who --
MR. BEN NAYLOR: Sorry, Mr. Chair, to
interrupt. Before Mr. Thompson comes up, if I
might have a brief moment of your time.
The dreaded procedurally (sic) issue that we
had talked about previously in the morning has
reared its head in the fact that the panel has
requested more information from the Province, and,
yet, the date for undertakings to provide that
information is today.
Would it be acceptable to the panel for us to
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provide that information that's requested,
including the date -- the history of the age of the
data, as well as the values that were looked at in
this trial study, by February the 3rd, with the
understanding that the Province will get that
information to the panel as soon as it is able to?
THE CHAIRMAN: It would be wonderful if you
could get it by Friday because there may be other
people who want to comment. I don't think it would
be hard to find --
MR. BEN NAYLOR: We will certainly get it as
soon as possible.
THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. And I thank you very
much for that.
And I would like, also, to thank Dr. Ciruna.
It's an interesting study, and a good first start.
And I'm sure it will find a lot of interest,
locally, here, when she comes up to visit the
Treaty 8.
MR. BEN NAYLOR: Exactly.
THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.
MR. BEN NAYLOR: Thank you, Mr. Chair.
Thank you, Kristy.
THE CHAIRMAN: Thanks, Dr. Ciruna.
I'd now like to call Neil Thompson, with some
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gratitude for his patience, because we ran out of
time in the air environment session and he agreed
to present later.
Welcome, sir.
Just a second.
MS. SUSAN YURKOVICH: Mr. Chair, Ms. Sanders
would just like to clarify a reference that Madam
Beaudet was asking about.
MS. BETTINA SANDER: Thank you.
Madam Beaudet, you referenced -- or made
reference to a date of September 2012 as the
baseline?
Yes?
And we've heard that in some of the
submissions as well, and we just wanted to clarify
that that September 5th, 2012 was not what we
considered baseline.
Baseline was characterized based on, you
know, years of study, field studies, and that date
was simply to reflect the date that we stopped
looking at all those various databases, where we
collected the future projects that we looked at or
considered in the cumulative effects assessment.
MS. BEAUDET: Because it was the data I
think that you have in your technical memo, so ...
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MS. BETTINA SANDER: Yes, it was just to reflect
that that was because of where we are, we were at
the time in conducting our assessment, and we
needed a day where we stopped looking at the
database.
THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Mr. Thompson, I take
your suggestion. We'll have a ten-minute coffee
break and then come back and hear you.
(Brief break)
THE CHAIRMAN: Okay, let's reconvene and
turn the floor over to you, Mr. Thompson.
Presentation by Mr. Neil Thompson, (Atmospheric):
MR. NEIL THOMPSON: Thank you, Mr. Chair.
I'm here today to speak to the cumulative
impacts that I think this project will have on the
aviation weather reports at our regional airport.
And the impacts that I believe it will have on the
accuracy and the reliability of the aviation
weather forecasts that are issued in this sector.
I think the treatment of the topic to date
should move it into the category we have previous
heard in the proceeding to that of an unacceptable
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threshold of significance.
And it is clear to me that, collectively, we
really need to reverse the unsustainable trend when
establishing the VCs with respect to air
transportation and large projects.
We had a very large mill installed in our
airport about nine or ten years back. The
assessment works that we watched there, I
considered almost farcical with respect to the
aviation side of the issues. And I'm hoping you
can help us do better this time.
I do not offer myself as an -- as the
expertise that I think you will need to properly
assess the topic, but, rather, as one with a long
working knowledge of what is required to operate
the safe and efficient airport.
In 1962, I went back. I attended department
of transport's air services training school in
Ottawa. And on graduation, I went to work at the
forecast office in Whitehorse. '63, I've worked
briefly in Yellowknife, and went back to
Whitehorse. In '67, I started pilot training.
'68, I bought my first aircraft. '71, I was the
officer in charge at the weather office. '73, I
was lecturing in meteorology at the flying schools.
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'77, I retrained as a crash rescue firefighter at
the Grand Prairie airport; I have memories from
that that will be with me forever.
'79, I retrained at the Edmonton
International Airport as an interprovincial
electrician with specialized training in airfield
lighting systems, approach lighting systems,
back-up power systems for the navigational aids,
the radar, the direction finding, and the
communication systems.
In '84, I came here, to Fort St. John, as a
complex centre airports electrician.
And I travelled around with Transport Canada
through the western region to troubleshooting,
installations, overseeing projects on airports
between Inuvik and Calgary.
And while there aren't many sailors in this
northeast area, I am the one who has sailed between
Hudson's Hope and the town of Peace River, and it
is truly a beautiful valley.
You have my condolences, panel, on the
reading assignment that Hydro has placed before
you. I also have read considerably, and I find
some serious errors and omissions in the modelling,
and the conclusions that you are being asked to
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accept.
I try to speak to these as we go along, that
includes some diagrams and some pictures.
And I ask that you consider these items from
the perspective of the increases in aviation with
respect to the disruption, the risk, the cost, and
the environmental footprint. It is likely that we
can all agree that better stewardship of the
environment should include the approach
environment, the landing environment, and the
take-off environment.
And I find in the minutes of a
pre-consultation meeting where our past airport
manager, who was also a commercial pilot, requested
that the project be assessed by a real
meteorologist, and he is now a supervisor at
Toronto airport, at Pearson. But I've spoken with
him about his concerns, and I want to make it clear
here that in the aviation community, a real
meteorologist is a seasoned, operational aviation
forecaster with the credentials to issue and sign
an aviation forecast.
I also see that this topic has been raised by
others in the minutes of the letters to the BC EAO,
letters to the Environmental Assessment Agency,
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minutes of the meetings, pre-consultation meetings,
and submissions to BC Hydro.
But the EIS appears to try to dismiss these
concerns or trivialize the probable impacts of the
project. And I'd also say that the presentations
you have heard here from Environment Canada and
Transport Canada were not intended to help you
fully assess the project.
I note during their assessments, you didn't
hear the word "inversion". Not once. You didn't
hear anything about "background moisture",
"pollution", "particulate". They didn't go very
deep. And I think they have the mandate and the
expertise and the responsibility to do that
properly. But I have a suggestion later on.
So by convention, the international civil
aviation organization and the world meteorological
organization agreed at a meeting many years ago
that any phenomenon reducing the visibility six
miles or less shall be reported in an aviation
weather report, and it shall be included in the
aviation weather forecasts. And that agreement
prevails all around the world.
If we consider the visibility of six miles,
and an aircraft approaching a runway at 60 miles an
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hour, that's one mile per minute. Right? So you
give him six minutes to identify the landmark on or
runway and confirm that no one is on that runway.
And I think two of you are from BC, and you'll
remember Cranbrook in '78.
So if we consider six miles, the pilot gets
six minutes to identify his landmark. When the
visibility drops to three, he gets three minutes.
Visibility drops to a mile-and-a-half, he gets
90 seconds. Three quarters of a mile, he gets
three quarters of a minute. But those standards
were agreed to when airplanes were approaching at
60 miles an hour. And now 120 or more is very
common. So that three-quarter mile visibility now
only offers him 22-and-a-half seconds to make that
decision. And if we consider the view through the
windshield of the airplane, it can't look straight
down. He gets to look out at a 45-degree angle.
So that means he only gets half the time to
identify the landmark, to find the threshold to
assure himself there's nobody on that runway.
And six miles, if you consider one of the
other reasons they agreed to six miles was that six
miles indicates you have some weather in that area.
Something is going on. And the SOP from any
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carrier will require that you make a fuel
management decision at six miles. How much more
fuel shall you carry, because if that forecast is
not reliable, we'll now have enough fuel to go
elsewhere, and land with 45 minutes of fuel.
That's the law. So six miles is a big deal.
When visibility gets down to three miles,
that's when flight under the visual flight rules
stops.
If you fly to the control zone and they tell
you it's three miles, they will also tell you
remain clear of the zone because that zone is
reserved for the IFR traffic.
So now you're faced with a problem. You have
to circle outside the zone, waiting for space
between the arriving airplanes, where they could
allow you in under special VFR conditions, or you
can stay outside the zone and burn fuel until the
weather improves, or go elsewhere; the choices that
you have.
The other parameter that's not been discussed
here is a mile-and-a-half visibility, where that's
the weather minimum for three of our runways. And
I believe it's also the VFR limit for the
helicopter traffic. It's not been discussed.
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There's been no discussion about cloud
height, where a cloud ceiling of 1,000 feet is the
limit for visual flight rule traffic; half our
traffic is visual.
500 feet has been ignored. There, it's the
minimum circling height within a traffic zone. And
200 feet, well, that's the decision height when
you're approaching on our best-equipped runway.
That's a big deal that's not been discussed.
So the question becomes why does Hydro's
consultant begin the modelling at .6 of the mile?
I'd like to know who or on what credentials
that decision was made. And my view of it is is if
we took .6 and you put it over 6, that would equal
.1. That's a 10 percent understanding of this
topic, to express it.
There is a reference in the EIS about a
meeting with NPAS. It doesn't say NPA society or
services, but one or the other. And Transport
Canada.
So let us find out exactly who and with what
credentials those people attending that meeting --
because the airport manager in training comes to us
with banking credentials, and the assistant manager
comes to us with a janitorial contracting
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background. They are not flyers. They are not
forecasters. And they are certainly not
Air Traffic Controllers. So we need good
credentials making those decisions. And I'm at a
total loss to explain the .6 mile where we would
start modelling there, ignoring all the other
parameters.
At this point, I give you the website there.
Do I have to read this out, sir?
I'm sorry?
THE CHAIRMAN: No, that's all right.
MR. NEIL THOMPSON: Don't have to read. Okay.
But the reference there is to a wreck we had over
at Grand Prairie where airframe icing issues were
the main factor. And a terrible forecast was a
main factor, and that's one of my concerns, is how
much moisture will come off this reservoir and
river, on top of the pollution that we've got, it
makes it very difficult to forecast accurately.
The textbook behaviour of an air mass really gets
impacted by pollution, particulate, smoke, all the
rest of it. It's very hard to do.
And the other website, I hope you'll have
time to look at. It's about an international
development work, they are trying to design a LiDAR
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instrumentation to locate super-cooled liquid
aloft. That's a big deal to do with airframe
icing. Super-cooled -- it will hang in the air in
the super-cooled state until disturbed, like an
airplane wing would disturb, and then it's instant
ice.
And that study, there were 33 scientists
involved, representing eight prestigious
organizations from Canada, including the research
council and Transport Canada. And on the U.S.
side, there were 12 organizations, including the
Boulder, Colorado, Institute and NASA.
And there was scientists from Russia, Poland,
France, Britain. Even Boeing aircraft corporation
put money into that. And, again, a big deal. And
what they are trying to do there is improve the
forecast product to avoid the ice. The
instrumentation would probably display on a screen
in a cockpit. It would be better yet if we could
display it on a screen in the control tower, and
then help the pilots avoid it.
Now, a little bit more about heavy industry.
Our city has rezoned all the eastern territory as
heavy industry, which, unfortunately, is closest to
the airport. But there is no setback distance in
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the official community plan between a heavy
industry and an airport. And, in fact, you can
look all over the Province, you'll not find a
setback specified. I don't understand why, but
there isn't.
Already at this airport, we have -- right up
close there, we have a wood pellet plant, a large
lumber mill, the largest strand board mill in North
America.
And just south of the control zone in the
valley at Taylor, very large gas processing,
propane refinery, lumber mill, asphalt production,
and another very large pulp mill.
And at night, you can see here that around
us, the oil and gas with the flares burning to the
north and the east and the south. All these guys
are putting their little contribution of
particulate. And depending on the wind, whether
it -- whether it impacts us or not.
In fairness to BC Hydro, it is not their
fault that we have developed around the airport
with little regard for aviation. But the fact is
we did, and all over the Province. And the
regulators are not responding to this. Just so far
behind the times -- I will assume that the rules
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were written before industry of this magnitude were
considered. That pulp mill, or OSB mill is the
largest in North America. They bragged about
having the largest press in the world. But they
put it right in the middle of our air traffic
control zone without much of an assessment.
So we watched that assessment. We were
pretty aghast, I guess. But the responses, we
would take our concerns to Transport Canada, they'd
say it's outside our jurisdiction. And I don't
even believe that. They have the mandate, the
expertise, the authority. I think what it is, they
don't want to argue with every ambitious Mayor in
Canada. Right? Avoid the issue, we'll just say
it's nothing, or jurisdiction.
And I can show you a slide later where they
recommend that you don't build your industry closer
than four or five miles from the eastern boundary
of your airport. But they highlight recommend, not
enforceable. And then they step back.
Environment Canada, during that last big job,
not a word about the aviation weather. They give
us 8 pages on fish habitat, 12 more pages about the
parts per million of the chemicals that you could
put in the air, not a word about aviation weather.
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NAV Canada, they're now a Crown corporation,
I guess, they wanted to talk about the paint
colours on the stack of the mill. Not a word about
the stuff coming out of the top of that thing.
BC environmental agency assessment office,
they declared that vapour emissions from wood
processing are exempt from assessment. And I will
bet you a drink that that rule hasn't changed. And
the BC Minister of Environment, their own
meteorologist responded to one of our questions, in
writing, and he said, "I have no expertise. Ask
the pilots." But they wouldn't.
So they assessed that with no credible
calculation for the background moisture, the
chemicals, the particulate. And no actual data on
the frequency, structure, or the duration of our
inversions. And I think you're seeing it again. I
don't find the word "inversion" in this assessment,
the EIS here. Clearly, there's some gapping
loopholes being held open for industrial
application.
Now, since that decision, the aviation
community has learned that 70 percent of an aspen
log is water. And that one million cubic metres of
wood from that one mill translates into at least
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1,900 metric tonne of water vapour every day.
For perspective, I would note that
1 kilometre of cloud contains only 500 tonne of
moisture. So the mill can make about four
cubic kilometres a day.
So if you have an inversion sitting here for
three days, you'll have a horrendous load of wet,
dense cloud, and it contains super-cooled moisture.
If you consider that the emission coming out
of that stack is 270-something degrees, and then it
drifts downwind and it cools; somewhere down there,
it will freeze. And I'll fly through that after
it's frozen; I don't want any part of it when it's
still liquid.
So in the late fall, in the winter, and in
the spring, considerable super-cooled liquid dumped
into the control zone. And that is only one mill.
We have two big sawmills and a big pulp mill also
producing water vapour.
To speak a bit about airframe icing, and that
is a big deal. To our previous assessment, the
consultant tried to express the weight of ice in
terms of the percentage of the gross weight of the
airplane. I mean, unbelievable.
So to comment here, the ice will affect the
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shape of the airfoils of the wings and the control
surfaces, the shape of the curves of the
propellers. The forward visibility through the
windshield. Static venting, which you need for the
instruments on your airplane. It doesn't work if
you have a coat of ice over it.
The antennas on the airplane, it's not so
much for communication, maybe, but for accurate
alignment to the instrument landing system, a small
error is significant. And it's the antennas on the
ground and on the airplane.
And engine performance, ice can compromise
you there, too.
Yeah, this was -- I highlighted the word in
red, "Recommended" by Transport, but then they step
away. I can put this up for you later, if you
want, to read the whole thing.
When you buy an airport from Transport
Canada, you buy it for a dollar, but you get this
library of books and licence. And if you don't
follow the books, you're always under threat of
losing your licence.
In this case, they sold it to us for a
dollar; in fact, they gave us the cheque for $2
million, please take it.
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So I think this project will add freezing
mist, more low cloud where it is not wanted, it
will make it harder to avoid the plumes of
industrial crud that we've got. And that plume is
imbedded in the low cloud or hidden in the mist.
When it's poor light or snowing or dark, it's
very hard to see and avoid that when you're looking
at it down on a snow-covered terrain. And the
plume is white, so ...
Yes, they'll do their best to avoid it, but
hard to see it.
And I thought it was nearly laughable that we
refer to our air traffic control zone in all of
transport's manuals as protected air space. When
it is clearly not protected from the oil and gas
people or the forestry people or possibly the
energy people. We'll see.
So by default, Minister of Forest was given a
final word on what would be deemed acceptable. And
this time, with your help, maybe the Minister of
Energy doesn't afford it the same privilege.
And I could offer some mitigation measures
that came from just from the local aviation
community. I'm -- you know, these won't be
required if the dam is not approved, but if it is,
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point one would be bring back the Air Traffic
Controllers.
Point two would be install the second landing
-- instrument landing system that's been discussed
in the past mostly because the one we have doesn't
align itself to the prevailing wind. I'm going to
guess that the prevailing wind in Ottawa is 290
degrees because there's a lot of ILSs lined up to
290 degrees. In here, the southwest wind prevails.
We could upgrade the centreline lighting,
which would then allow us to approach at a lower
visibility. That would help.
We could install LiDAR, especially if that
icing study and development does develop a
marketable display for super-cooled liquid. It's
not on the market yet. But as soon as it is, I
think we have the perfect place to test it.
The secondary radar, we could upgrade that.
And that would allow us to reduce the separation
between the airplanes because we have more positive
identification of where they are at.
We could re-open taxi Charlie -- let's see if
I can find this.
There's a map of the airport. On the
right-hand side, there, that taxiway is closed.
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Because it costs less to paint and plough the snow
and crackfill and overlay. So we closed it. But
now what we're seeing is a line-up of traffic,
they'll leave the ramp, and they'll taxi down to
the unactive runway, and they'll taxi right down to
here and wait. And when there's a break in the
incoming traffic, they'll backtrack down this
runway, turn around, and then take off to the
northeast.
That means you need a lot more time to allow
for that backtrack; the time between the arriving
airplanes. And I've seen, you know, just recently,
six, seven, eight airplanes lined up at the
intersection there waiting. Some of those
passengers were -- well, they were there for over
30 minutes waiting for departure. So that would be
a big help.
And the other thing we do, we spray the
airplanes with glycol to spray the ice off. When
you come down through industrial emissions, you
pick up a bit of ice. Well, the law says you will
not take off with that ice. So they have type I
and type II glycol, and they spray them. Very
expensive. Not environmentally nice. But in the
bigger -- like, Pearson, now, they have a
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drive-through. Recycle. And I don't know if we're
at that stage, but at least we wouldn't be letting
it runoff on the ground. A step in the right
direction.
So that would be our suggestions. Many
millions of dollars we're talking about there. But
I think back to my concern about the assessment
work, the easy solution to that is just take the
assessment work and submit it to the professionals
that work in the aviation weather every day. The
forecasters, the pilots, the Air Traffic
Controllers. Search and rescue have a lot of
expertise. We could draw on that. Yeah.
And the boys I feel sorry for are the medivac
companies. They get called rain or shine.
And I would offer some questions that the
professionals should be answering for us.
How much glycol are we using compared to the
past?
How many aircraft per year are now being
directed into holding patterns?
I was told we're up to 17 already; at a
little regional airport, that's ridiculous. And
that can only go up with pipelines and hydro and
development. Right?
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How long are those aircraft held in the
holding patterns?
I had coffee with the captain the other day,
he was in there for 41 minutes in the holding
pattern. You think about the very expensive engine
hours that he's burning off and the fuel. That's
not environmentally acceptable.
How long do the helicopters wait outside the
zone for a break in the traffic so that they can
scoot in? It only takes them two-and-a-half
minutes. They get from the control zone to the
ramp. But they wait and they wait. And they are
burning fuel and burning engine hours trying to
keep their passengers warm while waiting.
And how many aircraft had to divert to their
alternate? The alternate, I think I may have
mentioned earlier, they have to carry enough fuel
to go to an alternate if the weather is
questionable. And they need enough fuel to go
there and still have 45 minutes of fuel in their
tank. So if you think about that, 165 pounds of
extra fuel is 165 pounds of passenger you can't
take with you. So that affects the bottom line big
time.
And how many just filed their flight plan and
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then checked the weather and cancelled it?
And back to the point about alternates, how
many aircraft are using our airport as their
alternate? You consider Fort Nelson, Rainbow Lake,
High Level, Peace River, Dawson Creek, Chetwynd,
Prince George, and we are now upgraded as a
regional airport, which means they rely on us more
as an alternate. And we need to be a reliable
alternate because they are coming here on the last
of their fuel.
Unrelated to this project, but in terrible --
what would you say -- decision-making. One of the
best examples -- well, there's so many in BC.
If you look at Kamloops, they put a pulp mill
beside the runway, and they choked on that stale
air for years. And a pilot struggled with it.
Finally, they put a duct up the side of a mountain
and pushed it up in the westerly wind and it went
away, but for years they choked on it first. And
you got to wonder who did the thinking when they
built that?
Prince George has a reputation. You go in
the coffee room of any hangar and then ask them
where's the worst approach in the Province? Well,
Prince George will be at the top of the list
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because on runway one-five, you can't see the
airport for industrial emission. And you will know
that we just spent a bunch of money expanding that
runway and developing an air cargo facility, going
to attract the polar traffic to Prince George.
Think we've had four airplanes on it now.
But you've got to wonder about the thinking
with all those mills there why would [they] develop
that runway, you know.
But back to Edmonton there; I lived there and
I saw this. The Military had built an airport
there, a beautiful airport. But as it became a
city and expanded, that surrounded the place with
residences, businesses, train yard, cement plants
and on it went. And then they put a tall hospital
in the approach path. Sure enough, somebody flew
into that.
I'll -- I hope I've generated some questions.
This diagram, I was just trying to point out
how cumulative the impacts are. You could assess
it with any one of these parameters, the visibility
of 6, 3, a mile-and-a-half, or three quarters. Or
less. And the cloud heights.
Then you could look in the records all the
way back to 1940 and see historically what's taken
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place here. We have hourly weather reports going
right back to the '40s. So it would be easy to see
the impact of each industry with the factor for
global warming and El Nino; those wouldn't be
straight lines; they would be cyclic, of course.
But I think the biggest impact in our zone is
the OSB mill, and now this project will add a new
ingredient of low-level moisture, so more mist,
more freezing mist, super-cooled liquid.
The thing about that valley, the mist will
form down there, and about mid-morning, normally,
you'll see the land start to warm up, and then it
lifts off the ground and then actually it floats
right up off the valley and floats right over the
airport.
And as the day warms and the air dries, it
gets higher and higher and pretty soon it's not a
problem. But when you mix that with the upslope
from the east, in this -- I think I got a low here
I was going to show you.
If you look at the area to the north of that
low, the winds are prevailing east. And when that
happens here -- or, say, the low is south of us, so
that this whole area is in an easterly wind flow,
that air actually flows uphill from Alberta. So
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there's -- you reach a condensation level, and the
low cloud all piles up there against the mountains
and the foothills. So then after the low is gone
and the wind comes around to the west, it all comes
back. So to mix industrial gunk into that is
heartburn for us.
I want to especially show you this picture.
That's an approach light fixture, and I would say
about three-quarters of an inch of frost on that.
It's designed to deliver about 5,000 candella at
about 8 degrees to the pilot's eye. Right? And
those are the ones you see; they flash in sequence
and take the pilots eye down to the threshold.
Well, as you can see there, you have a choice
of three brightness settings, but you're not going
to get your 5,000 candella out of that.
And that because it flashes, it doesn't
generate any heat, so it won't defrost itself.
You've got to wade out in the snow there and brush
that all off.
That's the OSB mill in the background. And a
very dry day. I'm going to suggest the southwest
wind is just rolling in. And it's dry enough that
that plume isn't even a kilometre long. Some days,
that plume will go 9 and 10 kilometres long, and
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contain the super-cooled liquid.
In the left side of that picture, you see the
threshold lighting. That is normal incandescent
light. So it generates enough heat and it defrosts
itself. But these ones, the model here doesn't.
You can see just above the orange box the
beehive burner, which, thank god, they finally took
away.
I think you're probably aware of -- the lows
turn anti-clockwise. And they can't penetrate
areas of high, so you're seeing there the boundary
between the Arctic air and the Maritime. And it's
a constant moving struggle. It goes day and night.
But the -- I could go back to this otherwise
and show you the ...
To the right of that red line, that warm
front, down in here, that's where the inversions
will be the strongest, where the warm air is
lighter than the cold.
So it can't do anything but run over top of
the cold, and then slowly erodes its way down
through the cold and you finally feel it here on
the ground.
But under that inversion, there's no
dispersion of pollution. It's very stable, very
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stagnant air. So that's where your air quality
will be the worst. That's where you're flying
weather will be difficult if there's industrial
emissions in the area.
Under the -- in the purple sector of that
diagram, that's a trough of warm air, and it's been
forced above the ground. But it's still warm, and,
therefore, it's still an inverse. And it still
gives you the airframe icing issues where you take
a cold wing and you go into warm air and then back
into cold air. This is not nice.
This is a view from the north fence looking
down the runway one-one. You can see the plume
there blowing across from the right.
Clearly, a clear blue day everywhere else
above that, but this day, very fowl conditions on
the runway. And the reason I took the picture was
that a plane had just flown over my car there, and
I realized that the winds were favouring approaches
from the other end of that runway; in fact, the
other traffic that day were all coming from the
opposite way, but this guy elected to go in this
way because there was more pavement sticking out of
that fog bank. And he landed successfully. It was
all good, but if he missed that landing, he would
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have had to climb out towards all the other planes
that are coming in. Give the controller some
heartburn there.
THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Thompson, I think I'm
going to have to stop you there because we're
running out of time. This is endlessly
fascinating, I must say, and I'm convinced when I
go back to Victoria, I'm going to hitchhike.
MR. NEIL THOMPSON: Still safer than driving,
Mr. Chair.
THE CHAIRMAN: I could entertain one
question from the floor, if there is one.
Then otherwise, sir, thank you very much for
a fascinating disquisition.
MR. NEIL THOMPSON: All I would add is that
Environment Canada and Transport Canada could have
helped you a lot more in your assessment. I don't
understand why they didn't bring the experts that I
think you need to assess this properly.
THE CHAIRMAN: Stick around for Hydro's
closing comments on this, and let's see what they
have to say. Thank you.
MR. NEIL THOMPSON: Thank you.
THE CHAIRMAN: There's a couple of vehicles
that are going to get towed: a silver Ford: 191
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3CG. And a red Ford: BA3 570. See the front desk,
or they are going to get towed. Thank you.
Our final presentation is -- before we hear
from Hydro -- is from Saulteau First Nations.
MR. PETER FELDBERG: Mr. Chair, while
Mr. McCormack is just setting up, I think we
mentioned this morning that we had -- our fish
biologists were here, and, if you recall, when they
filed, they said we'd like a chance to respond.
Probably the most efficient way is, as we've done
it before, if they just do it orally once we're
done; it won't take more than a few minutes, I
don't think.
THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Good. Thank you.
Saulteau First Nations Panel:
Jesse McCormick (Legal Counsel).
Rick Palmer (via telephone).
Alyssa Murdoch (via telephone).
Presentation by Jesse McCormack, Legal Counsel for
Saulteau First Nations:
MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Good afternoon, members of
the panel. As you're aware, my name is Jesse
McCormick. I'm legal counsel to Saulteau First
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Nations.
I'm pleased to have the opportunity to
present the Saulteau First Nations presentation on
fish and fish habitat.
As you are aware, a technical memorandum
entitled Review of Site C Environment Impact
Statement, fish and fish habitat, has been filed as
written accompaniment to this PowerPoint
presentation.
The content of the PowerPoint presentation is
derived from the technical memorandum. And both
the PowerPoint and the technical memorandum have
been filed with the panel Secretariat, and they are
available on the CEAR Registry as document
number 2432.
In an effort to overcome some of the
limitations of remote participation, I'll be
conducting most of the presentation. However, we
are joined on the telephone by Mr. Rick Palmer and
Ms. Alyssa Murdoch of Palmer Environmental
Consulting Group.
They are the authors of the technical
memorandum, and the PowerPoint presentation. And
they will be helping out with some of the technical
content, and they will also be available to answer
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any questions.
I would like now to introduce them to the
panel.
You see before you slide 2. And I'd like to
confirm, first of all, do we have Rick Palmer and
Alyssa Murdoch on the phone?
MR. RICK PALMER: Go ahead, Alyssa.
MS. ALYSSA MURDOCH: Yes, I'm here, Jesse.
MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Welcome. Thank you very
much.
MR. RICK PALMER: Hi, Jesse. I'm here,
too.
Introduction of the Saulteau First Nations panel, by
Mr. Jesse McCormick:
MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Thank you.
So you see here on the screen, the gentleman
on the left, in the blue shirt, is Mr. Rick Palmer.
He is the president of Palmer Consulting Group
Incorporated. And a senior fisheries biologist.
He's a registered professional biologist with
College of Applied Biology.
He holds a Master's of Science in fisheries
from the University of Waterloo, and a Bachelor of
Science from Simon Fraser University.
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He has extensive experience in relation to
evaluating and implementing fish and fish habitat
mitigation measures for large projects.
On the right-hand side of the screen, you see
a photo of Ms. Alyssa Murdoch. And Ms. Murdoch is
an aquatic biologist. And a registered
professional biologist with the Association of
Professional Biologists of BC.
She holds a Master of Science from the
University of Waterloo; focused on northern
fisheries ecology. And a Bachelor of Science in
marine biology from the University of British
Columbia.
CVs for both of these individuals were filed
on December 19, 2013, and are available on the
Registry at CEAA document number 2246.
Turning now to slide 3. Palmer Consulting
Group conducted a review of fish and fish habitat
and mitigation measures identified in the
environmental assessment documentation. That
review was conducted with a focus on deficiencies
and proposed mitigation, opportunities for
mitigation and compensation enhancement, fish
species of concern to Saulteau First Nations, and
priority areas for Saulteau First Nation land
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users.
Slide 4. You see this is BC Hydro's response
to undertaking 7, which displays the Peace-Moberly
Tract in the area of critical interest.
As you are aware the PMT and the ACCI are
areas of high value and importance to Saulteau
First Nations and the presentation supporting
technical memorandum focus on impacts and
mitigation measures relevant to these areas.
Slide 5. So the presentation focuses on four
key areas: fisheries productivity offsetting,
compensation; two, fish populating modelling;
three, fish stranding; and four, riparian or
stream-side vegetation.
And for each area, we identify an issue of
concern, key points in relation to that issue, and
suggested recommendations. And the overarching
purpose of the review was to identify deficient
mitigation measures or analyses and to propose
recommendations for potential mitigation
enhancements.
Turning now to slide 6. We understand that
the change from river to reservoir will likely
lower fisheries productivity and/or extirpate local
fish populations, including Moberly River Arctic
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grayling and Peace River mountain whitefish.
As the panel is aware, a fisheries
productivity offsetting plan is required by law.
The EIS guidelines also state, in Section 10.2.4,
potential effects of the project and proposed
mitigation, that the EIS will describe follow-up
and monitoring plans to determine the effectiveness
of measures to mitigate or compensate for the
adverse environmental effects of the project. That
request was included, despite a request from
BC Hydro, in their correspondence of May 31st,
2012, not to include that content on the basis that
it was sufficiently addressed elsewhere.
So BC Hydro's informed the panel that a fish
and fish habitat compensation plan is currently
being developed.
The panel requested more detail on the plan,
in information request number 11, in order to help
the panel understand how the Proponent's plans will
effectively compensate for adverse effects of the
project.
The panel requested BC Hydro to provide a
conceptual fish habitat compensation plan,
including information on the following points:
- Who would be involved in the planning
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and implementation of the plan, and how?
- What would be the objectives of the
plan?
- What would be the measures of success?
- What would be the timeline for
providing the final plan?
- How will the proposed plan address
identified effects of the project?
- What changes are expected to fish
habitat after implementation of the plan?
- And how will the plan account for
navigational concerns?
Saulteau First Nations does not consider the
response issued by BC Hydro to information request
number 11, to provide adequate information to
assess the quality or effectiveness of the proposed
fisheries productivity offsetting plan.
In our view, impacts on fish and fish habitat
arising from this project, if it were to be
constructed will be significant, and the level of
planning for fisheries productivity offsetting is
deficient for this stage of project development.
We would also note that Transport Canada has
raised concerns relating to the lack of information
provided by BC Hydro concerning habitat
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compensation measures as they relate to
navigability.
So in our view, BC Hydro has had ample
opportunity to demonstrate the specific measures
that could be implemented as part of the fisheries
productivity offsetting plan. However, the details
have been scarce.
Saulteau First Nations request that in the
absence of specific measures to address impacts on
fish and fish habitat, through fish habitat
compensation, that the panel include
recommendations in the final report to establish
clear standards for any fish habitat compensation
measures that may be developed in the future.
Turning now to slide 7. You see here some of
the recommendations from Saulteau First Nations in
relation to fisheries productivity offsetting.
Briefly stated, Saulteau First Nations'
priorities, including fish species of concern in
local habitats should be considered during
offsetting plan development.
And the offsetting plan should also include
research programs with the aim of identifying any
critical informational gaps, which will aid in
directing and prioritizing future compensation
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efforts.
Saulteau First Nations should be engaged in
guiding research priorities, and trained as
technicians for assisting in the field research.
Research initiatives can make up to 10 percent of
the total offsetting efforts under the new
Fisheries Act regulations.
So, for example, compensation could focus on
enhancing habitat for locally-harvested species
that will be reduced or extirpated due to project
effects, such as arctic grayling.
In addition, potential offsetting locations
could include the enhancement of Saulteau First
Nations' fisheries in Moberly Lake, Moberly River,
or the Peace River for measures such as habitat
enhancement or creation.
We now turn to an area on Slide 8. And I
will look to Rick and Alyssa to provide some
assistance. I am quick to admit that fish
population modelling is a bit beyond my
capabilities.
Rick.
MR. RICK PALMER: Jesse, can you hear me
okay?
MR. JESSE McCORMICK: We can hear you just
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fine. Thank you.
Presentation by Mr. Rick Palmer, Saulteau First Nations:
MR. RICK PALMER: Okay. So it's Rick
Palmer speaking. The spelling of my name is Rick,
R-i-c-k. Palmer, P-a-l-m-e-r.
So the next two slides we'll just touch on
the fish population modelling, as many of you may
know, models are really vehicles for determining
predictions.
And the issue specifically with the modelling
that's being undertaken here is that fish
population models were conducted for identified
species of concern to determine if population-level
conservation objectives will be met following dam
construction.
When they speak of conservation objectives,
we're speaking of 10 percent of pre-project total
adult abundance.
Now, both Alyssa and I are not modelling
experts. Our company does not build models for
such activities, but we are fisheries biologists.
So we understand models from a high level, and we
recognize the importance of the input parameters,
and understand those parameters.
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So our points here are meant to help build a
more robust model, not necessarily pull apart a
model that's been recommended.
Volume 2, Appendix Q3, the models were
completed for Arctic grayling, bull trout, and
kokanee.
One of our key points is that several
unrealistic or unsupported assumptions; for
example, fixed recruitment, being the number of
eggs of Arctic grayling spawners, was fixed at
1,000.
Now, the models that are provided by BC Hydro
in addition don't have the sufficient detail, we
feel, regarding such things as the basis for these
parameter assumptions, including the validation of
the methods and robustness of the model results,
depending on the type of parameter inputs; for
example, sensitivity analysis being required.
A third point is that the models results were
not adequately tested for potential changes to the
input parameter values; once again, the recruitment
and the initial population size.
So the models, as described, do not include
the potential for dynamic interactions, such as the
change in the number of recruits, depending on the
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spawner density.
So, for example, the arctic grayling model
uses a fixed recruitment of 1,000 recruits per
spawner, which is identified in volume 2,
Appendix Q3, page 30.
And the bull trout model stipulates that the
number of age-3 recruits is independent of the
number of spawners. Volume 2, Appendix Q3,
page 20.
So these are, clearly, unrealistic
assumptions, and that models with a dynamic
interaction are required to adequately predict
spawning success and result in population
fluctuations.
The fourth point is the Beverton-Holt
stock-recruitment model used is less conservative,
and not appropriate for the types of species being
modelled.
The recruitment models were employed in the
fish population model (indiscernible) and Ricker
stock recruitment model is a little more sensitive
to the changes in abundance and is the most
commonly-employed model for predicting
relationships for (indiscernible) species.
One can look to the work done by Elliott in
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England and the extensive work that was done on
brown trout.
So on the fifth point is our feeling that a
secondary risk-based model would provide additional
support to predictions, and would be more
conservative for maintaining harvestable levels of
fish.
I'm going to slide 9.
Our suggested recommendations are:
- That there's an -- include more
realistic biological relationships. So, for
example, the fixed recruitment comment versus the
real world data from other systems. So looking to
other systems within British Columbia. And if
there's not sufficient information or sufficient
baseline data collected at -- for the project site,
then look to other areas to put that information
into the model.
- To perform some sensitivity testing.
And this was completed, but it wasn't clear as to
the amount of sensitivity testing that was done.
And shown in a systematic way to show the
robustness of the model was some of these parameter
combinations.
- To report the level of uncertainty. So
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how much do the outputs, the population size vary
from the mean? What are the confidence limits?
- To provide clear, scientific
justification, and validation of model parameter
assumptions. So, once again, a reference to the
real-world studies when selecting inputs, such as
passage efficiency, sockeye versus bull trout and
arctic grayling, the annual survival of bull trout
older than age-3.
- To use more appropriate Ricker
stock-recruitment function. So data from
(indiscernible) are usually supported more by the
Ricker model, which is suggested by a large
reference of material; however, we are only -- in
this bullet, this point -- we are only suggesting
that the use of both models is conducted. And a
comparison of those two models.
- And then the last bullet is to use
secondary risk-based model to compare and confirm
abundance-based model results.
So even if the results are similar, it will
help verify the estimates. If they are different,
then what you have done is not necessarily telling
us a whole lot.
So you want to have at least two types of
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models to verify the results of the model employed.
Back to you, Jesse.
Continued presentation by Mr. Jesse McCormick, Saulteau
First Nations:
MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Thank you, Rick.
Turning now to slide 10. Briefly discuss the
issue of fish stranding.
Fish stranding will occur during reservoir
creation, as well as part of the regular water
level fluctuations during operations. Essentially,
when the water level drops, there's the possibility
that the fish will become trapped in certain areas
and may face mortality as a result.
BC Hydro claims that fish-stranding effects
will be fully mitigated. However, the details are
quite scarce in relation to their mitigation
strategy, and the timelines for attempting to
address fish-stranding are quite limited.
Turning to slide 11, we do provide,
essentially, two main points of recommendation.
The first is that BC Hydro should be required
to provide further detail of the fish salvaging
program to support the claims that effects of
stranding will be fully mitigated. Questions such
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as:
How often will they be surveying?
What will be the triggers for surveillance?
How will the recapture program be designed?
What types of gear will they have available
to use?
And what types of methods will be employed to
reduce gear-size selectivity?
And, ultimately, what's going to happen in
the event of an emergency drain dam protocol where
the levels drop significantly?
And we would also request that BC Hydro
include estimated fish mortality from stranding in
population estimate modelling.
I will now turn to slide 12. And here we
note riparian or stream-side vegetation. And we
note that in the EIS guidelines, at Section 10.2.4,
in the subheading potential effects of the project
and proposed mitigation. The EIS will identify and
describe the aquatic and riparian habitat in
fisheries resources expected to be impacted by the
project.
And that may be found at hard copy page 52 of
the EIS guidelines.
And I would now like to ask Alyssa to provide
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some further information in relation to impacts of
the project on riparian vegetation.
Presentation by Ms. Alyssa Murdoch, Saulteau First
Nations:
MS. ALYSSA MURDOCH: Thank you, Jesse.
So my name is Alyssa Murdoch, as you were
already introduced. That's spelled A-l-y-s-s-a,
M-u-r-d-o-c-h.
So I'm going to speak a little bit about
riparian vegetation. It's a stream-side
vegetation, and it's an important component of the
aquatic environment because it provides nutrients
and food inputs, such as (indiscernible). It also
provides overhanging vegetation and woody debris
that enters the water and this serves as protective
cover for juvenile and adult fish. And it also
provides shading.
And the issue at-hand is that the conversion
of the Peace River into a reservoir will promote
the loss of a large area of existing, established
riverine stream-side vegetation. And in addition,
the regular water level fluctuations will reduce
the function of the new --
THE CHAIRMAN: Ms. Murdoch, could I
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interrupt you. It's Harry Swain. Can you slow
down just a bit, please.
MS. ALYSSA MURDOCH: Oh, yes.
THE CHAIRMAN: You're being transcribed.
MS. ALYSSA MURDOCH: Okay. So -- do you want me
to start over, or should I just continue from
there?
THE CHAIRMAN: No, carry on.
MS. ALYSSA MURDOCH: Okay. So the regular water
level fluctuations will reduce the function of new
reservoir riparian vegetation, as it will be
difficult for new plants to become fully
established, as the shoreline is constantly
fluctuating day-to-day.
So in the Environmental Impact Statement,
there is thorough assessment of the riparian
habitat loss along the river, or how functional the
new waterline will be on the reservoir.
So the new shoreline vegetation surrounding
the reservoir will have a lower influence on the
watershed for two different reasons.
So, first of all, the change from a river to
a reservoir will reduce the shoreline length
relative to the total surface area of the water.
That's the first reason.
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And then, second, the changing shoreline due
to water fluctuations will reduce the successful
establishment of plants, which will, in turn,
reduce food and nutrient inputs, and fish
protective cover and shading.
So I'm going to move now to slide 13, where
we outline our key recommendations for this
component.
So we think that:
- BC Hydro should provide an estimate of
the quality and quantity of predicted riparian
habitat loss.
- And that this should involve an
analytical discussion of how the new riparian
habitat with the constantly fluctuating water level
will be able to provide protective cover and shade
and food and nutrient input to fish relative to the
existing established stream-side vegetation.
- And we indicate that they should --
this is a requirement in order to develop the
fisheries productivity offsetting plan. So it
should be included into this so that it can be
incorporated into any sort of stream enhancement or
creation activities that are proposed.
Okay. And now I'll give it back to Jesse for
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the conclusions.
Continued presentation by Mr. Jesse McCormick, Saulteau
First Nations:
MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Thank you, Alyssa.
Looking now at slide 14, you see here are our
main conclusions.
Despite the large array of documentation that
has been supplied by BC Hydro, there still remains
a substantial amount of uncertainty in the
assessment. We account that to the fact that there
are some legitimate unknown information.
There are some unrealistic model assumptions,
and there's a lack of transparency in some
respects.
As indicated by the EIS, future research and
adaptive management and monitoring programs will
strive to provide new information to best inform
management practices of local fisheries.
However, increased transparency and
development of model assumptions will allow a much
more effective assessment of future biological
conditions in the reservoir and the Moberly River.
In particular, future bull trout and Arctic
grayling productivity largely hinges on the
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accuracy of model assumptions and parameter
sensitivity.
I'll note that again:
Future bull trout and Arctic grayling
productivity largely hinges on the accuracy of
model assumptions and parameter sensitivity.
The information we're receiving from these
models is used to inform the mitigation measures
and to the degree that the models are deficient,
and their analysis is deficient, there's a
possibility that the mitigation measures will be as
well.
So bull trout projections are, as presented
by BC Hydro, currently meet population level
conservation objectives. However, there's a range
of unrealistic and unsupportable detail included in
the model, which led to the optimistic conclusion.
The sustainability of Moberly River Arctic
grayling seems unpredictable and arguably unlikely,
even if a rigorous trap and haul mitigation program
is implemented.
Considering this, future research programs
and proposed productivity offsetting should focus
on the viability of maintaining this fishery and/or
compensating for productivity elsewhere.
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Turning now to slide 15, we see a list of
recommendations. It's a summary of much of the
information that's already been provided, with a
little bit more detail throughout this
presentation.
The panel may recall that during the
presentation by the Department of Fisheries and
Oceans, I had the opportunity to ask the department
whether they believed that there would be room for
improvement in the analyses that were conducted by
BC Hydro, and they did confirm that in the view of
the Department of Fisheries and Oceans there is
room for improvement in this analysis.
And for ease of reference, that confirmation
may be found at pages 250 and 251 of the
transcript, Volume 19.
So the following slides offer recommendations
for improvements and we'd invite the panel to
consider them and include them in your final
report.
I won't go through all of them for the sake
of time; however, I'd like to highlight the first
two for your consideration. Those being: BC Hydro
should develop an offsetting plan to address the
potential effects on Arctic grayling, bull trout,
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and mountain whitefish productivity.
And, two, Saulteau First Nations' priorities,
including fish species of concern in local habitats
should be considered during offsetting plan
development.
And you'll see here the collection of
recommendations that we would like you to
consider -- and we have those available for you on
the record for review. We'd be happy to answer any
questions you may have.
I will note that this is the last
presentation of Saulteau First Nations before the
panel. And we will be leaving pleased to have had
the opportunity to present before the panel.
I would like to acknowledge the courtesy that
is characterized in these proceedings and offer our
gratitude to the panel's Secretariat for their
tireless efforts to keep these rolling, and all the
efforts they have made to ensure that Saulteau
First Nations' participation has been facilitated.
And subject to any questions you may have, we
wish you well in your deliberations.
THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you. Mr. McCormick.
I think we should go directly to BC Hydro.
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Comments by Mr. Brent Mossop, BC Hydro:
MR. BRENT MOSSOP: Thank you, Mr. Chair, we'll
respond to the four items raised.
With respect to fisheries productivity and
offsetting, we expect an overall increase in
fisheries productivity as measured by the increase
in total biomass of fish species that are
harvested, but with a change in species
composition.
For species harvested by Saulteau First
Nations, we expect an increase in rainbow trout,
bull trout, burbot, sucker species, and northern
pike, and a decline in Arctic grayling and mountain
whitefish.
An offsetting plan referred to here is a
specific component under the process for the
Fisheries Act authorization should the project
proceed to that stage. We've outlined the
framework for this plan in the follow-up response
to Joint Review Panel information request number
78.
As one component during operations, we
propose a compensation fund that would follow an
adaptive approach to habitat compensation, or
offsetting, coordinated with directed monitoring of
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the response of the aquatic ecosystem.
We have an understanding of the habitat
enhancement opportunities in the Peace River,
Site C, reservoir, and tributaries. For species of
interest to Saulteau First Nation, such as Arctic
grayling, the recommendations that Saulteau
presented are consistent with our proposed
approach.
We understand there are opportunities to
support information collection, research,
enhancement, and monitoring of Arctic grayling in
watersheds where they reside such as the Moberly,
Halfway, Pine, and Beatton watershed.
For an example of the types of enhancement
opportunities, we understand that fish movement,
past road crossings is a concern in some
watersheds, and is a priority opportunity for
enhancement that has been identified by the
Province.
These are the types of opportunities that can
be implemented over the longer term.
So we look forward to continuing to work with
Saulteau First Nations to get their input on
enhancement opportunities, priorities, and
opportunities to engage Saulteau technicians in
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this work.
With respect to Saulteau's comments on fish
stranding during construction, Section 12.4.3.2 and
12.5.2.1 of the EIS fully characterize the
increased range of water level fluctuations, the
potential effects on fish health and survival, and
prescribe a program of fish surveillance, salvage,
and fishery location to mitigate the residual
effects of stranding during construction.
A concern raised is that the surveillance and
relocation measures may miss small fish and be less
effective in some habitats.
BC Hydro has over a decade -- has for over a
decade conducted surveillance and relocation
measures at major facilities throughout the
Province.
Informed by ongoing operational monitoring,
these proven mitigation measures are customized to
the facility-specific hydrology, fish habitat, and
fish life history attributes to maximize
effectiveness. The same approach will be taken at
Site C.
Third, Saulteau First Nation raised concerns
with riparian vegetation around the reservoir.
Riparian vegetation is a transition zone between
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aquatic and terrestrial environments. The effects
on which are described in Volume 2, Section 13.4,
and in Appendix R.
Attributes of fish habitat in the proposed
reservoir such as riparian vegetation were
integrated into predicted changes in the biomass of
each fish species using multiple lines of evidence,
which were then integrated into an ecosystem model
as described previously.
As a point of clarification, riparian
vegetation is most important for fish along small
streams where its shade prevents rapid warming
during the hot summer days.
In the reservoir, the large volume of water
results in much slower warming so would not exceed
the normal temperature range of cold water fish
species such as rainbow trout or bull trout.
Riparian vegetation in streams also provides
woody debris and cover for fish, but in a
reservoir; fish use deep areas for cover, often
avoiding the shallow areas during the daytime. And
moving into the shallows or near-surface habitats
at night to forge.
Riparian vegetation in streams also provides
a food source of terrestrial insects that fall into
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the water and are eaten by fish; whereas in a lake
or reservoir, the food comes primarily -- pardon
me -- the food comes from primary and secondary
production, including zooplankton and benthic
invertebrates and not dependent on riparian
sources.
Despite the more limited role of riparian
vegetation for fish in a reservoir, BC Hydro has
provided mitigation measures for riparian
vegetation that will include planting a 15-metre
riparian buffer at BC Hydro-owned farmland, lacking
vegetation around the reservoir to provide riparian
habitat and bank stabilization.
And I will turn to Mr. Marmorek.
MR. DAVID MARMOREK: With respect to the
Saulteau's comments on fish population modelling in
Volume 2, Appendix Q2, none of the changes or
supplemental modelling that they suggested would
affect the key conclusions of the EIS regarding the
effects of passage and reservoir creation on bull
trout, Arctic grayling, mountain whitefish, or
kokanee, as described on page 12-65 of the EIS.
I'll discuss below each of the four modelling
issues raised by the Saulteau First Nation.
One, model structure and assumptions. The
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structure and assumptions of the single species
models in Appendix Q3 were reviewed at three
workshops involving representatives from DFO,
Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, and
the BC Ministry of Environment, and were later
independently reviewed by Dr. Josh Korman.
Page 12 of DFO's submission, CEAR 1909,
concurred with the conclusions of the modelling in
Appendix Q3.
Given the uncertainties inherent in the
response of fish populations, BC Hydro has provided
follow-up monitoring to verify predictions and
guide future mitigation actions.
Two, the Arctic grayling model assumptions.
Saulteau First Nations questioned the validity of
using an assumed 1,000 recruits per spawner for the
Arctic grayling model in Appendix Q3. This was an
undertaking for DFO on January 13th, undertaking
53, which was just submitted today by DFO to the
record.
First, to clarify. The Arctic grayling model
did not use 1,000 recruits per spawner. 1,000 was
a fixed number of age-1 juvenile recruits. The
intent of the single species model for Arctic
grayling that spawn in the Moberly River was to
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inform the relative assessment of alternative fish
passage mitigation measures.
The model calculated a suite of biological
performance measures under several alternative fish
passage mitigation measures, and alternative
hypotheses about the behaviour of the Arctic
grayling population.
There was insufficient empirical information
available in the literature on the shape of stock
recruit curves for Arctic grayling; that is, how
the number of juveniles changes as a function of
the number of spawners.
Therefore, the model was simplified to assume
fixed recruitment of juveniles and then apply to
examine how much mortality occurred between the
juvenile stage and the spawning stage under
different passage assumptions.
We used a fixed number of 1,000 juvenile
recruits. This value was simply a scaling factor.
It could have been set to 100 or even to one.
The model results are reported as a relative
measure, the percentage of the pre-project
population. And are, therefore, not sensitive to
the assumption of the number of juvenile recruits.
In summary, the structure of the Arctic
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grayling model incorporated as much population
dynamics is as scientifically defensible, given the
limited available information.
The above explanation is essentially
identical to the response provided today by DFO to
undertaking 53, which was developed entirely
independently.
The Saulteau recommend sensitivity analyses
and prediction uncertainty bounds. Appendix Q3, in
fact, included sensitivity analyses using
alternative assumptions for key uncertainties in
fish behaviour that were identified by workshop
participants and model authors and were
subsequently peer-reviewed.
The EIS conclusions were robust to the range
of assumptions for these uncertainties.
Three, the form of stock recruitment
modelled. A change from Beverton-Holt to Ricker
functions was previously addressed by Mr. McCormick
on January 13th to Dr. Mike Bradford of DFO. And
Dr. Bradford responded that the Beverton-Holt
function is appropriate for bull trout.
Four, the use of secondary risk
based-modelling approaches. The approach suggested
by the consultants to the Saulteau, Staples et al
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2005, is concerned with the design and analysis of
monitoring program data. While such an approach
could be applied to post-project monitoring data,
it is not appropriate to the pre-project EIS stage.
Thank you.
THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you. I can hardly wait
to hear Hydro's summary of the last two days as we
get through the life history of fishes and moose
dynamics and all kinds of stuff, but I think the
issue may settle down to the subject that we had an
exhaustive briefing on from Mr. Lidstone last
night.
The effect that there are limits to what we
can know, or predict, and we need some kind of
ongoing monitoring mechanism and some institutional
basis for doing it. Fort St. John was suggesting
that they would like to have that. They didn't
seem to be averse to expanding their focus or
expending the participants on such a process.
So my question to you, Mr. McCormack is
whether Saulteau First Nation would be interested
in taking part in a monitoring mechanism yet to be
designed.
MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Thank you for the question,
Mr. Chairman.
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The recommendations do include the future
participation of Saulteau First Nations and
compensation measures and I believe mitigation
measure development, as well, if the project were
to go forward, we would certainly --
THE CHAIRMAN: I'm thinking of this
specifically in the a context where the numerous
communities in the Peace River Valley would work
together with Hydro and other agencies under some
kind of monitor who could help people make
decisions and get on with things.
MR. JESSE McCORMICK: The --
THE CHAIRMAN: What I'm troubled with is the
idea that we're going to wind up with 30 monitoring
mechanisms or something.
MR. JESSE McCORMICK: No, certainly. And I'm not
in a position to offer any recommendations on
particular structures that might be implemented.
The only thing that Saulteau First Nations would
want to see is the meaningful engagement and
participation of Saulteau First Nations in the
development and identification of those mitigation
measures.
THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Thank you. That's
helpful.
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Any questions?
Are there questions from the floor?
We know all we need to know about the life
history of arctic grayling and so on? Okay.
In that case, I would turn to Hydro for their
summary reflections of the last -- their reflection
upon the last couple days.
MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Thank you, panel members.
Closing comments by BC Hydro:
MS. SUSAN YURKOVICH: Thank you, Mr. Chair.
And as you have accurately noted, we have
covered a lot of waterfront. And while my remarks
this morning were very brief, I do want to make
sure that we reflect what we have heard over the
last couple of days. So, please, I beg your
indulgence to cover that material now.
So we started with Mr. Baker yesterday. He
provided us with an overview of the process of
mercury methylation and the links to human health.
Health Canada provided us with a presentation
commenting on our BC Hydro's Human Health
Assessment, particularly, as it related to that
topic.
I would note that BC Hydro conducted its
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health assessment in accordance with Health
Canada's guidance and in accordance with the EIS
guidelines that were scoped to be consistent with
the requirements applicable to this project and
these baseline conditions.
We have also heard about the perception of
levels of methylmercury in fish. And we have
proposed a collaborative data-gathering approach
and communications program moving forward.
We appreciate that Health Canada has endorsed
that idea of a stronger communications plan, and
agrees that BC Hydro should work with all levels of
government to communicate information to Aboriginal
peoples, and to develop an effective monitoring
program.
We will do this, and any new information will
be available to the Aboriginal communities to make
sure that they have good data on fish consumption,
as well as to the population as a whole.
Health Canada also had comments on drinking
water, and raised the issue of uncertainty about
whether any ground or surface water sources, used
by Aboriginal communities, may experience changes
during reservoir filling due to the need to keep
private well information confidential.
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We can, however, confirm that these wells are
not those relied on by the First Nations. The
closest community is, in fact, the Saulteau First
Nations, approximately 10 kilometres over land
south of the proposed reservoir.
Saulteau's community wells and water
reservoirs are -- would be too far to be impacted
and to experience any adverse effects.
I believe that Madam Beaudet requested
yesterday a copy of the Health Canada 1989 document
that documented the reaction of a people to noise
to which Health Canada committed to provide a
current draft.
BC Hydro would like to clarify that a 2011
version of the Health Canada draft guidance was
used for Appendix M, the technical data report on
noise and vibration.
The Health Canada draft guidance was used in
the technical study, and in the EIS in Section 33
on health to define noise sensitive receptors so
that the potential effects from noise were
considered at the appropriate locations.
We then had a presentation from Ms. Nelson on
behalf of the Treaty 8 Tribal Association. She
discussed the challenges of accessing and dealing
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with increased demand for community services.
BC Hydro has not had the opportunity to
discuss mitigation measures with Treaty 8 on these,
but we are committed to having those discussions
when Treaty 8 Tribal Association is ready to do so.
And then we had a joint presentation from the
Treaty 8 Tribal Association, Peace Valley
landowners, Peace Valley environmental and Y2Y, who
together made a presentation on an alternate vision
for the Peace River Valley.
Our flood reserve technical memo describes
the current vision of the Province in the form of
the two land and resource management plans that
cover the project activity zone in explicit
consideration of the potential development of the
Site C project. This was used where appropriate to
understand the likely future of the Peace River
Valley without the project in the EIS.
We had a presentation from panel from
Saulteau First Nations who discussed the potential
social impacts from development and then provided a
list of ten potential mitigation measures. Many of
those described were directed to federal and
provincial governments, but there were also areas
where Saulteau First Nations believes that BC Hydro
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could participate. We look forward to continuing
our discussion with Saulteau towards an impact
benefits agreement and discussing the options with
them.
Ms. Darvill presented on her Master's thesis
on ecosystem hotspots. Ms. Darvill has suggested
that cultural ecosystem services should be
considered, and I would note that many of the
sections of the EIS present information related to
the topics that she raised.
In the afternoon and evening, we had a series
of presentations from City of Fort St. John. There
are a number of things that I would like to
address. They are not necessarily in the order of
how they were presented.
Mr. Dumbrell presented first on the topic of
population and labour forecast. Our assessment of
future housing with us developed in consideration
of the city's official community plan, the city's
development map and with discussion with staff.
The current city's OCP anticipates a growth of 8 to
10,000 people in the next 10 years, and 20 to
30,000 in the next 25.
This is much greater than what BC Hydro and
BC Stats includes in its base case population
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projections.
The official community plan states that the
community has adequate land resources to support
this growth for the foreseeable future.
As population grows, the city will, quote:
"Will focus on infill
opportunities and densification
within our existing service
boundaries."
But we do also understand that there is a
boundary extension process under way.
According to BC Stats, a population forecast,
the project will advance by about two to
three years, the need for services, and will have a
negligible effect once the project is operational.
We do appreciate the work, the considerable
work, that the city has done to outline the
community needs for their future.
We have heard their concern about their
ability to pay for future population growth, and
understand that while the project is located
outside their current boundaries, it is adjacent to
the city.
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For these reasons, we have made a proposal to
provide a financial contribution to the city in
addition to other mitigation measures.
A tax-based proposal was one that was made
because it provides consistency and transparency
for how industry contributes to local government
revenue.
We have been unable to find a similar
mechanism to the financial impact model proposed by
the city for a single project proponent. However,
we remain optimistic that we can work
collaboratively to find a model that can address
the city's concerns in a way that also meets the
needs of BC Hydro to do so in a way that is
transparent and consistent or comparable with how
other industrial entities contribute to local
government revenue.
Councillor Bolin made a presentation with
respect to housing. He expressed concern that
BC Hydro should be doing more to mitigate the
potential effects on the housing market.
We've noted previously that our camp will be
planned to provide a bed for each worker, and we
will have our contractors on shift arrangements,
which will be discussed with the city, and believe
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the absence of a living-out allowance will create a
strong, financial, inducement for workers to use
camp or temporary accommodations.
In partnership with BC housing, we have all
proposed to fund 50 new housing units within the
city, and will be providing funds for non-profit
emergency and transitional housing.
The city has expressed a concern about
managing the pressure on the local rental market.
We believe the use of camps and the preparation for
up-scaling them, as required and the provision of
the 50 additional housing units will substantially
mitigate some of that demand, but we also have
proposed to monitor the rental housing market, and
to understand BC Hydro's influence on that market,
and, if necessary, take other measures.
Finally, with respect to housing, the city
requested an update on our status of our agreement
with BC housing, and we have signed a letter of
intent with them, which enables them to advance the
planning on these units, and they will do that with
input from the city.
We had a presentation from Mr. Donnelly on
transportation, and, as he noted, BC Hydro is
collaborating with the city, its consultants, and
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the Ministry in developing a City of Fort St. John
traffic monitoring and mitigation plan, or TMMP.
It will include traffic volume and road safety
monitoring activities that would take place leading
up to construction of dam, and during construction.
The TMMP states that actual transportation
conditions will be assessed during the construction
period, and that unforeseen impacts will be
adequately addressed on an ongoing and timely basis
during construction. And we will be working with
the city to finalize this plan.
Just briefly, on the water system, Mr. Coxon
and Mr. Watterson made a presentation on the city's
water system, and, as they indicated, BC Hydro and
the city have worked to an agreed and appropriate
monitoring program for the water supply system,
including BC Hydro's implementation of a surface
water quality monitoring program that will align
with the ongoing City of Fort St. John water supply
monitoring they already undertake.
And I think, importantly, if adverse effects
are identified due to the project, BC Hydro would
be responsible for undertaking the appropriate
mitigation.
Ms. Hunter presented on the city's concerns
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with respect to RCMP resources. We have met with
the Ministry of Justice, the city, and the RCMP to
discuss policing resources.
As we mentioned yesterday, the Ministry's
recommendation was the embedding of an officer into
the project to be able to accurately evaluate the
project impacts, and to provide advice to us about
responsible management around safety and security,
both of our camp and our project as a whole.
We believe this is a sensible approach, and
we have agreed to fund and to support the officer
in this planning.
We will also be providing direct funding
under agreement with the Ministry of Justice to
increase police resources in the region, once the
appropriate complement is determined.
We heard from Mr. Lidstone about the
potential effects of the project to the city. Now,
he noted that they were unique because there were
no federal or provincial government agency to
oversee monitoring.
As we understand the city's position, it has
requested an independent monitoring body with
powers to ensure mitigation is performed and to be
able to draw on a reserve fund.
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Mr. Chair, we'll say more about this in our
argument, our final argument, but as per your
request of last evening, we would like to provide
some comments now, if we may.
Mr. Lidstone has suggested that the 1983
monitoring program, recommended by the BCUC, should
be used as the model for overseeing the potential
effects to the city.
In 1983, the Utilities Commission created the
monitoring program under Section 25.1 of the
Utilities Commission Act in force at the time,
which gave the lieutenant governor and council the
authority to empower a person to enforce conditions
of an order or certificate and to add to those
conditions.
Neither the BCEA Act or the CEAA Act were in
place at the time. And Section 25.1 of the
Utilities Commission Act has since been repealed.
As I'm sure you know, this process of today is
being conducted under very different legislation
schemes than in 1983.
Therefore, it can't be assumed that the same
monitoring program that was recommended in 1983
under a different Act can or should be implemented
today.
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Mr. Lidstone also stated that the potential
effects to the city would not be subject to
regulatory oversight, and suggested that mitigation
may not occur. We are somewhat perplexed by this
remark.
Under both the BCEA Act and CEAA 2012, there
is a clear mechanism in place for monitoring and
enforcement.
The environmental assessment office explained
this in its letter of October 2nd, 2013 to the
Peace River Regional District.
I would note that, as part of its submission,
the city filed two audit reports of the EAO
oversight of certified projects, and I would just
like to point a couple of things out from that
second audit of 2012.
First, the EAO complied with the auditor's
request to clarify post-certification monitoring
responsibilities --
(Stenographer requests speaker to slow
speaking speed).
Sorry, Nancy. Sorry.
First, the EAO complied with the auditor's
request to clarify post-certification monitoring
responsibilities and compliance mechanisms.
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Second, the EAO now develops a compliance
management plan for each EA process.
And third, a component of the EAO compliance
and enforcement program is oversight of proponent
self-monitoring and compliance inspections. We
are, therefore, a bit puzzled by the submission
that there would be no body overseeing monitoring
and effects to the city.
Between the EAO and the permitting agencies,
there is a comprehensive scheme of regulation and
enforcement, and, in our view, another institution
is not required.
Mr. Lidstone also suggested three mechanisms
by which monitoring could be structured.
The first was through Section 33 of the BC
Environmental Assessment Act. We don't agree that
that section actually provides the authority to set
up a monitoring body, and we will say more about
that in our final argument.
The second mechanism suggested was to --
marrying together a number of sections under the
Utilities Commission Act.
While Mr. Lidstone did not specify what
sections he was referring to, and we do not see any
sections which would give the commission the -- we
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don't see any sections that would give the
commission the necessary powers, it would be
surprising, then, to result -- it would be a
surprising result to use the Utilities Commission
Act to monitor and enforce the terms of a
certificate granted under a different statute.
And the third suggestion, Mr. Lidstone
suggested is by way of an agreement. And as we've
stated, we are in favour of entering into an
agreement with the city, and those negotiations are
ongoing. And we continue to be optimistic that we
can achieve an agreement that would be set out in a
formal document.
Finally, with respect to the eight issues
that were listed as those that would require an
enforcement mechanism to apply, the topics that
were raised in relation are fairly narrow in
relation to the broad EIS. And already have the
involvement and oversight of existing institution.
I'll quickly just to -- policing, a decision
on the incremental funding of policing resources
will be determined by the Ministry of Justice, but
we have agreed, as I said, to fund the planning and
incremental resources.
For 85th Avenue, reclamation, the site is
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currently in the Peace River Regional District.
And as again, we have noted, we have provided a
site mitigation plan and have proposed to develop a
site to have -- the jurisdiction develop a site
master plan that would guide the final grades and
replacement of internal roads and power lines,
et cetera.
Traffic management and mitigations, MOTI, is
the appropriate agency to review these plans.
As far as number four: housing. Units built
by BC housing and BC Hydro would be permitted by
the city and in accordance with BC building codes.
For air quality, BC Ministry of Environment
provides air quality management objectives that
BC Hydro has to propose to follow in its management
plan. For microclimate, there are no identified
effects on the city.
For water supply, as we noted, we have a
draft agreement on the respective roles and
monitoring. And if adverse impacts are noted, we
will be responsible for mitigation.
And, finally, the direct financial
contribution. There is a difference in -- we still
have a difference -- this is a subject to
negotiation, and when we reach an agreement, as I
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am hopeful we will, it will be in a formal document
that we would abide by.
We recognize that the establishment of a
monitoring program is a priority for the city, and
others. And as set out on page 5 of our proposal,
we have committed to create a community liaison
committee that would meet monthly or as-required
throughout the project's construction phase to
review progress about -- of the project and to
discuss any associated community issues and
interests.
This committee could review -- have regular
updates about construction, construction
scheduling, up-coming activities. It could
represent the local community in terms of bringing
forward concerns and interests as they arise.
Could work with the construction team and other
members, to identify and discuss project associated
community interests and issues. And to seek
solutions to review reports on mitigation and
follow-up programs, specified in the conditions of
the provincial EA and federal decision statement.
And to review information and development and
implementation of environmental management plans
and monitoring reports through those EMPs
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As indicated on page 6 of our proposal to the
city, again, we would set out these in a legally --
an agreement between city and BC Hydro would be
legally-binding.
And we do also support the request for a
dispute resolution mechanism, and suggest that that
could be included in that agreement.
So BC Hydro has concluded agreements -- I
would just say that we have concluded agreements
with other communities, and we remain hopeful that
we can also do so with Fort St. John to resolve any
remaining details on mitigation and monitoring and
to reach a formal agreement.
Finally, I would just say that we believe the
Joint Review Panel should have confidence that
BC Hydro will live up to its commitments and legal
obligations. And it can and should have confidence
in the existing legal and regulatory regime to
ensure that that is the case.
We finished last night with a presentation
from Mr. Whiten, and appreciate the historical
perspective he brings, and we note the strong role
played by the provincial government in some of the
planning initiatives that he discussed.
This morning, we began with a presentation
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from Kwadacha's legal counsel regarding concerns
about price of regional goods and services.
Given the distance of the Kwadacha community
from the project and its primary reliance on Prince
George, at the Prince George market, we would
expect -- we would not expect a large degree of
overlap between the project and Fort Ware's demand
for services.
BC Hydro's measures to encourage local
contractor participation in the project may also be
expected to lead to an increase in local contractor
capacity as industry grows to meet demand.
And we are committed to working with Kwadacha
to participate in trades, training for Kwadacha
members, in addition to the training initiatives
that we have already discussed, there's a
newly-established heavy-duty equipment operator
course that's offered through the College of New
Caledonia in Mackenzie.
Dr. Badenhorst described the boom and bust
cycles, and their impact on communities. Northeast
BC, even with the project, is not forecast for a
decline --
Sorry.
As the project construction phase slows,
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forecast growth in other sectors continues,
resulting in a transition of opportunities from the
project to these sectors at the end of
construction.
We agree that we play a key role -- we have a
key role to play in helping communities to plan and
to prepare for both the onset and the
demobilization project.
We appreciate the input and plans and
policies of Northern Health, and we very much
welcome the suggestion to be part of a forum to
work with other industries and the Northern Health
to address some of the important issues that
Dr. Badenhorst raised today.
Ms. Gagnon from the Fort St. John development
centre provided a presentation of the really
valuable work that they do in this community and
the pressures they are experiencing. We have heard
these pressures and concerns from other non-profit
organization.
Ms. Gagnon has requested more formal
discussions with BC Hydro to plan and to prepare
for the potential impacts of Site C.
We greatly appreciate her willingness to
continue our engagement, and we had the opportunity
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to discuss a couple of option at the break. We
look forward to our next meeting with her and her
team.
Representatives from Forests, Lands and
Natural Resources were present to address tourism,
and also to answer questions. I won't summarize
the questions, but on the tourism, I would note
that BC Hydro will continue to support regional
tourism through our existing visitor centres,
including the Bennett Dam, which has about 10,000
visitors each year.
In addition, too, we have committed to
maintenance of boat launches and recreational and
new RV sites, which we believe will benefit the
recreational vehicle travellers that Ms. Davis
noted were an important part of tourism in this
region.
During construction, we anticipate that the
unique opportunity to view a large dam under
construction may also attract niche tourists, and
we are providing safe viewpoints to support that
interest.
And, finally, we have proposed to support
local area museums, who also have an important role
to play in tourism. There are several in area that
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provide interpretive opportunities related to the
fur trade. These include the North Peace museum in
Fort St. John, Hudson's Hope historical society,
and replica historic Rocky Mountain Fort dedicated
to the original northwest company fort founded in
1796 that exist at the Peace Island Park in Taylor.
Mr. Churchill shared his passion for the
valley and the region and the many ways this place
is special to his family. We understand that his
personal attachment to the valley is strong, and he
does not wish to see this project proceed.
I would just like to make a brief comment
with respect to consultation. I believe our
consultation efforts have been extensive and we
sought early input. Many of the staff and the
experts that are here were those that attended
those consultations because we believed it was
important for those who were responsible for the
project design and assessment to be directly
engaged in the consultation process.
Dr. Ciruna from Forests, Lands and Natural
Resource Operations presented to us about the
Dawson Creek operational trial for cumulative
effects. This process provides a mechanism for
policy objectives and management at a regional
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scale, and was described as a separate, but
complimentary, to project level assessments.
When completed, we feel this work will prove
very useful for BC Hydro and for other proponents
in the implementation of mitigation measures guided
by regional policy objectives --
THE CHAIRMAN: Excuse me, would you leave
those doors alone, please, until we are finished.
MS. YURKOVICH: Guided by regional policy
objectives and management development by the
Province in consideration of regional cumulative
effects.
And, finally, we heard from Mr. Thompson's
concerns regarding potential weather impacts in the
Fort St. John -- as Mr. Lundgren discussed in some
detail at the atmospheric topic session earlier in
these hearings, any changes to microclimate at the
airport will not be statistically significant; as
an upper limit, there might be change in fog at the
airport of seven hours per year. For this reason,
we did not propose mitigation measures to address
fog at the airport.
I would like to confirm that our approach and
our preliminary results of our assessment were
reviewed by Grant Youngson, senior air specialist
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at Transport Canada, who considered the approach
taken to be appropriate.
Thank you, panel, and thank you for your
indulgence. It's been a very busy two days.
THE CHAIRMAN: It has indeed. Thank you
very much.
The panel, the whole show, goes to Blueberry
River tomorrow, and we'll be back here on Thursday
for, what promises to be, an interesting session on
the need, purpose, and alternatives to the project.
So for those of you who are going to be here
on Thursday, maybe we'll see you at 9 o'clock.
Thank you very much.
Just so everyone knows, there is a special
presentation by Treaty 8, which is what was going
on behind the walls there, they are going to open
the walls, and then you are most welcome to turn
your chairs around and watch what should be quite
an interesting performance.
(Proceedings adjourned at 5:20 p.m.)
(Performance by Treaty 8 First Nations entitled:
"Dreamer's Prophecy")
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REPORTER'S CERTIFICATION
I, Nancy Nielsen, RCR, RPR, CSR(A), Official
Realtime Reporter in the Provinces of British Columbia
and Alberta, Canada, do hereby certify:
That the proceedings were taken down by me in
shorthand at the time and place herein set forth and
thereafter transcribed, and the same is a true and
correct and complete transcript of said proceedings to
the best of my skill and ability.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto subscribed
my name this 23rd day of January, 2013.
_____________________________________
Nancy Nielsen, RCR, RPR, CSR(A)
Official Realtime Reporter
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Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
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4 [3] - 31:1; 164:6; 233:2
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48 [2] - 96:6; 172:7
5
5 [7] - 50:24; 55:14; 75:21;
165:13; 172:1; 233:10;
277:5
5,000 [2] - 225:10, 16
50 [6] - 53:9; 71:17; 87:23;
171:25; 269:5, 12
500 [2] - 209:5; 215:3
52 [1] - 244:23
53 [2] - 257:19; 259:6
55 [1] - 146:3
570 [1] - 229:1
5:20 [1] - 284:21
5th [1] - 201:16
6
6 [7] - 209:11, 14; 210:5;
223:22; 233:22; 278:1
60 [3] - 132:2; 206:25; 207:13
61 [2] - 3:17, 21
63 [1] - 4:1
694 [1] - 51:13
7
7 [4] - 3:4; 233:3; 236:15
70 [3] - 75:23; 76:9; 214:23
771 [1] - 54:2
78 [1] - 252:21
8
8 [33] - 14:6; 52:11; 75:10;
115:11, 16-17, 19; 117:11,
18, 25; 118:18; 120:24;
121:7, 23; 123:1, 14;
130:17; 131:2; 139:25;
189:9; 192:13; 193:14;
200:19; 213:23; 225:11;
237:17; 264:24; 265:3, 5,
7; 266:21; 284:15, 22
84 [1] - 6:5
85 [1] - 169:22
85th [1] - 275:25
88 [2] - 6:3; 9:12
89 [2] - 6:5; 84:21
9
9 [5] - 3:12; 6:3; 225:25;
241:8; 284:12
90 [4] - 6:8; 68:25; 115:3;
207:10
91 [2] - 6:11; 183:19
95 [1] - 68:3
97 [1] - 129:25
9:00 [1] - 7:8
A
a.m [2] - 7:8; 128:17
abide [1] - 277:2
abilities [1] - 44:19
ability [4] - 15:17; 127:7;
267:22; 285:11
able [17] - 16:11; 96:10;
119:10; 148:1; 149:3;
155:3; 161:15; 167:16;
185:20; 189:3; 190:9;
197:1; 199:3; 200:6;
247:16; 271:6, 25
Aboriginal [35] - 12:2, 10,
12-13, 17; 13:4; 21:19, 21;
71:15; 72:19; 97:5, 10;
99:22, 24; 100:2, 9, 11, 14,
18, 20-21, 24; 101:1;
110:18; 113:12; 116:15,
19, 25; 117:14; 178:5;
263:13, 17, 23
absence [3] - 137:25; 236:9;
269:1
absolutely [2] - 57:18;
103:22
abundance [4] - 72:18;
238:19; 240:22; 242:20
abundance-based [1] -
242:20
abundant [3] - 134:17;
139:3, 7
abused [1] - 41:17
accept [2] - 41:15; 205:1
acceptable [5] - 150:17;
172:16; 199:25; 217:19;
221:7
accepted [2] - 119:11;
140:13
access [11] - 24:12; 56:7, 19;
117:1; 147:20; 150:5;
157:11; 164:21; 166:11;
184:22
accesses [1] - 86:25
accessibility [1] - 55:25
accessible [2] - 55:6; 165:5
accessing [4] - 52:6, 19;
74:20; 264:25
ACCI [1] - 233:5
accident [1] - 39:14
accidents [2] - 129:1, 5
accommodate [1] - 38:10
accommodation [6] - 46:13;
67:21; 68:2; 73:9; 74:10
accommodations [4] -
74:15; 82:15; 132:24;
269:3
accompaniment [1] - 230:8
accordance [3] - 263:1;
276:12
according [2] - 174:15;
267:14
account [4] - 20:4; 116:8;
235:11; 248:11
accounts [1] - 26:25
accrued [1] - 68:6
accruing [1] - 68:9
accumulate [1] - 162:7
accumulated [1] - 194:17
accuracy [3] - 202:21; 249:1,
5
accurate [1] - 216:8
accurately [3] - 210:19;
262:12; 271:6
achieve [3] - 22:3; 127:3;
275:12
achieved [1] - 12:21
achieving [1] - 12:19
acknowledge [6] - 130:16;
145:5; 171:6; 180:11;
195:20; 251:15
acknowledged [1] - 21:16
acknowledges [1] - 23:16
acknowledgment [1] - 188:6
acquaintances [1] - 131:9
acquisition [2] - 147:13;
148:12
Act [17] - 29:15; 84:11;
133:10; 173:5; 182:8;
237:7; 252:17; 272:11, 16,
18, 24; 273:6; 274:16, 22;
275:5
acted [1] - 151:5
action [6] - 25:13; 69:10;
86:10, 21; 102:1; 137:14
actioning [1] - 88:8
actions [2] - 168:18; 257:13
active [2] - 24:7; 181:12
actively [1] - 126:1
Activities [1] - 173:5
activities [19] - 15:15; 19:20,
23; 20:3, 5, 10; 37:21;
66:5; 85:2; 95:5; 121:1;
149:11; 173:7, 15; 194:18;
238:22; 247:24; 270:4;
277:14
activity [5] - 25:11; 108:24;
172:20; 173:3; 265:14
actual [4] - 119:16; 121:4;
214:15; 270:6
acute [2] - 52:16; 53:17
ad [1] - 63:6
adaptive [2] - 248:17; 252:24
add [10] - 34:24; 37:20; 41:9;
62:24; 66:9; 90:22; 217:1;
224:7; 228:15; 272:14
added [1] - 144:22
addiction [2] - 31:12; 41:4
adding [1] - 114:14
Addison [10] - 3:20; 61:22;
62:18; 104:10; 116:5, 11;
120:10; 121:6; 122:1;
123:17
ADDISON [27] - 82:2; 83:4,
18; 84:9; 93:8; 103:9;
104:17, 24; 106:6, 9;
107:11; 108:10; 109:20,
24; 110:16; 111:8; 112:24;
113:2, 16, 20; 114:20, 23;
116:12; 119:9, 20; 122:2;
123:19
addition [11] - 18:24; 19:25;
23:20; 91:10; 171:13;
237:12; 239:13; 245:22;
268:3; 279:15; 281:12
additional [9] - 55:13; 63:25;
78:8; 89:8; 150:18; 153:1;
168:5; 241:4; 269:12
address [19] - 18:6; 21:18;
22:17; 117:8; 119:10;
135:22; 165:11; 179:4;
180:16; 182:10; 235:7;
236:9; 243:19; 250:24;
266:14; 268:12; 280:13;
281:5; 283:21
addressed [10] - 20:13; 32:7;
44:17; 60:3; 62:25; 118:2;
195:24; 234:13; 259:19;
270:9
addressing [2] - 12:1; 165:1
adds [1] - 15:24
adequate [7] - 19:16; 20:19;
24:12; 151:15; 152:15;
235:15; 267:3
adequately [8] - 16:19; 18:6;
19:2; 24:9; 239:20; 240:12;
270:9
adieu [1] - 160:8
adjacent [1] - 267:24
adjourned [2] - 128:17;
284:21
adjournment [1] - 128:18
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
2
adjusted [1] - 109:12
administers [1] - 158:15
administration [1] - 152:6
admit [1] - 237:19
admittedly [1] - 23:5
adopted [2] - 25:17; 136:5
adopting [1] - 179:13
adult [2] - 238:19; 245:17
advance [5] - 119:9; 160:14;
164:8; 267:15; 269:20
advancing [1] - 23:17
advantage [1] - 86:21
adventure [3] - 67:17; 71:16;
76:19
adventure" [1] - 85:8
adverse [6] - 24:9; 234:9, 20;
264:8; 270:21; 276:20
advertising [4] - 91:8, 12,
15, 18
advice [8] - 13:14; 45:2, 10;
134:8; 141:1; 142:14;
177:13; 271:7
advised [1] - 146:10
advising [2] - 13:12; 177:6
advisory [2] - 145:10; 152:2
advocates [1] - 50:6
aerial [1] - 198:8
aesthetic [1] - 88:21
affairs [1] - 56:23
affect [4] - 41:18; 110:13;
215:25; 256:19
affected [2] - 147:23; 148:11
affects [1] - 221:23
affiliated [1] - 74:9
affluence [1] - 101:14
affluent [1] - 86:7
afford [2] - 70:11; 217:21
affordable [2] - 24:12; 55:6
afield [1] - 123:5
afternoon [5] - 11:13;
128:21; 159:5; 229:23;
266:11
age [5] - 38:1; 39:23; 43:25;
55:14; 200:2
age-1 [1] - 257:23
age-3 [2] - 240:7; 242:9
agencies [6] - 10:19; 23:17,
24; 180:2; 261:9; 274:9
Agencies [1] - 23:16
AGENCY [1] - 1:6
agency [8] - 63:23, 25;
178:2; 193:5; 195:15;
214:5; 271:20; 276:9
Agency [3] - 196:23; 198:22;
205:25
agenda [1] - 64:12
aghast [1] - 213:8
ago [15] - 28:1; 30:9; 48:9,
13; 49:19; 51:11; 52:3, 24;
64:23; 88:18; 97:9; 120:18;
136:14; 152:15; 206:18
agree [8] - 55:11; 102:13;
177:2; 194:6; 198:16;
205:8; 274:16; 280:5
agreed [8] - 194:23; 201:2;
206:18; 207:12, 23;
270:15; 271:11; 275:23
agreement [15] - 22:21;
56:22; 84:7; 206:22; 266:3;
269:18; 271:14; 275:8, 10,
12; 276:19, 25; 278:3, 7,
13
agreements [2] - 278:8
agrees [1] - 263:12
agricultural [3] - 133:19;
150:21; 152:22
agriculture [4] - 87:13;
137:5; 143:8, 10
agritourism [4] - 87:11, 13,
17; 88:4
agro [1] - 93:23
agro-tourism [1] - 93:23
ahead [8] - 15:13; 17:3;
123:2; 156:23; 179:21;
195:17; 198:23; 231:7
aid [2] - 10:5; 236:24
aids [1] - 204:8
aim [1] - 236:23
Air [3] - 210:3; 218:1; 220:11
air [30] - 6:3; 8:4, 10, 21;
9:12; 134:12; 167:23;
201:2; 203:4, 18; 210:20;
211:3; 213:5, 25; 217:13;
222:16; 223:4; 224:16, 25;
226:12, 18; 227:1, 6,
10-11; 276:13; 283:25
aircraft [7] - 203:23; 206:25;
211:14; 220:20; 221:1, 15;
222:3
airfield [1] - 204:6
airfoils [1] - 216:1
airframe [4] - 210:14; 211:2;
215:20; 227:9
airplane [6] - 207:17; 211:5;
215:24; 216:5, 7, 11
airplanes [7] - 207:12;
208:16; 218:20; 219:12,
19; 223:6
airport [25] - 33:3; 202:19;
203:7, 16; 204:2; 205:13,
17; 209:23; 211:25; 212:2,
6, 21; 213:19; 216:18;
218:24; 220:23; 222:3, 7;
223:2, 11-12; 224:15;
283:18, 20, 22
Airport [1] - 204:5
airports [2] - 204:12, 15
al [1] - 259:25
alarming [1] - 184:16
Alaska [19] - 1:23; 43:4;
72:24; 73:25; 74:6; 76:14,
25; 78:13, 25; 85:22;
86:24; 90:22; 91:7, 24;
96:7, 14; 133:16, 21; 158:4
Alberta [9] - 21:15; 72:24;
93:2; 161:14, 16; 175:7;
224:25; 285:5
Albertans [1] - 76:9
alcohol [4] - 36:7, 25; 39:24;
40:15
ALEX [2] - 129:21; 130:7
Alex [5] - 2:19; 3:7; 4:5; 7:19;
129:12
Alexander [1] - 102:18
align [2] - 218:6; 270:18
aligned [2] - 77:18; 88:5
alignment [1] - 216:9
alive [1] - 117:18
alleviate [2] - 18:15; 24:19
allocate [1] - 125:9
allocation [6] - 170:5, 18-19;
171:10, 13; 181:5
allocations [1] - 170:8
allow [9] - 57:16; 135:11;
151:21; 162:7; 208:17;
218:11, 19; 219:10; 248:21
allowable [1] - 173:1
allowance [1] - 269:1
allowed [2] - 111:2; 121:1
almost [3] - 47:3; 93:2; 203:9
aloft [1] - 211:2
alone [2] - 16:21; 283:8
already-limited [1] - 149:8
alternate [7] - 221:16, 18;
222:4, 8-9; 265:9
alternates [1] - 222:2
alternative [4] - 258:1, 4-5;
259:11
alternatives [1] - 284:10
Alyssa [13] - 4:16; 5:1;
229:19; 230:20; 231:6;
232:5; 237:18; 238:20;
244:25; 245:4, 7; 248:5
ALYSSA [6] - 231:8; 245:6,
8; 246:3, 5, 9
amazing [1] - 48:14
ambient [2] - 26:19, 25
ambitious [1] - 213:13
America [2] - 212:9; 213:3
amount [7] - 49:13; 106:2;
144:6; 171:3; 172:13;
241:21; 248:10
amounts [1] - 152:4
ample [1] - 236:3
analyses [4] - 233:19;
250:10; 259:8, 10
analysis [9] - 20:22; 109:7;
143:8; 147:4; 151:9;
239:18; 249:10; 250:13;
260:1
analytical [1] - 247:14
analyze [2] - 68:22; 176:18
AND [2] - 1:4, 7
angle [1] - 207:18
animal [1] - 111:16
animals [3] - 119:14; 120:2;
124:16
anniversary [1] - 49:5
annual [5] - 12:5, 19; 23:20;
91:14; 242:8
annually [2] - 51:12; 125:15
answer [22] - 8:24; 11:19;
26:7; 60:14; 63:17; 77:13;
80:22; 82:2; 85:19; 86:22;
96:21; 105:21; 107:20;
110:9; 112:3; 114:21;
123:21; 124:2; 196:5;
230:25; 251:9; 281:6
answered [4] - 79:2; 99:18;
116:9; 118:1
answering [3] - 98:3, 8;
220:17
answers [4] - 34:2; 154:13;
155:4; 191:19
antennas [2] - 216:7, 10
anti [1] - 226:10
anti-clockwise [1] - 226:10
anticipate [2] - 136:19;
281:18
anticipated [2] - 21:5; 171:2
anticipates [1] - 266:21
anxiety [1] - 149:24
anyway [2] - 60:12; 85:7
apart [1] - 239:2
apartment [1] - 46:12
apologize [1] - 153:13
appear [4] - 23:5; 144:21;
148:3; 186:15
APPEARANCES [1] - 2:1
appeared [3] - 133:20;
141:13
appendices [1] - 27:10
appendicis [1] - 27:15
Appendix [13] - 6:4; 8:10;
9:13; 239:4; 240:5, 8;
255:3; 256:17; 257:2, 9,
17; 259:9; 264:16
apples [1] - 75:17
applicable [1] - 263:4
application [2] - 173:16;
214:21
applications [1] - 90:11
applied [4] - 162:24; 163:2;
185:25; 260:3
Applied [2] - 132:18; 231:22
applies [2] - 110:4; 122:14
apply [6] - 14:25; 90:18;
142:20; 173:2; 258:14;
275:16
applying [2] - 163:22; 174:3
appointed [1] - 29:10
appointment [1] - 59:22
appreciate [9] - 10:9; 64:6;
84:19; 125:4; 263:10;
267:18; 278:21; 280:9, 24
appreciated [1] - 182:14
approach [44] - 21:7; 25:16;
51:3; 160:19; 162:4, 10;
163:9, 14, 18-19; 164:2, 7,
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
3
11, 13, 15; 165:16; 166:18;
168:8, 11, 19, 22; 170:11,
13; 174:1; 185:16; 186:9;
192:1; 196:17; 204:7;
205:9; 218:11; 222:24;
223:16; 225:8; 252:24;
253:8; 254:21; 259:24;
260:2; 263:8; 271:10;
283:23; 284:1
approaches [6] - 21:18;
166:3; 189:23; 190:4;
227:19; 259:24
approaching [4] - 170:9;
206:25; 207:12; 209:8
appropriate [14] - 112:1;
122:23; 166:15; 240:17;
242:10; 259:22; 260:4;
264:22; 265:16; 270:15,
23; 271:16; 276:9; 284:2
appropriately [1] - 10:6
approved [6] - 24:10; 25:24;
74:9; 82:14; 170:23;
217:25
April [2] - 100:20; 121:12
aquatic [7] - 11:11; 169:16;
232:6; 244:20; 245:13;
253:1; 255:1
Arctic [19] - 226:12; 233:25;
239:5, 10; 248:24; 249:4,
18; 250:25; 252:13; 253:5,
11; 256:21; 257:14, 17, 21,
24; 258:6, 10, 25
arctic [4] - 237:11; 240:2;
242:8; 262:4
area [101] - 30:6; 31:1; 32:25;
38:16; 48:22; 57:14; 73:18;
74:7, 14, 19, 23, 25; 75:2,
11, 25; 76:2, 6, 8; 77:3;
80:24; 81:17, 20; 83:10,
13; 86:9; 87:20; 88:4, 13;
95:16; 97:3; 98:11, 25;
99:8; 101:12-14, 16;
106:12; 107:24; 108:7, 13;
109:1; 119:15; 120:3,
12-13; 121:2, 14; 122:23;
123:8; 124:8, 12, 15, 20;
131:13, 15; 139:13; 154:8;
156:18; 160:21-23; 163:19;
164:13; 166:7; 168:2;
170:2, 15; 171:25; 172:8;
174:21; 175:1, 4; 176:10,
24; 178:18, 23; 180:9;
184:2, 5, 7, 17-18, 25;
188:15; 189:19; 191:22;
194:12; 204:18; 207:24;
224:21, 24; 227:4; 233:4,
15; 237:17; 245:21;
246:24; 281:24
Area [1] - 172:4
area-based [1] - 163:19
areas [40] - 11:4; 12:16, 21;
39:16; 40:11; 43:2; 59:10;
66:24; 86:23; 95:6; 107:19;
125:17; 155:1; 157:7;
171:23; 172:2, 6, 10, 13,
25; 173:4, 10, 16; 182:21;
183:7, 10; 186:5, 13;
226:11; 232:25; 233:6, 9,
11; 241:17; 243:13;
255:20; 265:24
arguably [1] - 249:19
argue [1] - 213:13
argued [1] - 93:1
argument [6] - 155:24;
197:25; 198:14; 272:2;
274:19
arguments [3] - 195:13;
198:15, 21
arise [1] - 277:16
arising [1] - 235:19
arm's [1] - 152:1
arm's-length [1] - 152:1
arranged [1] - 158:10
arrangements [1] - 268:24
array [1] - 248:8
arrived [1] - 18:8
arriving [2] - 208:16; 219:11
art [1] - 101:7
articulated [1] - 20:8
articulation [1] - 59:21
as-required [1] - 277:7
Asia [1] - 70:4
aspect [1] - 18:25
aspects [3] - 20:22; 35:23;
78:4
aspen [1] - 214:23
asphalt [1] - 212:12
assemble [1] - 165:21
assess [9] - 116:18, 23;
167:24; 188:12; 203:14;
206:8; 223:20; 228:19;
235:16
assessed [11] - 16:20; 143:3;
152:12; 167:10; 170:3;
175:2; 182:18; 183:8;
205:15; 214:13; 270:7
assessing [3] - 161:2;
163:20; 185:19
assessment [104] - 11:16;
17:14; 19:17; 20:1, 19;
115:24; 122:5; 124:9;
139:13; 144:15, 22; 145:1;
150:15; 153:12; 154:19;
155:1, 4; 159:17; 160:19;
161:1, 11-12, 19, 24-25;
162:10, 15; 163:10, 15;
164:2, 20; 165:4, 16,
19-20, 22-23; 166:25;
167:8, 25; 168:3, 23;
169:13, 25; 170:10, 14, 25;
172:7; 174:1, 4; 175:3;
176:21, 25; 177:4; 178:7,
12, 14, 16, 24; 179:13, 23;
180:6; 185:3, 21; 186:23;
189:25; 190:25; 191:21;
192:4, 25; 193:8; 194:4;
195:16, 19; 196:4, 18;
197:23; 198:22; 201:23;
202:3; 203:8; 213:6; 214:5,
7, 18; 215:21; 220:7, 9;
228:17; 232:20; 246:16;
248:11, 22; 258:1; 263:1;
266:17; 273:9; 282:19;
283:24
Assessment [12] - 133:10;
152:11; 163:13, 25;
177:11, 22; 178:19;
196:22; 198:2; 205:25;
262:23; 274:16
ASSESSMENT [2] - 1:6, 8
Assessments [1] - 163:17
assessments [8] - 19:14;
124:10; 138:17; 165:9;
167:1; 168:4; 206:9; 283:2
assets [1] - 94:2
assignment [1] - 204:22
assist [3] - 56:15; 135:20;
144:8
assistance [4] - 23:3; 57:14;
59:5; 237:19
assistant [1] - 209:24
assisting [1] - 237:4
associated [12] - 16:5; 18:19;
24:10; 138:10; 143:16,
21-22; 161:1; 167:14;
169:8; 277:10, 18
association [5] - 28:8; 32:15;
86:11; 100:2
Association [12] - 28:10;
86:3; 91:8; 96:3; 115:12;
131:2; 136:8; 193:15;
232:7; 264:24; 265:5, 7
association's [1] - 12:25
associations [1] - 12:7
assume [4] - 79:18; 168:15;
212:25; 258:13
assumed [2] - 257:16;
272:22
assuming [1] - 168:12
assumption [1] - 258:24
assumptions [16] - 138:18;
184:17; 239:8, 15; 240:11;
242:5; 248:13, 21; 249:1,
6; 256:25; 257:1, 14;
258:17; 259:11, 16
assurance [1] - 151:22
assure [1] - 207:21
assuring [1] - 149:4
astounded [1] - 86:13
AT [1] - 1:11
at-hand [1] - 245:19
at-migration [1] - 36:10
Atkins [1] - 91:22
ATKINS [1] - 91:23
Atmospheric [2] - 4:13;
202:15
atmospheric [1] - 283:16
attach [1] - 38:18
attached [2] - 18:23; 58:5
Attachie [1] - 157:1
attachment [2] - 51:3;
282:10
attempt [1] - 135:19
attempting [1] - 243:18
attend [1] - 130:23
attended [3] - 45:3; 203:17;
282:16
attendees [1] - 142:16
attending [1] - 209:22
attention [2] - 29:21; 117:6
attitude [1] - 138:7
attract [2] - 223:5; 281:20
attraction [1] - 147:18
attractions [3] - 74:10;
77:15; 103:23
attractive [1] - 16:16
attributable [1] - 40:15
attributes [2] - 254:20; 255:4
Audio [1] - 2:18
AUDIO/SOUND [1] - 2:17
audit [2] - 273:13, 16
auditor's [2] - 273:17, 23
Austin [1] - 124:7
authorities [3] - 32:14;
138:14
authority [3] - 213:12;
272:13; 274:17
AUTHORITY [1] - 1:4
authorization [2] - 165:2;
252:17
authors [2] - 230:22; 259:13
autism [1] - 51:7
availability [9] - 14:11; 15:6;
17:7, 25; 18:16; 24:20;
198:15; 199:2
available [22] - 11:19; 45:6;
96:11; 164:21; 167:16;
168:2; 171:4, 16; 176:5,
16, 19, 22; 197:7, 15;
230:14, 25; 232:15; 244:5;
251:8; 258:9; 259:3;
263:17
Avenue [1] - 275:25
average [3] - 39:5; 40:7;
169:21
averaging [2] - 9:5; 26:20
averse [1] - 260:18
aviation [16] - 202:19, 21;
203:10; 205:5, 19-20, 22;
206:17, 20, 22; 212:22;
213:22, 25; 214:22;
217:23; 220:10
avoid [6] - 211:17, 21;
213:14; 217:3, 7, 10
avoiding [1] - 255:21
AVW [1] - 2:18
AVW-TELAV [1] - 2:18
aware [13] - 89:12; 115:15;
116:1; 118:16; 186:25;
190:22; 193:10; 226:9;
229:24; 230:5; 233:5;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
4
234:2
awareness [4] - 71:3, 5;
101:22; 102:11
axiom [2] - 139:2, 6
B
BA3 [1] - 229:1
Bachelor [2] - 231:24;
232:11
Bachelor's [1] - 131:20
back-casting [1] - 170:12
back-up [2] - 43:10; 204:8
backdrop [1] - 69:18
background [8] - 8:14;
26:19, 21, 25; 206:11;
210:1; 214:14; 225:21
backtrack [2] - 219:7, 11
Badenhorst [18] - 3:14;
26:11; 27:19, 21; 30:15;
42:21; 44:22, 25; 45:4;
47:9; 48:3, 6, 21; 51:21;
54:9; 129:4; 279:20;
280:14
BADENHORST [6] - 27:22;
30:17; 43:1; 44:3; 45:24;
47:17
bag [6] - 109:5, 8, 22-24;
110:1
baker [1] - 262:18
balance [2] - 38:20; 94:7
Ballroom [1] - 1:23
bank [6] - 175:25; 176:1;
177:7; 227:24; 256:13
banking [1] - 209:24
banks [1] - 127:13
bar [3] - 172:12, 15
Barbour [1] - 2:19
base [4] - 163:21; 181:25;
185:9; 266:25
based [28] - 21:12; 81:5, 22;
85:3; 108:23, 25; 111:16;
123:14; 124:9; 135:3;
138:13; 140:11; 143:8;
162:9; 163:19; 164:13;
166:14; 167:11; 168:8;
170:24; 172:3; 185:16;
201:18; 241:4; 242:19;
259:24; 268:4
based-modelling [1] -
259:24
baseline [11] - 139:1; 144:6;
193:7; 194:19; 195:5;
198:24; 201:12, 17-18;
241:16; 263:5
basic [3] - 8:18; 15:17; 34:16
basin [5] - 144:2, 8; 145:22;
146:1
Basin [2] - 146:6, 12
basis [10] - 19:20; 21:23;
23:20; 65:21; 71:22;
190:13; 234:12; 239:14;
260:16; 270:9
battle [1] - 35:24
bay [1] - 169:10
bay-breasted [1] - 169:10
BC [186] - 1:4; 2:9; 3:5, 12;
4:3; 5:4; 7:15; 9:18; 10:4,
22; 12:19; 13:5, 13; 16:19,
22; 17:12, 18; 18:3, 11;
19:6, 8; 21:2, 16; 22:21;
23:4, 12, 24; 24:1, 4, 6, 16;
25:3, 20; 28:2, 7, 10, 25;
29:10; 30:3-5; 32:12, 14;
33:23; 35:19; 38:3, 6; 39:5,
17, 25; 40:8, 11, 16; 41:11;
43:24; 44:2, 20; 47:2;
48:10; 54:14, 18; 55:9;
56:15; 60:24; 65:21; 66:1;
67:4, 6; 68:12, 19; 71:4;
72:5, 16, 23; 75:8; 76:9;
78:21; 80:21; 82:20; 83:19;
85:16; 86:6; 94:18; 95:14;
97:24; 100:22; 108:18;
109:6; 110:11; 113:7, 10;
115:15; 118:24; 130:22;
131:14; 132:19; 134:1;
136:2; 143:17; 144:1;
146:6, 10, 20; 147:9, 12;
152:21; 153:19; 181:23;
191:4, 20; 194:1; 195:25;
205:24; 206:2; 207:4;
212:20; 214:5, 9; 222:13;
232:8; 233:2; 234:11, 14,
22; 235:14, 25; 236:3;
239:12; 243:15, 22;
244:12; 247:10; 248:9;
249:14; 250:11, 23;
251:24; 252:1; 254:13;
256:8, 11; 257:5, 11;
262:10, 22, 25; 263:12;
264:14; 265:2, 25; 266:24;
267:14; 268:14, 20; 269:4,
15, 19, 24; 270:14, 17, 22;
274:15; 276:11-13, 15;
278:3, 8, 16; 279:9, 22;
280:22; 281:8; 283:4
bC [1] - 129:9
BC's [2] - 23:17; 101:21
BCEA [2] - 272:16; 273:6
BCUC [4] - 136:11; 138:2;
272:6
bear [9] - 120:20; 121:24;
122:2, 7, 16; 123:3, 22;
124:16, 21
bears [12] - 106:3; 120:8;
121:4, 11, 13, 19; 122:6,
21; 124:5, 11, 14
Beatton [1] - 253:13
BEAUDET [58] - 8:6; 27:3,
14; 42:23; 43:21; 58:1;
59:7; 60:8; 80:7; 81:23;
82:11; 83:15, 19; 84:18;
85:1; 86:12; 93:14; 95:12;
96:15; 104:7, 12, 18;
105:23; 106:7, 23; 107:23;
108:17; 109:3, 23; 110:10,
17; 112:10; 113:1, 11, 17,
24; 114:22; 115:1; 174:10,
22; 175:9, 22, 24; 176:23;
178:17; 179:17; 180:22;
182:15; 183:1, 17, 24;
192:23; 195:24; 197:24;
198:14, 20; 199:13; 201:24
Beaudet [16] - 2:2; 8:5;
11:24; 26:8; 42:22; 84:16;
93:13; 104:11; 129:22;
174:9, 20; 191:25; 192:21;
201:8, 10; 264:9
beautiful [4] - 93:17; 97:4;
204:20; 223:12
beauty [2] - 69:18; 72:17
became [3] - 33:6; 149:17;
223:12
become [5] - 43:19; 48:17;
120:25; 243:13; 246:12
becomes [6] - 35:2; 78:17;
139:9; 192:2; 209:10
becoming [1] - 69:4
bed [1] - 268:23
beehive [1] - 226:7
beg [1] - 262:16
began [3] - 149:19, 23;
278:25
begin [2] - 134:5; 209:11
beginning [1] - 14:5
behalf [2] - 14:3; 264:24
behaviour [3] - 210:20;
258:6; 259:12
behind [4] - 41:24; 212:25;
284:16
believer [1] - 107:11
believes [1] - 265:25
belong [1] - 155:13
below [1] - 256:23
BEN [9] - 62:3; 63:9; 159:5,
16; 160:8; 199:16; 200:11,
20, 22
Ben [10] - 3:18, 22; 61:19;
62:1, 5; 159:7, 15; 160:7,
13, 17
benchmark [1] - 12:5
benefit [2] - 147:5; 281:14
benefits [1] - 266:3
Bennet [1] - 158:12
Bennett [3] - 196:9; 198:2;
281:10
benthic [1] - 256:4
berms [1] - 128:3
berries [1] - 134:16
beside [1] - 222:15
best [14] - 16:2; 24:4; 30:4;
50:6; 70:17; 99:5; 137:2;
140:13; 182:10; 209:8;
217:10; 222:13; 248:18;
285:11
best-equipped [1] - 209:8
bet [1] - 214:8
better [13] - 34:15; 41:13, 22;
46:11; 92:2; 102:12;
161:16; 171:16; 191:24;
203:11; 205:8; 211:19
betterment [1] - 50:20
Bettina [2] - 4:6; 129:15
BETTINA [6] - 196:2; 198:6,
18, 25; 201:9; 202:1
between [32] - 22:21; 32:1;
35:24; 38:20; 47:10; 66:10;
84:7, 12; 91:25; 94:7;
108:24; 112:24; 113:3, 5;
130:7; 143:20; 151:7;
163:9; 188:3; 192:1;
204:16, 18; 208:16; 212:1;
218:20; 219:11; 226:12;
254:25; 258:15; 274:9;
278:3; 279:7
Beverton [3] - 240:15;
259:18, 21
Beverton-Holt [3] - 240:15;
259:18, 21
beyond [7] - 91:12; 125:14;
127:6; 160:25; 161:5, 10;
237:20
bid [1] - 23:2
big [26] - 34:17; 43:6, 15, 17;
49:11; 52:9; 55:17; 59:11;
67:20; 73:20; 78:12, 18;
97:4; 109:17; 182:9;
184:10; 208:6; 209:9;
211:2, 15; 213:21; 215:18,
21; 219:17; 221:23
bigger [3] - 34:5; 59:8;
219:25
biggest [3] - 36:16; 42:6;
224:6
billion [3] - 68:15; 75:8
billion-dollar [1] - 68:15
binding [2] - 22:21; 278:4
biological [4] - 149:15;
241:11; 248:22; 258:3
biologist [8] - 132:7, 12, 16;
157:19; 231:20; 232:6
Biologists [2] - 132:19;
232:8
biologists [4] - 132:20;
144:13; 229:8; 238:22
Biology [1] - 231:22
biology [1] - 232:12
biomass [2] - 252:7; 255:6
birth [3] - 38:8; 51:21; 53:23
births [1] - 38:10
bit [40] - 23:6; 44:4; 51:1;
63:19, 22; 65:21; 67:14;
71:11; 73:12; 76:5, 15-16;
77:5, 9; 81:14; 82:20; 93:7,
12, 21; 97:15; 101:25;
106:18; 116:17; 120:11,
13-14; 129:6; 167:7;
168:11; 172:20; 174:18;
189:20; 211:22; 215:20;
219:21; 237:20; 245:10;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
5
246:2; 250:4; 274:6
black [1] - 169:9
black-footed [1] - 169:9
blame [1] - 46:6
bleed [1] - 127:3
block [2] - 46:12; 60:3
blowing [1] - 227:14
blue [8] - 38:1; 39:3, 15, 18;
70:5; 73:20; 227:15;
231:18
Blueberry [1] - 284:7
blunt [2] - 56:2; 94:8
board [10] - 28:8; 44:4; 49:6;
158:9, 13, 18, 22-23; 212:8
Board [1] - 133:10
boards [3] - 23:24; 24:2;
112:7
boat [3] - 78:1; 157:2; 281:13
bodies [1] - 32:13
body [4] - 132:19; 271:23;
274:7, 18
Boeing [1] - 211:14
Bolin [1] - 268:18
bolster [1] - 176:12
bond [1] - 134:19
books [2] - 216:20
boom [8] - 15:15; 25:11;
28:14; 31:21; 34:19; 35:9;
41:23; 279:20
booms [1] - 101:24
Boon [1] - 92:12
BOON [1] - 92:13
boots [2] - 79:15; 187:9
border [4] - 122:18; 161:14,
17; 175:7
born [3] - 53:13; 58:17; 60:6
bottom [1] - 221:23
bottoms [1] - 171:2
bought [1] - 203:23
Boulder [1] - 211:12
boundaries [6] - 17:11;
108:11; 161:5; 194:24;
267:10, 24
boundary [13] - 6:10; 115:5;
160:21, 24; 161:4, 10;
174:24; 184:3, 6; 213:18;
226:11; 267:13
bounds [1] - 259:9
Bowering [1] - 42:8
box [1] - 226:6
boys [1] - 220:14
Bradford [2] - 259:20
bragged [1] - 213:3
branch [3] - 62:12; 65:13;
103:10
brand [7] - 68:19, 22; 69:9,
19; 72:4
branding [1] - 72:2
breach [1] - 134:14
bread [2] - 85:23; 94:1
break [11] - 43:2; 61:4, 9;
80:3; 104:2, 9; 202:8, 10;
219:6; 221:9; 281:1
breaks [1] - 153:4
breasted [1] - 169:10
breathe [1] - 31:4
breathtaking [3] - 69:18;
85:4, 12
BRENT [1] - 252:2
Brent [4] - 4:8; 5:4; 129:18;
252:1
BRIAN [5] - 130:13; 140:9;
156:24; 157:24
Brian [6] - 2:4, 7; 4:9;
128:23; 130:11, 14
Bridget [1] - 2:10
brief [7] - 9:21; 61:9; 63:4;
199:18; 202:10; 262:14;
282:12
briefing [1] - 260:11
briefly [4] - 203:21; 236:18;
243:7; 270:12
briefs [1] - 179:19
brightness [1] - 225:15
brilliant [1] - 133:19
bring [13] - 28:11; 29:20;
30:16; 55:12, 17, 21;
82:23; 94:3; 96:20, 22;
117:6; 218:1; 228:18
bringing [3] - 59:2; 101:13;
277:15
brings [3] - 49:22; 73:3;
278:22
Britain [1] - 211:14
BRITISH [2] - 1:3, 8
British [63] - 1:24; 7:2; 21:7,
14; 22:4; 23:14; 24:24;
62:6, 16; 64:15, 21, 24;
65:3, 14, 16; 66:23; 68:13,
16, 19-20; 69:12, 21; 70:1,
7, 19, 23; 71:1, 3, 17, 25;
72:4; 74:11; 75:5; 86:4, 17;
92:3; 93:16; 94:9; 95:19,
21; 96:2, 11, 13; 99:23;
100:1, 3, 15, 18; 101:1;
112:25; 113:3; 119:12;
131:21, 24; 132:8, 17;
158:22; 159:8; 164:9;
232:12; 241:14; 285:4
broad [7] - 116:14; 123:25;
162:14; 163:18; 168:7;
169:1; 275:18
broader [3] - 21:6; 24:24;
168:13
brought [3] - 113:13; 156:14;
157:11
brown [1] - 241:2
brush [1] - 225:19
buck [1] - 37:3
bucket [1] - 78:14
bucket-list [1] - 78:14
budget [4] - 29:8; 152:14, 16
buffer [1] - 256:11
build [14] - 22:5; 34:23;
60:20; 78:22; 112:5;
173:24; 175:25; 176:1;
191:13; 192:8; 198:3;
213:17; 238:21; 239:1
Build [1] - 49:19
building [7] - 13:12; 16:8;
22:25; 49:15; 191:16;
192:5; 276:12
Building [1] - 21:12
built [5] - 22:8; 136:14;
222:21; 223:11; 276:10
bulk [1] - 19:7
bull [13] - 146:24; 239:5;
240:6; 242:7; 248:24;
249:4, 13; 250:25; 252:12;
255:17; 256:20; 259:22
bull-of-the-north [1] - 146:24
bullet [2] - 242:15, 18
bunch [1] - 223:3
burbot [1] - 252:12
burn [1] - 208:18
burner [1] - 226:7
burning [4] - 212:15; 221:6,
13
burst [1] - 49:16
bus [5] - 33:5, 12; 34:22;
122:8; 158:19
business [24] - 12:14, 17;
66:8, 15, 25; 67:17; 74:24;
76:12, 24; 79:10, 17, 25;
81:10; 82:7; 83:2, 21;
98:16; 100:11; 136:15, 18,
20, 24; 138:13; 141:23
businesses [19] - 49:11;
65:2; 66:13; 71:7; 74:8, 12,
18; 77:1; 81:1, 5, 11, 16,
22; 88:5; 91:12; 100:25;
101:6, 8; 223:14
businessman [1] - 131:14
bust [6] - 28:15; 31:21;
34:19; 36:1; 41:23; 279:20
busy [3] - 51:20; 73:12;
284:4
butter [2] - 85:23; 94:1
buy [5] - 30:21; 37:7; 134:8;
216:18
buying [1] - 113:8
BY [1] - 1:3
C
C-h-u-r-c-h-i-l-l [1] - 130:15
Cache [2] - 131:12, 15
calculate [1] - 108:20
calculated [1] - 258:3
calculation [1] - 214:14
Caledonia [1] - 279:19
Calgary [2] - 93:2; 204:16
camp [7] - 45:9; 78:1; 83:10;
154:18; 268:22; 269:3;
271:9
campaign [3] - 71:14; 102:9
camped [4] - 102:19
camps [6] - 10:11; 44:10;
55:19; 149:23; 154:6;
269:10
Canada [33] - 21:17; 30:11;
66:2; 68:25; 69:5, 7; 70:7;
76:7; 193:16; 196:15;
204:13; 206:6; 209:20;
211:9; 213:9, 14, 21;
214:1; 216:19; 228:16;
235:23; 262:21; 263:10,
20; 264:10, 12, 15, 18;
284:1; 285:5
CANADA [1] - 1:6
Canada's [1] - 263:2
Canadian [6] - 12:6, 13, 24;
32:15; 133:10; 196:22
cancelled [1] - 222:1
candella [2] - 225:10, 16
cannot [4] - 20:1; 140:12;
148:7; 152:8
Canyon [2] - 145:6; 198:1
capabilities [1] - 237:21
capable [1] - 62:23
capacity [3] - 34:24; 50:2;
279:12
captain [1] - 221:3
capture [2] - 124:16, 21
capturing [1] - 124:13
car [1] - 227:18
card's [1] - 37:6
care [9] - 10:5; 38:21; 41:6,
9; 46:23; 52:17; 85:21;
95:4
career [3] - 127:15; 132:7;
157:18
caregiver [2] - 51:3, 16
cares [1] - 48:15
cargo [1] - 223:4
Cariboo [1] - 96:2
caribou [7] - 133:11; 161:4,
9; 182:24; 183:1, 3
carried [1] - 20:10
carrier [1] - 208:1
carrot [1] - 35:17
carry [5] - 118:13; 175:7;
208:3; 221:17; 246:8
carrying [1] - 9:21
cars [1] - 157:4
case [7] - 37:11; 122:17;
216:23; 262:5; 266:25;
278:19
caseload [2] - 52:3
cases [1] - 160:24
cast [1] - 146:21
casting [1] - 170:12
catch [1] - 109:5
category [5] - 13:2; 63:3;
81:25; 84:3; 202:24
causes [2] - 40:4; 43:20
causing [1] - 41:2
CDC [1] - 60:12
CEAA [6] - 19:18; 20:8;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
6
193:5; 232:16; 272:16;
273:6
CEAR [2] - 230:14; 257:7
ceiling [1] - 209:2
celebrating [1] - 49:4
Celesa [2] - 4:7; 129:16
cement [1] - 223:14
Centre [2] - 3:16; 47:25
centre [29] - 10:18, 21; 35:5;
48:9; 51:11, 20, 23, 25;
52:6, 19; 53:4, 18-19; 54:3,
23; 56:22; 58:17; 59:8, 11,
14; 62:10; 77:17; 78:2,
20-21, 23; 94:21; 204:12;
280:16
centreline [1] - 218:10
centres [8] - 15:9; 17:20;
77:14; 92:5, 7; 95:2;
102:12; 281:9
certain [5] - 73:1; 111:13;
112:16; 177:14; 243:13
certainly [20] - 76:2; 80:23;
83:11; 86:22, 25; 87:25;
94:25; 111:21; 113:20;
116:1; 117:3; 122:8;
138:23; 145:13; 156:8;
184:10; 200:11; 210:2;
261:5, 16
certainty [6] - 136:16, 20, 23;
139:2; 198:12
certificate [5] - 18:23; 90:12;
165:4; 272:14; 275:6
CERTIFICATION [1] - 285:1
certification [2] - 273:18, 24
certified [1] - 273:14
certify [1] - 285:5
cetera [10] - 91:18; 125:22;
127:19; 128:3; 141:6;
169:11; 185:6; 195:7;
196:9; 276:7
CHADDER [4] - 9:1; 26:13;
27:12, 17
Chadder [2] - 9:2; 26:7
chain [1] - 134:14
chair [1] - 201:6
Chair [20] - 8:6; 9:19; 26:6;
62:3; 80:7; 129:2; 132:4;
156:6; 159:2, 5; 174:10;
192:23; 199:16; 200:22;
202:16; 228:10; 229:5;
252:2; 262:11; 272:1
Chairman [8] - 2:2; 3:4; 7:10;
87:7; 88:15; 89:11; 132:3;
260:25
CHAIRMAN [109] - 7:11; 8:3;
9:10, 15; 13:19; 14:1, 18,
21; 26:1, 5, 10; 27:18;
30:15; 42:20; 43:22; 44:21;
45:16; 47:9, 19; 48:1; 57:1,
5; 60:9; 61:1, 3, 11; 63:6,
10; 64:1, 4; 79:6; 82:13;
87:6; 89:14, 17, 20; 91:22;
92:11; 93:11; 96:16;
103:17, 25; 104:8; 115:8;
116:1, 11; 117:12, 18;
118:7, 13; 119:6, 17, 21;
120:5; 122:1, 24; 123:4,
17; 124:24; 128:11, 21;
130:9; 140:7; 153:14, 25;
154:12; 155:23; 156:1, 4;
157:15; 158:25; 159:3;
161:6; 174:7; 186:17, 20;
187:1, 10, 12, 21, 25;
189:6; 192:9, 12, 15, 19;
199:14; 200:7, 13, 21, 24;
202:6, 12; 210:11; 228:4,
11, 20, 24; 229:14; 245:25;
246:4, 8; 251:23; 260:6;
261:6, 13, 24; 283:7; 284:5
chairs [1] - 284:18
challenge [1] - 163:4
challenged [1] - 77:13
challenges [3] - 42:6;
101:22; 264:25
chance [1] - 229:9
change [24] - 9:7; 16:24;
32:11; 38:13; 80:17; 81:1;
82:9; 99:16; 105:8; 109:5;
111:5, 22; 112:12; 134:25;
154:8; 155:18; 166:14;
233:23; 239:25; 246:22;
252:8; 259:18; 283:19
changed [4] - 90:25; 146:11;
197:20; 214:8
changes [20] - 17:3; 54:25;
76:21, 23; 77:6; 98:4;
99:15; 109:17, 21; 144:4;
154:9; 185:9; 235:9;
239:20; 240:22; 255:6;
256:17; 258:11; 263:23;
283:17
changing [6] - 54:4; 103:6;
105:10; 127:23; 163:5;
247:1
character [1] - 103:7
characteristics [1] - 72:2
characterization [1] - 97:16
characterize [2] - 194:11;
254:4
characterized [2] - 201:18;
251:16
characterizing [1] - 194:8
charge [2] - 16:3; 203:24
charged [1] - 102:14
charity [1] - 49:12
CHARL [6] - 27:22; 30:17;
43:1; 44:3; 45:24; 47:17
Charl [3] - 3:14; 26:10; 27:21
Charles [1] - 150:12
Charlie [1] - 218:22
chart [1] - 67:19
charts [1] - 69:22
chased [1] - 127:2
cheap [1] - 46:13
cheaper [1] - 46:19
checked [1] - 222:1
chemicals [2] - 213:24;
214:15
cheque [1] - 216:24
Chetwynd [2] - 150:7; 222:5
Chief [3] - 121:8; 189:9;
190:22
chief [2] - 41:1; 42:7
CHIEF [6] - 189:11; 190:5,
21; 191:2, 15; 192:16
Chiefs [1] - 13:11
Chilcotin [1] - 96:3
Child [2] - 3:16; 47:24
child [15] - 28:25; 30:2; 48:8;
50:4; 51:4, 10, 15, 18;
53:19; 54:23; 56:22; 58:8;
59:13, 20
childcare [5] - 27:6; 58:20;
59:1, 3
childhood [1] - 50:25
children [19] - 48:18, 24;
50:1, 10; 51:7, 12, 14;
52:25; 53:9, 11, 25; 55:10,
13; 56:4, 18; 59:16; 60:2;
76:16
Chillborne [1] - 132:21
choice [1] - 225:14
choices [2] - 57:17; 208:19
choked [2] - 222:15, 19
choose [4] - 87:24; 107:18;
134:25; 135:5
chosen [2] - 8:18; 138:18
CHRIS [27] - 82:2; 83:4, 18;
84:9; 93:8; 103:9; 104:17,
24; 106:6, 9; 107:11;
108:10; 109:20, 24;
110:16; 111:8; 112:24;
113:2, 16, 20; 114:20, 23;
116:12; 119:9, 20; 122:2;
123:19
Chris [5] - 3:20; 61:22;
62:18; 82:25; 125:7
Chris' [2] - 91:13; 128:6
chronic [1] - 40:6
chunk [2] - 67:21; 155:11
CHURCHILL [4] - 130:13;
140:9; 156:24; 157:24
Churchill [12] - 4:9; 128:23;
130:9, 11, 14; 140:7;
153:14; 154:1; 156:10;
159:1; 195:10; 282:7
circle [1] - 208:15
circling [1] - 209:6
circulating [1] - 67:7
circumstances [1] - 45:23
CIRUNA [33] - 159:15; 160:7,
13; 161:8; 174:20, 23;
175:17, 23; 176:2; 177:23;
178:18; 180:4; 181:17;
182:17; 183:23; 185:1;
186:16, 19, 21; 187:6, 11,
19, 22; 188:2; 189:15;
190:8; 191:1, 8, 23;
192:11, 14; 195:22; 196:1
Ciruna [12] - 3:20; 4:11;
61:23; 159:11, 23; 160:11;
161:6; 174:7; 192:9;
200:15, 24; 282:21
cites [1] - 29:16
citizen [1] - 12:3
citizens [4] - 24:5, 8; 33:25;
41:15
city [32] - 36:12; 46:9; 59:2;
69:15; 71:12; 211:23;
223:13; 267:5, 19, 25;
268:2, 10, 25; 269:6, 8, 17,
22, 25; 270:11, 15; 271:2,
18; 272:8; 273:2, 13;
274:8; 275:10; 276:12, 17;
277:4; 278:2
City [5] - 132:6; 136:9;
266:12; 270:1, 19
city's [7] - 266:19, 21;
268:13; 270:13, 25; 271:22
civil [1] - 206:16
claims [2] - 243:15, 24
clarification [3] - 8:7; 110:7;
255:10
clarify [8] - 104:22; 124:4;
201:7, 15; 257:21; 264:14;
273:18, 24
clarity [1] - 97:21
classic [2] - 163:24; 178:19
classifications [1] - 122:15
clauses [1] - 90:15
CLEAN [1] - 1:2
clear [14] - 32:6; 33:1; 44:16;
105:7; 156:8; 180:14;
203:2; 205:18; 208:12;
227:15; 236:13; 241:20;
242:3; 273:7
clearly [15] - 20:8, 24; 24:23;
28:14; 30:24; 31:23; 41:1,
4; 99:19; 145:4; 168:20;
214:19; 217:15; 227:15;
240:10
client [4] - 51:17; 70:10;
82:3; 86:8
clientele [11] - 76:21, 23;
77:11; 80:19; 85:9, 12, 16,
20; 86:1; 88:3; 99:16
clients [8] - 51:13, 20; 52:6,
19; 82:23; 94:16; 130:24
climb [2] - 148:22; 228:1
clinic [3] - 31:13; 38:9, 22
clinician [1] - 58:24
clinicians [1] - 53:7
clinics [4] - 38:18; 41:3;
44:15
clockwise [1] - 226:10
close [6] - 26:17, 23; 95:22;
135:21; 180:9; 212:7
closed [3] - 43:9; 218:25;
219:2
closely [8] - 45:21; 95:18;
100:2; 153:25; 166:20;
177:14; 178:3; 190:19
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
7
closer [4] - 14:19; 30:16;
140:8; 213:17
closest [2] - 211:24; 264:3
closing [3] - 173:20; 193:2;
228:21
Closing [2] - 5:5; 262:10
cloud [16] - 135:13, 25;
146:18, 21; 147:22; 148:5;
150:14; 152:20; 209:1;
215:3, 8; 217:2, 5; 223:23;
225:2
Club [5] - 125:6, 16; 128:4;
131:19; 137:11
Co [2] - 2:6
co [2] - 168:13; 169:6
Co-Manager [2] - 2:6
co-occur [1] - 168:13
co-occurring [1] - 169:6
coal [2] - 132:11; 134:4
coarse [3] - 168:11, 21
coarse-filter/fine-filter [3] -
168:11, 21
coast [1] - 102:19
Coast [2] - 21:10; 96:3
coat [1] - 216:6
cockpit [1] - 211:19
codes [1] - 276:12
coffee [4] - 61:4; 202:7;
221:3; 222:23
coincidence [1] - 147:16
cold [6] - 226:19, 21-22;
227:10; 255:16
collaborate [1] - 21:17
collaborating [1] - 269:25
collaboration [1] - 28:3
collaborative [1] - 263:8
collaboratively [1] - 268:12
collaring [4] - 107:16;
118:17, 22; 124:14
colleague [2] - 8:5; 107:25
colleagues [4] - 65:6; 70:25;
75:15; 153:15
collect [1] - 181:12
collected [5] - 176:14; 187:4;
189:22; 201:22; 241:16
collection [3] - 171:12;
251:6; 253:10
collective [1] - 167:3
collectively [2] - 166:24;
203:2
College [3] - 132:18; 231:22;
279:18
colleges [1] - 38:13
collision [2] - 129:25; 130:4
Colorado [1] - 211:12
colours [1] - 214:3
COLUMBIA [2] - 1:3, 8
Columbia [69] - 1:24; 7:2;
21:8, 15; 22:4; 23:14;
24:25; 62:6, 16; 64:15, 21;
65:3, 14, 16; 66:23; 68:14,
16, 19-20; 69:12; 70:1, 8,
19, 23; 71:1, 3, 17, 25;
72:4; 74:11; 75:5; 86:4, 17;
92:4; 93:16; 94:9; 95:19,
21; 96:2, 12-13; 99:23;
100:1, 3, 15, 18; 101:2;
112:25; 113:4; 119:12;
131:21, 25; 132:8, 17;
143:12, 17; 144:8; 145:19,
22, 25; 146:6, 12; 158:23;
159:8; 164:9; 232:13;
241:14; 285:4
Columbia's [2] - 64:24;
69:21
column [1] - 8:14
combination [3] - 153:2, 6
combinations [1] - 241:24
combined [4] - 132:12;
149:13; 153:1, 5
comfort [1] - 135:4
comfortably [1] - 58:14
coming [32] - 26:9, 11;
32:23; 35:19; 37:19; 40:16;
41:14; 49:23; 56:3; 58:16;
59:25; 68:4; 69:6, 23; 70:9,
18, 20; 71:5; 78:13; 99:23;
101:17; 105:15; 117:9;
133:16; 181:21; 182:24;
214:4; 215:9; 222:9;
227:21; 228:2; 277:14
commenced [1] - 7:8
comment [16] - 57:6; 80:23;
88:23; 92:14; 93:6; 97:2;
119:21; 123:18; 156:3;
157:19; 158:20; 192:17;
200:9; 215:25; 241:12;
282:12
commenting [1] - 262:22
Comments [1] - 5:4
comments [23] - 5:5; 9:24;
44:23; 47:12; 60:9; 80:12,
15; 94:4; 96:24; 97:1;
142:19; 193:2, 9, 12;
194:2; 228:21; 252:1;
254:2; 256:16; 262:10;
263:20; 272:4
commercial [2] - 90:12;
205:14
Commission [7] - 136:3;
178:4; 272:9, 11, 18;
274:22; 275:4
commission [2] - 274:25;
275:2
commitment [3] - 22:9;
131:1, 4
commitments [3] - 18:22;
19:14; 278:16
committed [7] - 11:5; 12:22;
264:12; 265:4; 277:6;
279:13; 281:12
committee [6] - 13:8, 15;
145:10; 277:7, 12
committees [2] - 181:2, 13
common [8] - 32:17; 84:14;
142:6; 147:8; 162:23;
168:14; 179:9; 207:14
commonly [2] - 111:25;
240:23
commonly-employed [1] -
240:23
communicate [1] - 263:13
communicating [1] - 23:23
communication [2] - 204:10;
216:8
communications [3] - 79:16;
263:9, 11
communities [53] - 15:1;
17:13, 15; 19:4; 22:18, 22;
24:8, 11; 28:16; 32:5, 21,
23; 33:15; 34:12; 35:17;
41:13, 16, 20, 22; 42:13;
44:8; 57:16; 75:12; 78:10,
16; 85:25; 102:3, 5;
115:21; 116:21; 118:1;
121:7, 20; 123:12; 145:8;
146:8; 150:6; 165:11;
166:9, 21; 174:2; 176:10;
189:16, 18, 22; 261:8;
263:17, 23; 278:10;
279:21; 280:6
community [93] - 10:12;
12:18; 13:3; 14:12; 15:8,
11, 18; 17:8; 18:13; 22:24;
23:3; 24:17; 28:6; 29:6, 24;
30:11; 31:12, 14; 32:17;
33:13; 34:4, 18; 35:14;
36:8; 37:8, 17, 21; 38:5,
11-12; 41:24; 42:4, 12;
46:2; 47:6; 48:14, 17; 49:3,
7; 50:1, 21; 51:6; 53:22;
54:13; 55:13, 16, 20;
60:25; 90:25; 94:20;
116:18; 125:17; 135:10;
136:24; 144:3; 147:11;
148:16; 149:9, 20; 152:22,
25; 153:3, 21; 154:3, 19;
155:11, 13-14; 205:19;
212:1; 214:23; 217:24;
264:3, 6; 265:1; 266:19;
267:2, 20; 277:6, 10, 15,
19; 279:3; 280:17
commute [1] - 17:16
commuted [1] - 134:7
companies [3] - 16:1, 15;
220:15
company [4] - 58:5; 132:22;
238:21; 282:5
comparability [1] - 77:6
comparable [3] - 75:10;
86:8; 268:15
comparative [1] - 75:17
compare [5] - 52:23; 75:22;
76:3; 162:19; 242:19
compared [11] - 38:6; 39:17,
24; 40:7, 9, 11; 43:7;
44:20; 126:25; 171:3;
220:18
comparing [1] - 77:8
comparison [2] - 89:18;
242:17
comparisons [2] - 52:1; 54:1
compensate [4] - 16:4;
145:2; 234:8, 20
compensating [2] - 151:23;
249:25
Compensation [1] - 143:24
compensation [27] - 83:16;
84:8, 10; 90:6; 142:19, 21;
143:1, 12; 144:9; 145:24;
146:7; 151:13, 18, 25;
232:23; 233:12; 234:15,
23; 236:1, 11, 13, 25;
237:8; 252:23; 261:3
competitive [2] - 35:2; 68:23
competitiveness [1] - 35:1
complement [2] - 164:4;
271:16
complete [3] - 134:2; 186:21;
285:10
completed [4] - 49:19; 239:5;
241:20; 283:3
completing [1] - 173:22
complex [5] - 33:21; 56:5;
59:17; 204:12
compliance [4] - 273:25;
274:1, 3, 5
complicated [2] - 110:2;
116:20
complications [1] - 15:20
complied [2] - 273:17, 23
complimentary [1] - 283:2
component [10] - 65:4;
73:23; 99:24; 187:17;
245:12; 247:8; 252:16, 22;
274:3
composition [1] - 252:9
comprehensive [3] - 12:14;
144:15; 274:10
compress [1] - 16:8
compromise [1] - 216:12
computers [1] - 131:4
concentrate [1] - 94:2
concentrating [1] - 85:11
concentrations [3] - 8:13;
26:15, 19
concept [3] - 114:7; 136:16;
169:1
conceptual [1] - 234:23
concern [20] - 17:4; 29:17;
43:18; 54:24; 55:3, 5;
60:22; 220:7; 232:24;
233:16; 236:19; 238:14;
251:3; 253:16; 254:10;
267:21; 268:19; 269:8
concerned [7] - 15:4; 18:5;
29:16; 30:9; 109:4; 137:10;
260:1
concerning [2] - 114:17;
235:25
concerns [23] - 14:23; 19:21;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
8
22:17; 41:10; 54:8; 55:24;
136:7; 144:25; 155:7;
165:12; 205:18; 206:4;
210:16; 213:9; 235:12, 24;
254:23; 268:13; 270:25;
277:16; 279:1; 280:19;
283:14
concise [2] - 135:19; 156:8
conclude [3] - 173:13, 18
concluded [2] - 278:8
concludes [1] - 20:20
conclusion [1] - 249:17
conclusions [6] - 204:25;
248:1, 7; 256:19; 257:8;
259:15
concrete [1] - 45:22
concur [1] - 92:13
concurred [1] - 257:8
concurrently [2] - 19:8;
21:20
condensation [1] - 225:1
condition [14] - 162:20;
165:7; 167:17; 169:8;
170:3; 172:9; 176:20;
185:21; 188:7, 13, 25;
194:20; 199:4
conditions [17] - 16:5, 7;
18:22; 57:23; 147:15;
166:6, 15; 170:21; 198:10;
208:17; 227:16; 248:23;
263:5; 270:7; 272:13, 15;
277:21
condolences [1] - 204:21
conduct [2] - 165:20, 22
conducted [10] - 27:25;
163:11; 232:18, 21;
238:13; 242:16; 250:10;
254:14; 262:25; 272:20
conducting [4] - 10:10;
143:25; 202:3; 230:18
confer [1] - 114:24
confidence [3] - 242:2;
278:15, 17
confidential [1] - 263:25
configuration [1] - 111:17
confines [1] - 145:5
confirm [8] - 6:3; 9:12;
207:3; 231:5; 242:19;
250:11; 264:1; 283:23
confirmation [1] - 250:14
conflict [1] - 151:7
conflicting [2] - 19:12; 30:18
confluence [1] - 125:19
connections [1] - 166:22
connectivity [1] - 143:20
consecutive [2] - 66:7, 22
consequences [1] - 29:7
conservation [10] - 133:3;
137:5, 8, 12-13; 158:14;
238:15, 17; 249:15
Conservation [3] - 4:10;
130:11; 158:8
conservative [2] - 240:16;
241:6
consider [21] - 17:18; 21:2;
25:7; 111:10; 116:13, 16;
119:3; 123:14; 151:3, 10;
198:23; 205:4; 206:24;
207:6, 16, 22; 215:9;
222:4; 235:13; 250:19;
251:8
considerable [4] - 124:15;
128:14; 215:16; 267:18
considerably [1] - 204:23
consideration [10] - 7:12;
20:7; 109:8; 121:21; 151:4;
194:14; 250:23; 265:15;
266:18; 283:11
considerations [2] - 14:24;
116:9
considered [18] - 54:13;
70:8; 98:5, 9; 119:23;
120:15; 121:25; 123:1;
155:4; 201:17, 23; 203:9;
213:2; 236:20; 251:4;
264:22; 266:8; 284:1
considering [2] - 162:6;
249:22
considers [1] - 162:16
consistency [1] - 268:5
consistent [10] - 9:6; 25:16;
124:10; 163:2; 165:5;
166:3; 179:5; 253:7; 263:3;
268:15
consisting [1] - 13:9
conspired [1] - 159:11
constant [1] - 226:13
constantly [3] - 148:14;
246:13; 247:15
Constitutional [1] - 97:12
constraints [1] - 16:12
constructed [1] - 235:20
construction [32] - 10:25;
15:7, 14; 17:6, 9, 17, 21;
18:19; 19:2; 23:8; 98:10,
20; 101:10; 143:16; 144:4;
149:23; 197:21; 238:16;
254:3, 9; 270:5, 7, 10;
277:8, 13, 17; 279:25;
280:4; 281:18, 20
constructive [3] - 10:2; 22:8,
13
consult [4] - 42:12; 124:5;
175:11; 180:2
consult" [1] - 140:23
consultant [2] - 209:11;
215:22
consultants [5] - 11:10;
53:8; 133:6; 259:25;
269:25
consultation [17] - 118:19;
135:23; 140:11, 20;
141:24; 142:4, 13-14, 18;
149:2, 7; 205:13; 206:1;
282:13, 20
consultations [3] - 141:12,
18; 282:17
consultees [2] - 141:15;
142:5
consulting [1] - 132:22
Consulting [3] - 230:21;
231:19; 232:17
consumer [1] - 96:5
consumer's [1] - 101:22
consumers [1] - 96:10
consumption [1] - 263:18
contact [2] - 97:8; 148:15
contain [2] - 161:10; 226:1
contains [2] - 215:3, 8
content [3] - 230:10, 25;
234:12
context [11] - 20:14; 54:13;
63:20; 65:23; 155:3, 6;
178:21; 261:7
contexts [1] - 154:25
contextual [1] - 20:5
contingencies [1] - 152:16
continue [20] - 11:20; 54:3;
60:22; 68:21; 69:9;
76:23-25; 77:2; 128:5;
146:15; 171:17; 173:24;
176:1; 190:3; 246:6;
275:11; 280:25; 281:8
Continued [2] - 4:22; 5:2
continued [2] - 243:4; 248:3
continues [2] - 70:2; 280:1
continuing [7] - 67:13;
100:11; 135:10; 136:3;
191:13; 253:22; 266:1
contract [1] - 58:23
contracting [1] - 209:25
contractor [2] - 279:10
contractors [3] - 19:11; 23:2;
268:24
contrary [2] - 139:18; 153:10
contribute [3] - 156:21;
199:12; 268:16
contributes [1] - 268:6
contribution [4] - 26:22;
212:17; 268:2; 276:23
contributions [1] - 140:2
control [8] - 208:10; 211:20;
212:10; 213:6; 215:17;
216:1; 217:13; 221:11
controlled [1] - 146:8
controller [1] - 228:2
Controllers [3] - 210:3;
218:2; 220:12
convened [1] - 62:7
convenience [1] - 141:6
convention [1] - 206:16
conventions [1] - 71:15
conversation [8] - 56:20;
104:13; 116:21; 117:11;
118:9; 156:11; 188:18
conversations [1] - 54:17
converse [1] - 169:21
conversion [1] - 245:19
convert [2] - 71:2, 5
convince [1] - 195:15
convinced [2] - 198:21;
228:7
cooled [8] - 211:1, 3-4;
215:8, 16; 218:15; 224:9;
226:1
cools [1] - 215:11
cooperative [1] - 95:24
coordinated [4] - 163:3;
164:13; 166:3; 252:25
coordinated-area-based [1]
- 164:13
Copper [1] - 195:7
copy [3] - 83:17; 244:23;
264:10
core [2] - 64:21; 183:5
corporate [2] - 12:3; 146:13
corporation [7] - 21:1; 23:12;
64:22; 71:1; 138:3; 211:14;
214:1
correct [12] - 9:4; 27:2;
104:22; 106:16; 140:14;
178:18; 181:17; 187:1, 5-6;
189:15; 285:10
correlation [1] - 80:2
correspondence [1] - 234:11
corresponding [1] - 168:17
corresponds [1] - 160:22
corridor [1] - 107:1
corridors [1] - 106:24
cost [18] - 14:11; 15:6, 19;
16:13; 17:8; 24:21; 37:8;
70:8, 13; 135:12, 24;
136:13; 143:9; 147:4;
150:20; 151:11; 205:6
cost-effective [1] - 150:20
costs [6] - 15:25; 22:17;
37:13; 137:4; 165:9; 219:1
council [8] - 12:13; 28:3;
29:11; 33:2; 36:12; 46:9;
211:10; 272:12
councillor [1] - 132:5
Councillor [1] - 268:18
councils [1] - 121:8
Counsel [8] - 2:4, 9-10; 3:13;
4:18; 13:24; 229:21
counsel [5] - 14:3; 62:5;
159:8; 229:25; 279:1
Counsel) [4] - 3:18; 4:15;
61:19; 229:17
count [4] - 43:6; 125:16, 18;
128:1
counteract [1] - 112:21
countries [3] - 31:22; 40:23;
68:24
country [8] - 31:9; 73:25;
85:21; 90:8, 13; 91:16;
99:7; 133:12
couple [18] - 9:25; 47:2;
51:8; 53:24; 54:7; 55:1, 23;
76:17; 87:8; 90:1; 102:17;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
9
184:1, 8; 228:24; 262:7,
16; 273:15; 281:1
coupled [1] - 15:14
couples [1] - 46:16
course [7] - 72:21; 74:14;
86:18; 109:9, 19; 224:5;
279:18
courses [1] - 171:7
COURT [1] - 2:13
courtesy [1] - 251:15
Courtney [1] - 2:6
cover [9] - 126:2; 152:16;
245:17; 247:5, 16; 255:19;
262:17; 265:14
covered [4] - 97:17; 128:14;
217:8; 262:13
Coxon [1] - 270:12
crack [1] - 82:12
crackfill [1] - 219:2
Craig [1] - 2:9
Cranbrook [1] - 207:5
crash [2] - 42:23; 204:1
crashes [4] - 40:4, 12-13;
43:20
create [9] - 19:12; 20:25;
38:9; 180:16; 193:7; 198:9;
199:3; 269:1; 277:6
created [5] - 20:17; 37:5;
137:4, 9; 272:9
creates [4] - 35:22, 24;
43:17; 134:13
creating [1] - 77:16
creation [4] - 237:16; 243:10;
247:24; 256:20
creations [1] - 35:12
creche [1] - 46:18
creches [1] - 46:15
credentials [5] - 205:21;
209:12, 22, 24; 210:4
credibility [1] - 19:13
credible [1] - 214:13
credit [1] - 37:6
Creek [12] - 6:10; 115:5;
131:12; 159:18; 160:20,
23; 172:4; 175:1; 180:9;
222:5; 282:23
Creston [3] - 130:22; 150:4,
6
crime [3] - 39:18; 41:2;
149:23
criminal [1] - 36:24
crisis [3] - 36:6, 9; 148:24
crisp [1] - 77:13
criteria [1] - 167:11
critical [7] - 16:10; 74:1;
101:21; 128:9; 150:25;
233:4; 236:24
critters [2] - 125:19; 127:16
cross [6] - 107:5, 21-22;
127:7, 17
crossing [3] - 127:13, 21;
133:22
crossings [1] - 253:16
crosswalk [1] - 47:10
crowded [1] - 69:4
Crown [9] - 21:1; 23:12,
16-17, 24; 64:22; 70:25;
108:15; 214:1
crud [1] - 217:4
CSR(A [3] - 2:15; 285:3, 19
cubic [4] - 8:16; 26:17;
214:24; 215:5
culling [1] - 156:5
CULLING [3] - 156:6; 157:16;
159:2
cultural [4] - 71:23; 97:20;
100:10; 266:7
culture [10] - 72:19; 97:13;
99:22, 24; 100:13, 18, 24;
133:15; 148:13; 149:8
cultures [4] - 69:15; 97:5, 7,
10
cumulative [53] - 14:13;
17:6; 19:16, 19; 20:1, 15,
19, 21; 21:3, 23; 139:12,
16; 144:14; 151:1, 9;
152:24; 153:10; 159:17;
160:2, 18; 161:18, 24;
162:10, 15, 25; 163:10, 20;
164:3, 19; 165:1, 12, 15,
23; 167:25; 173:25; 174:4;
176:25; 177:3; 179:4, 14;
192:24; 193:7; 194:3, 10;
195:19; 196:4, 17; 201:23;
202:17; 223:20; 282:23;
283:11
cumulatively [1] - 16:21
current [20] - 15:15; 124:10;
125:23; 135:23; 138:24;
162:20; 165:6, 8; 166:12;
167:17; 170:3; 172:9;
185:21; 188:12; 194:19;
197:20; 264:13; 265:12;
266:21; 267:24
curves [2] - 216:2; 258:10
customer [1] - 86:6
customized [1] - 254:18
cut [1] - 184:21
cutblocks [1] - 185:6
cuts [2] - 127:3; 184:20
CVs [1] - 232:14
cycle [1] - 35:9
cycles [8] - 28:15; 31:21, 23;
32:5; 34:15, 19; 41:23;
279:21
cyclic [1] - 224:5
D
D'Arcy [2] - 3:9; 7:22
dad [1] - 51:16
dads [1] - 36:18
dam [25] - 41:25; 42:15;
135:25; 136:10; 137:21;
144:4, 7; 146:18, 22;
147:22; 148:19, 25;
150:13; 152:21; 153:23;
154:6; 157:8; 158:12;
197:21; 198:3; 217:25;
238:15; 244:10; 270:5;
281:19
Dam [5] - 77:7, 9; 198:1, 3;
281:10
damage [1] - 16:5
dams [13] - 77:15; 92:6, 16;
93:5; 143:17; 145:17;
148:11; 193:13; 195:9, 17,
21; 197:10
Dane [1] - 133:15
Dane-Zaa [1] - 133:15
dark [10] - 135:13, 24;
146:18, 21; 147:22; 148:5,
8; 150:14; 152:20; 217:6
Darvill [2] - 266:5
Daryl [2] - 3:9; 7:23
dashed [1] - 162:22
data [45] - 8:10; 30:10; 40:18;
42:25; 58:6; 117:14; 118:5;
167:16; 168:2; 171:13;
175:12, 16-17, 20; 176:1,
4, 14, 17; 180:14; 181:12;
187:3; 189:23; 194:23;
197:8, 16, 25; 198:3-5, 7,
15; 200:3; 201:24; 214:15;
241:13, 16; 242:11; 260:2;
263:8, 18; 264:16
data-gathering [1] - 263:8
database [1] - 202:5
databases [1] - 201:21
datas [1] - 136:21
datasets [1] - 176:13
date [7] - 175:15; 199:23;
200:2; 201:11, 19-20;
202:23
dating [1] - 198:7
Dave [2] - 4:8; 129:19
DAVID [5] - 9:1; 26:13;
27:12, 17; 256:15
David [4] - 9:1; 42:8; 102:21;
139:24
DAVIES [1] - 63:15
Davies [2] - 4:1; 63:12
davis [1] - 62:23
Davis [6] - 3:19; 61:20;
62:11; 63:10; 64:1; 281:15
DAVIS [12] - 64:3, 6; 79:19,
23; 80:23; 82:16; 85:18;
86:16; 87:16; 94:6; 99:11;
103:22
Dawson [11] - 6:10; 115:5;
159:18; 160:20, 23; 172:4;
174:25; 180:9; 222:5;
282:23
day-by-day [1] - 149:16
day-to-day [1] - 246:14
daycare [4] - 46:18; 54:24;
55:2, 6
days [12] - 59:24; 67:2;
98:14; 133:22; 215:7;
225:24; 255:13; 260:7;
262:7, 16; 284:4
daytime [1] - 255:21
dead [1] - 47:15
deal [24] - 8:25; 23:10; 38:25;
90:19; 91:6; 101:24;
135:22; 136:1, 6; 137:3,
18; 138:8, 15-16, 23;
139:19, 23; 140:5; 151:5;
208:6; 209:9; 211:2, 15;
215:21
dealing [5] - 6:6; 84:2, 21;
86:6; 264:25
deals [2] - 65:13; 84:3
dealt [1] - 138:14
death [2] - 40:3; 127:3
deaths [3] - 40:12, 15, 23
debatable [1] - 94:24
debris [2] - 245:15; 255:19
debt [1] - 36:6
decade [4] - 132:15; 148:17;
254:13
decades [6] - 103:3; 138:2;
142:11; 154:4; 155:10;
156:16
December [2] - 121:13;
232:15
decide [1] - 73:1
decided [1] - 150:1
decimates [1] - 147:11
decision [27] - 25:5; 120:23;
121:5; 123:2; 124:1; 135:5;
161:25; 163:6; 164:10,
12-15, 17, 22-23; 166:2;
171:8; 207:16; 208:2;
209:7, 13; 214:22; 222:12;
275:20; 277:22
decision-makers [3] -
164:22; 166:2; 171:8
decision-making [11] - 25:5;
161:25; 163:6; 164:10,
12-15, 17, 23; 222:12
decisions [8] - 22:3; 93:10;
162:4, 13; 163:21; 171:6;
210:4; 261:11
declared [1] - 214:6
decline [4] - 106:22; 117:7;
252:13; 279:23
declined [2] - 106:21; 172:21
decrease [2] - 138:20;
139:19
decreased [1] - 106:15
dedicated [1] - 282:4
deemed [4] - 142:17; 152:21;
153:8; 217:19
deep [4] - 45:16; 127:1;
206:13; 255:20
deer [15] - 106:4, 8, 18, 20;
107:13, 22; 110:1; 125:25;
126:3, 5, 20-21; 127:17;
158:19
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
10
default [1] - 217:18
defensible [1] - 259:2
deficiencies [1] - 232:21
deficient [4] - 233:18;
235:22; 249:9
define [8] - 65:25; 67:18;
79:24; 101:18; 165:18;
166:22; 182:1; 264:20
defined [1] - 168:20
defining [1] - 178:14
definite [1] - 75:6
definitely [9] - 45:1; 54:10;
55:6; 75:4; 77:3, 15; 81:7;
82:21; 180:18
definition [5] - 66:2, 14, 17,
22; 140:22
definitions [1] - 141:12
defrost [1] - 225:18
defrosts [1] - 226:4
degree [5] - 103:16; 131:20,
23; 249:9; 279:6
degrees [4] - 215:10; 218:8;
225:11
delay [1] - 25:12
deliberations [1] - 251:22
delicate [1] - 94:7
delighted [2] - 156:7, 9
deliver [3] - 45:14; 65:18;
225:10
delivered [1] - 10:6
delivery [3] - 64:20; 65:5, 11
demand [7] - 64:25; 95:10;
170:22; 265:1; 269:13;
279:7, 12
demobilization [1] - 280:8
democratic [1] - 41:16
demographic [5] - 74:6;
76:13; 82:24; 105:20;
117:15
demonstrate [1] - 236:4
demonstration [4] - 161:20,
23; 176:8; 186:4
dense [1] - 215:8
densification [1] - 267:8
densities [1] - 124:18
density [3] - 105:24; 111:12;
240:1
density-dependent [1] -
111:12
department [2] - 203:17;
250:8
Department [2] - 250:7, 12
departure [1] - 219:16
dependent [2] - 111:12;
256:5
depicted [1] - 29:14
deprived [1] - 19:4
depth [3] - 117:10; 153:20;
188:18
derived [1] - 230:11
describe [4] - 72:14; 197:9;
234:6; 244:20
described [10] - 22:7; 31:21;
154:10; 239:23; 255:2, 9;
256:22; 265:23; 279:20;
283:1
describes [1] - 265:11
DESCRIPTION [2] - 3:2; 6:2
design [5] - 118:20; 144:16;
210:25; 260:1; 282:19
designated [3] - 125:17;
172:6; 173:4
designed [3] - 225:10; 244:4;
260:23
designing [1] - 163:1
desirable [1] - 139:9
desired [2] - 22:1; 164:17
desk [1] - 229:1
desktop [1] - 189:14
despite [5] - 37:15; 146:24;
234:10; 248:8; 256:7
Destination [5] - 62:16;
64:21, 23; 71:1; 74:11
destination [4] - 69:5, 17;
70:14; 71:3
destinations [1] - 70:8
detail [10] - 128:14; 167:8;
181:20; 184:15; 234:17;
239:13; 243:23; 249:16;
250:4; 283:16
detailed [3] - 107:16; 154:15;
173:18
details [7] - 80:21; 106:2;
151:19; 236:6; 243:16;
278:12
determinants [1] - 48:22
determine [7] - 20:5; 41:16;
88:21; 109:16; 110:25;
234:7; 238:14
determined [6] - 11:3;
108:18; 174:15; 182:19;
271:16; 275:22
determining [3] - 102:15;
144:2; 238:9
develop [18] - 29:18; 34:8,
22; 41:12; 42:13; 81:14;
138:11; 144:10; 157:7;
166:1; 173:6; 218:14;
223:8; 247:20; 250:24;
263:14; 276:3
developed [10] - 36:12;
95:10; 103:18; 157:5;
212:21; 234:16; 236:14;
259:6; 266:18
developing [4] - 173:14;
192:1; 223:4; 270:1
Development [2] - 3:16;
47:25
development [49] - 10:18,
21; 12:17; 20:7; 32:9; 37:4,
8; 48:8; 50:25; 51:6, 10;
52:2; 53:19; 54:23; 56:22;
59:14; 81:6, 10; 83:1;
94:20; 100:5; 102:16;
151:2; 152:25; 162:17;
164:1; 168:16; 170:15, 20;
173:1, 9; 178:5; 185:4;
210:25; 218:14; 220:25;
235:22; 236:21; 248:21;
251:5; 261:4, 22; 265:15,
21; 266:20; 277:23;
280:15; 283:10
developments [7] - 101:12;
132:25; 137:7; 144:1;
145:23; 172:21; 193:20
develops [1] - 274:1
DFO [5] - 257:3, 18-19;
259:5, 20
DFO's [1] - 257:7
diagram [2] - 223:19; 227:6
diagrams [1] - 205:3
dialogue [5] - 22:8; 118:4;
120:8, 17; 138:1
DIANE [3] - 156:6; 157:16;
159:2
Diane [1] - 2:15
dictate [1] - 16:9
dictionary [1] - 140:22
die [1] - 127:16
difference [4] - 32:1; 41:10;
276:23
differences [1] - 163:9
different [34] - 32:25; 40:3;
59:2; 73:7; 77:10-12;
80:13; 90:14; 92:22; 95:24;
96:11; 104:20; 106:18;
107:19; 110:1; 114:8, 18;
143:15; 180:1, 24; 181:7,
13; 184:16; 185:10, 25;
193:9; 242:22; 246:21;
258:17; 272:20, 24; 275:6
differentiate [3] - 112:24;
113:3, 5
differently [1] - 186:1
difficult [17] - 32:19; 38:14,
25; 40:18; 43:1, 11; 77:9;
83:5, 13; 107:17; 112:2;
119:17; 146:2; 197:3;
210:19; 227:3; 246:12
difficulty [1] - 147:1
digestive [1] - 40:6
dilemma [1] - 36:9
Dinosaur [1] - 174:17
direct [7] - 83:5, 14; 178:24;
179:16; 193:18; 271:13;
276:22
directed [3] - 220:21; 252:25;
265:23
directing [1] - 236:25
direction [10] - 23:23; 64:13;
146:11; 177:8, 20; 179:1;
181:2; 197:13; 204:9;
220:4
directions [1] - 195:2
directly [6] - 10:4; 53:8; 96:5;
100:7; 251:24; 282:19
director [7] - 62:12, 15, 18;
158:21; 159:20; 196:13;
197:12
directors [2] - 49:6; 100:6
dirty [1] - 152:6
disagreed [3] - 194:23;
195:12
disappear [1] - 149:22
disasters [1] - 37:5
discover [1] - 99:7
discovering [1] - 93:15
discuss [10] - 25:22; 167:2;
190:14; 243:7; 256:23;
265:3; 271:3; 277:10, 18;
281:1
discussed [12] - 191:25;
196:17; 208:21, 25; 209:9;
218:4; 264:25; 265:20;
268:25; 278:24; 279:16;
283:15
discussing [2] - 146:23;
266:3
discussion [13] - 13:18;
56:15; 63:4; 97:14; 141:17;
190:22; 193:20; 196:21;
199:1; 209:1; 247:14;
266:2, 20
discussions [12] - 10:2;
11:21; 21:13; 57:10, 13,
19; 78:22; 104:21; 178:8;
196:14; 265:4; 280:22
diseases [1] - 40:6
dismiss [1] - 206:3
dismissed [1] - 136:9
Disneyland [1] - 70:13
dispersed [1] - 124:17
dispersion [1] - 226:25
display [3] - 211:18, 20;
218:15
displays [1] - 233:3
dispute [1] - 278:6
disquisition [1] - 228:14
disruption [1] - 205:6
distance [2] - 211:25; 279:3
distinction [1] - 66:10
District [3] - 132:2; 273:11;
276:1
disturb [1] - 211:5
disturbances [2] - 184:14,
19
disturbed [3] - 184:23;
194:13; 211:4
disturbing [1] - 53:2
diverse [2] - 72:14; 137:23
diversity [1] - 69:14
divert [1] - 221:15
divide [2] - 71:25; 141:15
division [2] - 28:9; 32:16
document [7] - 193:25;
194:1; 230:14; 232:16;
264:10; 275:13; 277:1
documentation [2] - 232:20;
248:8
documented [2] - 143:6;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
11
264:11
documents [2] - 113:13, 25
Doig [2] - 121:17; 125:20
dollar [3] - 68:15; 216:19, 24
dollars [6] - 19:9; 35:5;
49:13; 140:1; 158:16;
220:6
domestic [1] - 67:6
domestically [1] - 70:2
donations [1] - 140:2
done [57] - 34:17; 41:25;
43:3, 14; 45:22; 75:15, 20;
89:12; 96:6; 100:14; 101:3;
112:23; 114:1, 6; 118:22;
120:4, 22; 121:5; 123:13;
124:8, 11; 128:2; 135:22;
136:1, 6; 137:3, 18; 138:8,
15-16, 23; 139:19, 23-24;
140:5; 151:5; 167:8;
178:13; 179:23; 181:22;
184:24; 185:2, 23; 186:18;
187:4; 195:5; 198:2; 199:8;
229:10, 12; 240:25; 241:1,
21; 242:23; 267:19
done-deal [8] - 137:3, 18;
138:8, 15-16, 23; 139:19;
151:5
Donnelly [1] - 269:23
door [1] - 148:22
doors [1] - 283:8
doubt [1] - 142:12
Douglas [1] - 21:9
down [40] - 25:20; 35:4; 38:4;
40:17; 43:2; 53:21; 54:15,
19; 63:20; 64:3; 72:11;
80:4; 110:19, 22; 111:1,
20; 118:3; 133:16; 158:6;
161:7; 172:20; 187:8;
191:10; 192:13; 207:18;
208:7; 215:11; 217:8;
219:4, 7, 20; 224:11;
225:13; 226:17, 21;
227:13; 246:2; 260:10;
285:7
downfall [1] - 128:9
downstream [3] - 145:5, 12;
197:18
downwind [1] - 215:11
dozen [1] - 82:8
Dr [36] - 2:2; 3:14, 20; 4:11;
26:10; 27:19, 21; 30:15;
42:7, 21; 44:22, 25; 45:4;
47:9; 48:3, 6, 21; 51:21;
54:9; 61:23; 112:13; 129:4;
152:19; 160:11; 161:6;
174:7; 192:9; 200:15, 24;
257:6; 259:20; 279:20;
280:14; 282:21
DR [39] - 27:22; 30:17; 43:1;
44:3; 45:24; 47:17; 159:15;
160:7, 13; 161:8; 174:20,
23; 175:17, 23; 176:2;
177:23; 178:18; 180:4;
181:17; 182:17; 183:23;
185:1; 186:16, 19, 21;
187:6, 11, 19, 22; 188:2;
189:15; 190:8; 191:1, 8,
23; 192:11, 14; 195:22;
196:1
draft [7] - 11:7; 186:23;
187:2; 264:13, 15, 18;
276:19
drain [2] - 17:19; 244:10
drainage [1] - 132:14
drains [1] - 22:18
draw [4] - 88:3; 97:5; 220:13;
271:25
drawing [2] - 156:15; 157:18
drawn [2] - 72:16; 133:14
dreaded [1] - 199:19
dream [3] - 147:8; 150:12
dreamer [1] - 50:13
Dreamer's [1] - 284:23
dreams [2] - 135:9; 147:6
dressing [2] - 34:13; 42:10
dries [1] - 224:16
drifts [1] - 215:11
drill [1] - 149:10
drilled [1] - 28:23
drilling [1] - 34:21
drink [1] - 214:8
drinkall [2] - 90:3, 8
Drinkall [1] - 83:8
drinking [1] - 263:20
drive [5] - 43:5; 91:24; 96:6;
157:20; 220:1
drive-through [1] - 220:1
driven [2] - 25:1; 130:21
driver's [4] - 31:3; 36:24;
39:12; 43:13
drivers [3] - 43:15; 170:16
drives [3] - 92:2
driving [1] - 228:9
drop [6] - 36:3, 14, 20; 38:4;
80:19; 244:11
dropped [1] - 106:5
dropping [1] - 69:5
drops [4] - 35:5; 207:8;
243:12
drove [1] - 148:18
drug [2] - 39:13; 40:19
drunk [1] - 133:13
dry [3] - 133:25; 225:22
dual [1] - 131:21
duct [1] - 222:17
due [11] - 40:3, 12, 19;
156:19; 159:4; 160:25;
237:10; 247:1; 263:24;
270:22
Dumbrell [1] - 266:16
dumped [1] - 215:16
Dunlevy [1] - 158:11
Dunvegan [1] - 195:8
duration [2] - 20:24; 214:16
during [24] - 17:16; 22:24;
144:17; 155:7; 196:7, 24;
197:20; 206:9; 213:21;
236:20; 243:9, 11; 250:6;
251:4; 252:22; 254:3, 9;
255:13, 21; 263:24; 270:5,
7, 10; 281:18
duty [1] - 279:17
dynamic [3] - 155:21;
239:24; 240:11
dynamics [4] - 42:4; 154:3;
259:2; 260:9
E
EA [4] - 18:23; 20:12; 274:2;
277:22
EAO [12] - 178:9; 179:12;
196:13, 23; 197:12;
205:24; 273:13, 17, 23;
274:1, 3, 9
early [9] - 36:17; 39:23;
50:23, 25; 61:4; 104:3;
118:20; 282:15
earned [2] - 131:20, 23
ease [2] - 85:9; 250:14
easier [1] - 47:5
easily [3] - 66:19; 135:2;
183:15
east [5] - 130:1; 184:5;
212:16; 224:19, 22
easterly [1] - 224:24
eastern [4] - 48:10; 59:5;
211:23; 213:18
easy [5] - 60:2; 78:16; 120:3;
220:8; 224:2
easy-fix [1] - 60:2
eat [1] - 43:18
eaten [1] - 256:1
ecological [8] - 134:11;
143:18; 150:24; 152:25;
153:3; 168:14; 169:23
ecologists [1] - 121:22
ecology [2] - 131:22; 232:11
economic [15] - 7:13; 9:22;
32:2; 33:22; 34:19; 36:2;
37:16; 41:22; 42:5; 135:6,
12; 139:2, 6; 155:2
Economic [2] - 1:14; 7:6
economical [6] - 28:12; 29:5;
33:17; 36:9; 37:5, 10
economics [1] - 134:20
economists [1] - 47:15
economy [7] - 19:11; 20:23;
35:13; 66:18, 20; 71:12;
136:13
ecosection [1] - 137:15
ecosystem [9] - 137:24;
139:8; 143:15; 144:7;
168:8; 253:1; 255:8; 266:6
ecosystems [4] - 133:25;
143:19, 23
ecotourism [4] - 71:16;
74:17; 81:21, 25
Edge [4] - 64:16, 18, 20; 71:9
Edmonton [2] - 204:4;
223:10
education [4] - 37:2; 43:25;
44:12
educations [1] - 44:11
effect [17] - 83:6; 109:7, 12;
111:22; 112:22; 151:16;
153:2; 163:22; 185:12;
193:8; 194:4, 9-10; 195:19;
260:13; 267:17
effective [8] - 23:2; 137:6;
145:12; 146:8; 150:20;
248:22; 254:12; 263:14
effectively [2] - 146:16;
234:20
effectiveness [7] - 143:2;
145:16; 165:8; 193:23;
234:7; 235:16; 254:21
effectness [1] - 143:9
effects [82] - 11:16; 14:13;
15:4; 17:5; 19:16, 19; 20:1,
15, 19, 21; 21:24; 42:12;
83:11; 111:6; 145:5; 151:9;
152:24; 156:12; 159:17;
160:2, 18; 161:19, 24;
162:6, 10, 15, 25; 163:10,
20; 164:3, 19; 165:1, 12,
15, 23; 167:25; 174:1, 4;
176:25; 177:3; 179:4, 14;
192:24; 193:22; 194:17;
195:21; 196:4, 17; 197:5,
9, 23; 198:13; 199:5, 12;
201:23; 234:5, 9, 20;
235:8; 237:11; 243:15, 24;
244:18; 250:25; 254:6, 9;
255:1; 256:20; 264:8, 21;
268:21; 270:21; 271:18;
272:8; 273:2; 274:8;
276:17; 282:24; 283:12
efficacy [2] - 151:17; 152:8
efficiency [1] - 242:7
efficient [2] - 203:16; 229:10
effort [6] - 43:3; 124:15, 21;
137:21; 143:10; 230:16
efforts [9] - 18:25; 59:15;
137:16; 140:3; 237:1, 6;
251:18; 282:14
eggs [1] - 239:10
eight [7] - 30:8; 48:13; 64:14;
68:16; 211:8; 219:13;
275:14
EIS [43] - 8:9; 11:17; 16:19;
17:12; 19:14, 17; 20:18;
27:9, 15; 45:5; 123:23;
142:23; 143:4, 7; 144:19;
151:4; 154:15; 155:8;
177:7; 193:6, 10; 196:8;
197:10; 206:3; 209:17;
214:19; 234:4, 6; 244:17,
19, 24; 248:16; 254:4;
256:19, 22; 259:15; 260:4;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
12
263:2; 264:19; 265:18;
266:9; 275:18
either [7] - 16:21; 82:5;
101:19; 137:22; 152:16;
154:17; 177:6
El [1] - 224:4
elaborate [1] - 174:18
Elders [1] - 121:7
elected [1] - 227:22
elections [1] - 35:12
electric [1] - 150:23
electrician [2] - 204:6, 12
electricity [5] - 12:6, 24-25;
23:9
Elementary [1] - 148:20
elements [3] - 65:5; 77:25;
178:10
elevation [2] - 107:14, 19
elicit [2] - 39:13; 40:19
elk [13] - 106:4, 8, 10-11;
107:21; 110:2; 111:3;
113:6, 8; 119:18; 126:7;
127:14
Elliott [1] - 240:25
elsewhere [8] - 67:10; 70:9;
71:4; 147:20; 208:5, 19;
234:13; 249:25
embedded [1] - 49:8
embedding [1] - 271:5
emerged [1] - 87:20
emergency [3] - 11:6;
244:10; 269:7
emerging [1] - 88:1
emission [2] - 215:9; 223:2
emissions [3] - 214:6;
219:20; 227:4
emphasize [1] - 125:12
empirical [1] - 258:8
employable [1] - 39:8
employed [4] - 240:19, 23;
243:1; 244:7
employee [1] - 157:10
employers [1] - 59:13
employment [5] - 12:17;
39:6; 66:13; 67:20; 134:5
empower [1] - 272:13
empowering [2] - 18:14;
24:18
EMPs [1] - 277:25
enables [1] - 269:20
encampments [1] - 102:25
encourage [4] - 19:19;
22:12; 96:9; 279:9
encouraged [1] - 45:20
end [14] - 37:9; 38:4; 50:7;
52:24; 56:24; 57:6; 92:22;
173:21; 186:23, 25;
198:11; 199:10; 227:20;
280:3
endlessly [1] - 228:6
endorsed [1] - 263:10
endowment [2] - 133:3;
137:9
Endowment [2] - 4:10;
130:12
ends [1] - 156:2
enduring [1] - 13:12
energy [7] - 21:10; 87:25;
88:1; 137:22; 178:5;
217:17
Energy [2] - 133:10; 217:21
ENERGY [1] - 1:2
enforce [2] - 272:13; 275:5
enforceable [2] - 18:22;
213:20
enforcement [4] - 273:8;
274:4, 11; 275:16
engage [6] - 21:22; 47:11;
173:24; 190:10; 253:25
engaged [2] - 237:2; 282:20
engagement [5] - 12:18;
13:4, 9; 261:20; 280:25
engaging [2] - 24:11; 86:3
engine [3] - 216:12; 221:5,
13
England [1] - 241:1
enhance [1] - 157:11
enhanced [1] - 158:5
enhancement [11] - 132:12;
158:17; 232:23; 237:13,
16; 247:23; 253:3, 11, 14,
18, 24
enhancements [1] - 233:21
enhancing [1] - 237:9
enjoy [4] - 70:12; 78:16;
96:10; 157:4
enjoyed [1] - 132:7
enjoying [1] - 101:16
enjoyment [1] - 81:7
ensure [5] - 19:1; 24:11;
251:19; 271:24; 278:19
ensuring [1] - 24:7
enter [1] - 103:20
entering [1] - 275:9
enters [1] - 245:16
entertain [1] - 228:11
enthusiasts [1] - 72:15
entire [3] - 75:9; 95:15; 158:6
entirely [2] - 187:3; 259:6
entities [1] - 268:16
entitled [3] - 23:14; 230:6;
284:22
entrenched [1] - 48:17
entrepreneur [1] - 81:13
entrepreneurship [1] - 100:8
envelopment [1] - 139:11
environment [13] - 66:7;
69:16; 91:13; 99:16;
147:20; 169:24; 201:2;
205:9-11; 245:13
Environment [20] - 1:14; 7:6;
114:11, 24; 132:9; 136:8;
152:11; 156:16; 178:4;
193:16; 196:13, 15;
197:12; 206:6; 213:21;
214:9; 228:16; 230:6;
257:5; 276:13
environmental [27] - 22:1;
33:19, 21; 139:12; 153:4,
12; 165:4; 178:6, 24;
179:22; 180:6; 188:23;
190:25; 191:21; 192:3;
193:22; 195:16; 198:22;
205:7; 214:5; 232:20;
234:9; 265:8; 273:9;
277:24
Environmental [16] - 131:2;
132:22; 133:10; 163:13,
16, 25; 177:11, 22; 178:19;
193:18; 196:22; 198:2;
205:25; 230:20; 246:15;
274:16
ENVIRONMENTAL [2] - 1:6,
8
environmentally [2] -
219:24; 221:7
environments [1] - 255:1
envisaged [1] - 112:22
envision [1] - 178:12
envisioning [1] - 180:15
equal [1] - 209:14
equipment [5] - 16:6; 18:12;
24:17; 36:4; 279:17
equipped [1] - 209:8
ER [1] - 38:24
erodes [1] - 226:21
error [1] - 216:10
errors [2] - 142:6; 204:24
ERs [1] - 38:23
especially [8] - 85:17; 96:13;
116:15; 191:22; 194:25;
195:20; 218:13; 225:7
Esq [3] - 2:4, 9
essence [2] - 69:11; 178:13
essential [1] - 19:4
essentially [4] - 117:1;
243:11, 21; 259:4
establish [2] - 22:1; 236:12
ESTABLISHED [1] - 1:2
established [13] - 13:8; 49:6,
10; 80:25; 88:20; 152:5,
15; 172:11; 181:24;
245:21; 246:13; 247:18;
279:17
establishing [4] - 162:23;
179:8; 188:9; 203:4
establishment [3] - 179:9;
247:3; 277:3
esteemed [1] - 62:4
estimate [4] - 151:13;
171:16; 244:14; 247:10
estimated [2] - 26:21; 244:13
estimates [2] - 154:16;
242:22
et [11] - 91:18; 125:22;
127:19; 128:3; 141:6;
169:11; 185:6; 195:7;
196:9; 259:25; 276:7
Europe [1] - 70:5
European [1] - 97:8
evaluate [2] - 143:25; 271:6
evaluating [1] - 232:2
evaluation [1] - 186:22
evening [2] - 266:11; 272:3
event [1] - 244:10
events [1] - 49:12
eventually [1] - 180:3
evergreen [1] - 90:14
everywhere [1] - 227:15
evidence [2] - 20:5; 255:7
eviscerated [1] - 147:12
evolve [3] - 97:11; 102:6;
190:3
exacerbate [1] - 16:15
exacerbated [1] - 19:22
exact [1] - 84:1
Exactly [1] - 200:20
exactly [4] - 86:7; 107:17;
122:3; 209:21
exaggerated [1] - 150:18
examine [1] - 258:15
examined [1] - 55:7
example [24] - 67:20; 68:5;
74:22; 100:6; 110:15;
137:8; 146:5; 154:21;
161:2, 4; 168:25; 169:2,
14, 17; 171:20; 173:19;
190:18; 237:8; 239:9, 18;
240:2; 241:12; 253:14
examples [4] - 166:16;
195:6, 9; 222:13
exceed [2] - 173:1; 255:15
exceeded [3] - 131:3;
152:18; 172:18
excellence [1] - 12:21
excellent [6] - 49:9; 82:16;
85:18; 94:6, 22; 100:23
except [2] - 171:23; 175:6
exceptional [4] - 69:18;
70:14; 85:5, 14
excess [1] - 140:2
excited [1] - 55:3
exciting [1] - 178:11
exclude [1] - 195:17
exclusive [1] - 167:20
excuse [2] - 195:24; 283:7
executive [4] - 62:11;
158:21; 196:13; 197:12
executives [1] - 42:3
exempt [1] - 214:7
exercise [4] - 42:9; 43:18;
97:18, 20
exercises [1] - 107:17
exercising [1] - 24:13
exhaustive [1] - 260:11
exist [2] - 114:19; 282:6
existing [39] - 10:19; 14:15;
16:22; 17:21; 19:22; 20:2;
21:4; 57:11, 23; 75:4; 81:4,
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
13
16, 20; 88:3; 89:18; 92:6;
94:11; 103:23; 137:6;
145:17; 154:21; 156:20;
166:14; 167:13; 176:4,
12-13; 182:20; 187:7;
193:20; 194:14, 23;
245:21; 247:18; 267:9;
275:19; 278:18; 281:9
exotic [1] - 69:3
expand [1] - 180:15
expanded [4] - 49:14, 18;
55:1; 223:13
expanding [2] - 223:3;
260:18
expansion [1] - 128:1
expansive [1] - 72:14
expect [8] - 16:13; 82:7;
153:22; 154:5; 252:5, 11;
279:6
expectation [1] - 23:22
Expectations [1] - 23:15
expectations [1] - 24:1
expected [9] - 76:21; 98:4;
154:10, 16; 168:16; 235:9;
244:21; 279:11
expecting [3] - 99:15;
106:16; 117:10
expended [1] - 146:4
expending [1] - 260:19
expenditure [1] - 145:25
expenditures [3] - 69:24;
75:21, 24
expense [1] - 130:23
expensive [3] - 46:24;
219:24; 221:5
experience [21] - 17:2;
58:13; 71:23; 78:15; 80:17;
85:5, 14; 88:10; 95:9;
99:24; 100:13; 120:24;
140:12, 18; 156:15; 157:6;
188:15; 232:1; 263:23;
264:8
Experiences [2] - 82:20;
94:18
experiences [7] - 69:15, 19;
70:15; 91:16; 96:11;
142:22
experiencing [1] - 280:18
expert [2] - 119:1; 133:9
expertise [6] - 107:25;
203:13; 206:14; 213:12;
214:11; 220:13
experts [5] - 11:18; 50:9;
228:18; 238:21; 282:16
explain [3] - 85:3; 114:5;
210:5
explained [2] - 44:6; 273:9
explanation [1] - 259:4
explicit [3] - 167:18; 187:23;
265:14
exploration [1] - 173:9
exploring [1] - 163:5
express [4] - 189:4; 209:16;
215:22
expressed [3] - 144:25;
268:19; 269:8
expressing [1] - 147:25
extend [4] - 160:25; 161:5, 9;
175:5
extended [2] - 161:13
extension [2] - 29:12; 267:13
extensive [4] - 194:1; 232:1;
241:1; 282:14
extensively [1] - 106:5
extent [8] - 58:2; 93:21;
111:4, 6; 144:2; 161:11;
194:12
external [2] - 12:15; 82:23
extirpate [1] - 233:24
extirpated [4] - 120:16, 25;
122:14; 237:10
extra [1] - 221:22
extreme [2] - 94:14; 124:21
extremely [1] - 56:6
eye [2] - 225:11, 13
Eyford [4] - 21:9, 16, 20;
22:7
Eyford's [1] - 22:10
F
fabric [2] - 87:4; 152:23
face [4] - 62:18; 191:11;
243:14
face-to-face [1] - 191:11
faced [1] - 208:14
faces [1] - 53:7
facet [2] - 133:3; 137:9
facilitated [1] - 251:20
facilitators [1] - 149:2
facilities [5] - 27:6, 8; 78:17;
156:25; 254:15
facility [2] - 223:4; 254:19
facility-specific [1] - 254:19
fact [13] - 45:20; 95:1;
152:13; 169:6; 177:10;
199:21; 212:2, 22; 216:24;
227:20; 248:11; 259:10;
264:3
factor [4] - 210:15; 224:3;
258:19
factors [1] - 188:14
factual [1] - 119:6
failed [2] - 151:9; 152:11
fails [1] - 20:18
failure [1] - 135:23
fair [3] - 35:19; 106:2; 187:10
fairly [10] - 9:6; 44:1; 59:21;
85:9; 91:11; 99:18; 107:16;
116:24; 117:10; 275:17
fairness [2] - 137:1; 212:20
fall [3] - 63:3; 215:15; 255:25
fallen [1] - 82:11
falls [1] - 40:6
false [1] - 107:12
familiar [2] - 62:17; 133:24
families [10] - 48:19, 24;
50:1, 6; 53:9; 55:18, 21;
56:2, 18; 149:21
family [14] - 28:9; 32:16;
36:6; 50:5; 58:19; 59:2;
73:11; 130:25; 134:8;
135:3, 9; 148:10, 15; 282:9
far [13] - 6:10; 60:1; 75:3;
86:13; 99:3; 115:5; 123:5;
134:2; 175:14; 183:1;
212:24; 264:7; 276:10
farcical [1] - 203:9
farm [1] - 172:6
farmland [1] - 256:11
farms [1] - 134:18
fascinating [2] - 228:7, 14
fashion [1] - 143:3
fast [1] - 34:22
fatal [1] - 129:24
fathom [1] - 55:11
fatiguing [1] - 135:17
fault [1] - 212:21
faulty [1] - 151:12
favour [2] - 8:4; 275:9
favouring [1] - 227:19
February [1] - 200:4
federal [6] - 21:9; 25:8;
175:11; 265:23; 271:20;
277:22
feed [1] - 117:15
feedback [1] - 158:21
feet [5] - 49:16; 53:11; 209:2,
5, 7
FELDBERG [2] - 26:6; 229:5
Feldberg [2] - 2:10; 26:5
felt [1] - 141:12
fence [1] - 227:12
Fentanyl [1] - 40:22
few [17] - 9:24; 28:1, 17;
35:5; 65:14; 75:7; 81:23;
93:15; 94:17; 106:20;
124:12; 134:9; 167:6;
172:11; 174:13; 229:12
fewer [3] - 76:16; 111:18
field [4] - 120:22; 121:4;
201:19; 237:4
fieldwork [1] - 187:5
fifth [1] - 241:3
figure [3] - 31:18; 110:14;
192:17
figures [2] - 39:3; 40:13
filed [6] - 221:25; 229:9;
230:7, 13; 232:14; 273:13
filing [1] - 11:17
filled [1] - 127:8
filling [1] - 263:24
filter [3] - 168:11, 21
filter/fine [3] - 168:11, 21
final [12] - 7:12; 77:20; 135:1;
186:22; 217:19; 229:3;
235:6; 236:12; 250:19;
272:2; 274:19; 276:5
finalize [1] - 270:11
finalized [2] - 196:14; 197:11
finally [12] - 11:23; 13:6;
24:23; 222:17; 226:7, 22;
269:17; 275:14; 276:22;
278:14; 281:23; 283:13
finance [2] - 85:10; 132:4
financial [9] - 11:5; 23:4;
131:5; 136:21; 138:20;
268:2, 9; 269:2; 276:22
findings [3] - 11:15; 136:2
fine [1] - 238:1
finished [4] - 90:3; 125:15;
278:20; 283:8
firefighter [1] - 204:1
firm [1] - 107:11
first [39] - 10:5; 14:11; 15:3;
22:17; 38:8; 63:22; 65:20,
25; 87:9; 90:1; 94:1; 97:2;
101:17; 109:15; 110:25;
125:9, 11; 128:23; 130:16;
169:18; 172:12; 174:14;
179:22; 186:18; 187:2;
192:2; 200:16; 203:23;
222:19; 231:5; 243:22;
246:22, 25; 250:22;
257:21; 266:16; 273:17,
23; 274:15
First [84] - 3:13; 4:14, 18-19,
21-22; 5:1, 3; 11:9; 13:10,
13, 20, 23; 14:4, 6; 21:13;
25:3, 21; 37:24; 97:18;
105:13; 115:16; 116:6, 8;
121:7, 23; 123:1, 15;
125:10; 130:17; 139:25;
148:12; 165:11; 166:8, 20;
174:2; 176:9; 184:11;
186:11, 14; 188:5, 20;
189:4, 10; 190:17; 192:7;
193:3; 229:4, 16, 22, 25;
230:3; 231:14; 232:24;
233:7; 235:13; 236:8, 16,
18; 237:2, 13; 238:3;
243:5; 245:4; 248:4; 251:2,
12, 20; 252:10; 253:5, 23;
254:23; 256:24; 257:15;
260:21; 261:2, 19, 21;
264:2; 265:20, 25; 284:22
first-aid [1] - 10:5
firstly [1] - 31:17
fiscal [3] - 173:21; 186:23
fish [79] - 11:13, 16, 21-22;
127:24; 132:13; 142:22;
143:12, 24; 144:3, 9;
145:19; 169:10; 213:23;
229:7; 230:4, 7; 232:2, 18,
23; 233:12, 25; 234:14, 23;
235:9, 18; 236:10, 13, 19;
237:19; 238:8, 12; 240:20;
241:7; 243:8, 13, 15, 19,
23; 244:13; 245:17; 247:4,
17; 251:3; 252:7; 253:15;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
14
254:2, 6-7, 11, 19-20;
255:4, 7, 11, 16, 19-20;
256:1, 8, 16; 257:11;
258:1, 4; 259:12; 263:7, 18
fish-stranding [2] - 243:15,
19
fisheries [20] - 11:10, 18;
145:14; 231:20, 23;
232:11; 233:11, 24; 234:2;
235:17, 21; 236:5, 17;
237:14; 238:22; 244:21;
247:21; 248:19; 252:4, 6
Fisheries [4] - 237:7; 250:7,
12; 252:17
fishermen's [1] - 158:16
fishery [2] - 249:24; 254:8
fishes [1] - 260:8
fit [2] - 81:25; 178:9
five [8] - 29:8; 36:20; 65:22;
76:20; 106:14; 167:10;
213:18; 223:1
fix [2] - 29:3; 60:2
fixed [7] - 239:9; 240:3;
241:12; 257:23; 258:14, 18
fixture [1] - 225:8
flares [1] - 212:15
flash [1] - 225:12
flashes [1] - 225:17
flavour [4] - 70:16; 72:3;
73:13; 138:19
flew [1] - 223:16
flexible [1] - 21:18
flight [4] - 208:8; 209:3;
221:25
FLIR [3] - 118:25; 119:10, 18
FLNRO [6] - 115:14; 118:9;
121:17, 22; 123:10, 14
floats [2] - 224:13
flood [4] - 87:12; 103:2;
156:19; 265:11
flooded [1] - 89:17
flooding [2] - 83:21; 108:19
floor [8] - 26:2; 44:22; 60:10;
104:2; 153:16; 202:13;
228:12; 262:2
flourish [1] - 50:2
flow [8] - 78:11; 134:12;
135:15; 169:21, 23;
171:18; 197:20; 224:24
flown [1] - 227:18
flows [3] - 134:13; 171:9;
224:25
fluctuates [1] - 110:6
fluctuating [2] - 246:14;
247:15
fluctuations [6] - 240:14;
243:11; 245:23; 246:10;
247:2; 254:5
fly [5] - 33:4; 42:2; 208:10;
215:12
flyers [1] - 210:1
flying [2] - 203:25; 227:2
focus [18] - 49:25; 50:23, 25;
64:24; 70:22; 94:9; 132:23;
133:11; 161:23; 162:11,
23; 164:17; 232:21; 233:8;
237:8; 249:23; 260:18;
267:7
focused [6] - 16:23; 17:14;
45:11; 164:14; 232:10
focuses [2] - 94:18; 233:10
focusing [2] - 71:19; 95:1
focussed [1] - 45:6
fog [6] - 31:5; 159:4; 227:24;
283:19, 22
folks [2] - 67:4; 186:24
follow [14] - 38:3; 48:5;
62:24; 74:25; 89:6; 157:15;
175:4; 216:21; 234:6;
252:19, 23; 257:12;
276:15; 277:21
follow-up [8] - 62:24; 74:25;
89:6; 157:15; 234:6;
252:19; 257:12; 277:21
following [8] - 22:16; 57:24;
138:2; 151:4; 167:11;
234:24; 238:15; 250:17
food [9] - 15:20; 67:21;
150:22; 245:14; 247:4, 17;
255:25; 256:2
foods [1] - 43:19
footed [1] - 169:9
foothills [1] - 225:3
footprint [4] - 144:1, 5;
185:4; 205:7
footprints [1] - 144:8
forbearance [1] - 135:18
force [1] - 272:11
forced [2] - 33:12; 227:7
forces [3] - 46:4, 9; 147:17
ford [2] - 228:25; 229:1
forecast [11] - 111:25;
203:20; 205:22; 208:3;
210:15, 19; 211:17;
266:17; 267:14; 279:22;
280:1
forecaster [1] - 205:21
forecasters [2] - 210:2;
220:11
forecasting [1] - 170:12
forecasts [2] - 202:22;
206:22
forefront [1] - 148:19
foreign [1] - 85:8
foremost [1] - 192:3
foresee [1] - 179:12
foreseeable [7] - 14:15;
17:22; 19:23; 20:2; 162:17;
185:20; 267:4
foresight [1] - 47:11
forest [5] - 131:24; 133:21;
171:22; 172:19; 181:8
Forest [4] - 3:21; 61:25;
153:18; 217:18
FOREST [5] - 153:18; 154:2;
155:6, 25; 156:2
forestry [3] - 131:23; 173:3;
217:16
Forestry [5] - 3:17; 4:1;
61:13, 17; 63:13
Forests [12] - 4:11; 6:7;
62:19; 65:6; 84:23; 103:9;
159:21; 160:11; 177:25;
257:4; 281:4; 282:21
forests [1] - 181:15
forever [2] - 42:16; 204:3
forge [1] - 255:23
forget [1] - 84:1
Forging [1] - 21:11
forgot [1] - 8:8
forgotten [1] - 182:12
form [6] - 32:20; 62:25; 84:6;
224:11; 259:17; 265:12
formal [8] - 23:22; 33:23;
56:15, 21; 275:13; 277:1;
278:13; 280:21
formats [1] - 141:14
formed [3] - 134:18; 135:9;
147:14
former [1] - 131:16
forming [3] - 133:2; 147:15;
190:2
Fort [73] - 1:24; 3:15; 7:2;
10:17, 20; 11:7; 14:12, 24;
15:9, 12, 21-22; 16:2, 8,
14, 23; 17:1, 9, 12-13, 15;
18:17; 24:20; 33:3, 5; 38:7;
42:25; 47:24; 48:11, 14,
19, 25; 49:8, 19; 51:21;
54:22, 25; 56:3; 60:19, 23;
90:24; 91:1, 25; 92:23;
93:1; 102:23; 120:11;
129:5; 130:22; 131:9, 17;
132:6; 134:7, 10; 136:9;
149:9; 150:7; 154:3; 158:9;
204:11; 222:4; 260:16;
266:12; 270:1, 19; 278:11;
279:7; 280:15; 282:3;
283:15
fort [1] - 282:5
forth [1] - 285:8
fortitude [2] - 135:18; 150:11
forts [1] - 102:22
forum [5] - 22:20; 46:3, 8;
100:20; 280:11
forward [27] - 10:13, 16;
11:20; 13:14, 17; 25:23;
45:1; 57:13, 24; 78:5, 8;
105:22; 119:2; 126:19, 21;
149:19; 174:5; 190:2;
191:14; 216:3; 253:22;
261:5; 263:9; 266:1;
277:16; 281:2
forward-looking [1] - 119:2
forwarded [1] - 113:22
foundation [1] - 22:7
founded [1] - 282:5
four [17] - 12:16, 21; 36:20;
39:9; 49:19; 75:1; 99:22;
135:22; 213:18; 215:4;
223:6; 233:10, 13; 252:3;
256:23; 259:23; 276:10
fourth [1] - 240:15
fowl [1] - 227:16
fragile [1] - 146:25
framework [1] - 252:19
France [1] - 211:14
frankly [1] - 95:3
Fraser [4] - 87:19; 93:24;
102:20; 231:25
freeze [1] - 215:12
freezing [3] - 127:12; 217:1;
224:9
frequency [1] - 214:16
frequent [1] - 149:13
Friday [1] - 200:8
friends [4] - 73:6, 11; 131:9;
150:1
front [5] - 67:19; 123:21;
183:13; 226:17; 229:1
frontier [2] - 71:23; 72:17
frost [1] - 225:9
frozen [2] - 97:7; 215:13
fruit [1] - 180:13
frustrates [1] - 145:15
frustration [3] - 138:6; 142:3;
149:2
frustrations [1] - 34:7
FTE [2] - 52:11
fuel [13] - 15:25; 208:1, 3-5,
18; 221:6, 13, 17, 19-20,
22; 222:10
full [4] - 52:12; 57:3; 117:23;
161:11
full-time [1] - 52:12
fully [6] - 68:1; 206:8;
243:16, 25; 246:12; 254:4
fun [3] - 49:23; 122:9
function [6] - 114:13;
242:11; 245:24; 246:10;
258:11; 259:22
functional [1] - 246:17
functions [2] - 134:11;
259:19
fund [9] - 57:16; 143:7;
152:3; 252:23; 269:5;
271:11, 25; 275:23
Fund [2] - 158:9, 15
fundamentally [1] - 138:2
funding [5] - 137:22; 143:4;
151:16; 271:13; 275:21
fundraised [1] - 49:13
funds [6] - 11:2; 95:16;
127:25; 128:1; 152:7;
269:6
fur [1] - 282:2
furthering [1] - 182:6
furthermore [1] - 141:18
furthest [2] - 197:17; 198:6
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
15
future [26] - 25:5; 102:6;
112:2; 117:8; 118:3; 128:5;
136:19; 150:2, 22; 162:17;
168:4; 201:22; 236:14, 25;
248:16, 22, 24; 249:4, 22;
257:13; 261:1; 265:17;
266:18; 267:4, 20, 22
G
G.8 [1] - 8:12
G7 [1] - 26:16
G8 [3] - 6:4; 9:13; 26:14
gagnon [1] - 280:15
Gagnon [6] - 3:15; 47:20, 24;
48:1; 280:21
GAGNON [6] - 48:4; 57:4;
58:7; 59:12; 60:18; 61:2
gain/loss [1] - 81:15
Gaining [3] - 64:16, 20; 71:9
gaining [1] - 64:18
gains [1] - 60:3
game [1] - 46:6
gap [1] - 117:12
gapping [1] - 214:19
gaps [1] - 236:24
Gary [3] - 3:10; 7:24; 83:8
Gas [2] - 173:5; 178:4
gas [12] - 28:22; 34:20, 25;
84:4; 170:20; 172:21;
173:7, 15; 178:5; 212:11,
15; 217:15
gastrolyne [1] - 41:2
Gateway [1] - 133:9
gather [3] - 97:19; 128:25;
159:4
gathered [3] - 142:15;
175:14; 189:12
gathering [2] - 179:25; 263:8
gear [2] - 244:5, 8
gear-size [1] - 244:8
gears [1] - 51:1
Gelita [1] - 113:22
general [7] - 19:1; 25:22;
54:8, 16; 55:23; 84:6;
142:21
generalizations [1] - 107:12
generally [9] - 48:16; 66:12;
107:12; 108:10; 109:22;
160:22; 184:14, 23
generate [3] - 19:10; 85:24;
225:18
generated [1] - 223:18
generates [2] - 75:8; 226:4
generating [1] - 66:12
generation [4] - 147:15;
150:19, 23; 194:15
generically [1] - 185:24
gentleman [2] - 60:21;
231:17
geography [1] - 131:22
George [14] - 15:24; 17:19,
24; 32:4; 33:4; 47:14;
48:12; 72:7; 222:6, 22, 25;
223:5; 279:5
Germany [1] - 72:24
Gilbride [1] - 2:10
GIS [1] - 189:24
given [10] - 68:14; 75:2, 7;
159:10; 166:9; 179:10;
217:18; 257:10; 259:2;
279:3
global [2] - 94:12; 224:4
globally [1] - 67:24
globally-standard [1] - 67:24
glove [1] - 180:21
glycol [3] - 219:19, 23;
220:18
goal [1] - 65:1
goals [1] - 22:4
goat [1] - 110:4
god [1] - 226:7
Godsoe [1] - 2:9
gold [3] - 12:20; 31:25; 32:2
Gold [1] - 195:7
Gold-Copper [1] - 195:7
golf [1] - 49:22
Goliath [1] - 139:24
goods [11] - 14:11; 15:5, 25;
17:19, 24-25; 19:2, 7;
22:19; 24:12; 279:2
goodwill [1] - 46:5
governance [1] - 137:1
governed [1] - 49:5
government [36] - 23:21;
25:1, 9, 21; 29:12; 32:13;
37:9; 38:17; 64:9; 96:19,
25; 97:25; 98:5, 8; 99:10;
118:3, 24; 121:20; 136:18;
157:10; 162:21; 163:6, 15;
164:19; 166:19; 176:4, 6;
177:1; 179:1; 188:4;
263:13; 268:6, 17; 271:20;
278:23
government's [3] - 21:17;
23:18, 25
Government's [1] - 23:15
government-to-
government [1] - 188:4
governments [4] - 21:22;
34:10; 164:18; 265:24
governor [1] - 272:12
Grade [1] - 36:19
grades [1] - 276:5
graduate [2] - 39:21; 133:24
graduation [1] - 203:19
Grand [2] - 204:2; 210:14
grandma [2] - 51:16; 58:21
grandpa [1] - 58:21
Grant [1] - 283:25
granted [1] - 275:6
granting [1] - 130:19
granular [2] - 72:12; 79:24
graph [4] - 38:3; 54:5;
162:22; 172:10
graphs [1] - 134:21
grapple [1] - 185:8
gratitude [2] - 201:1; 251:17
grave [1] - 53:7
gravel [1] - 15:23
grayling [22] - 234:1; 237:11;
239:5, 10; 240:2; 242:8;
248:25; 249:4, 19; 250:25;
252:13; 253:6, 11; 256:21;
257:14, 17, 21, 25; 258:7,
10; 259:1; 262:4
great [23] - 45:13; 48:5;
55:20; 60:3, 13; 69:14;
73:20; 78:15, 20; 86:18;
87:17; 88:7, 11-12; 95:9;
98:6, 25; 103:23; 153:1;
160:7; 177:23
greater [4] - 139:16; 150:22;
153:5; 266:24
greatest [2] - 11:4; 57:17
greatly [2] - 144:21; 280:24
green [1] - 169:9
Green [2] - 3:9; 7:22
grieve [1] - 150:9
grim [1] - 44:1
grizzlies [1] - 120:12
grizzly [18] - 106:3; 120:8,
20; 121:3, 11, 13, 19, 24;
122:2, 7, 16, 21; 123:2, 21;
124:5, 11, 13
gross [1] - 215:23
grossly [1] - 152:17
ground [7] - 187:9; 216:11;
220:3; 224:13; 226:23;
227:7; 263:22
Group [3] - 230:21; 231:19;
232:18
group [6] - 12:2; 13:11;
36:25; 38:1; 128:6; 196:19
groups [11] - 10:20; 12:10;
21:21; 41:15; 64:9; 65:17;
85:7; 110:18; 113:13;
141:25; 194:22
grow [5] - 75:6; 76:3; 77:3;
101:8; 105:4
growing [2] - 69:8; 87:14
grown [1] - 58:4
grows [2] - 267:5; 279:12
growth [21] - 37:16; 42:5;
52:20; 88:7; 156:22;
171:21, 23, 25; 172:1, 5,
10, 13, 24; 173:3, 10,
15-16; 266:21; 267:4, 22;
280:1
guaranteed [1] - 18:21
guess [9] - 107:20; 123:9;
127:23; 143:6; 187:14;
196:21; 213:8; 214:2;
218:7
guidance [8] - 141:2; 142:15;
166:1, 6; 179:14; 263:2;
264:15, 18
Guide [1] - 86:3
guide [12] - 74:22; 82:3;
83:15, 20, 23; 84:4, 9;
90:11; 91:10; 94:19;
257:13; 276:5
guided [2] - 283:5, 9
guidelines [16] - 6:6; 84:1, 8,
21; 142:24; 193:6, 11, 18;
194:3; 196:8, 14; 197:11;
234:4; 244:17, 24; 263:3
guides [2] - 82:18, 21
guiding [1] - 237:3
Gun [5] - 125:6, 16; 128:4;
131:19; 137:11
gunk [1] - 225:5
guy [2] - 33:11; 227:22
guys [2] - 79:14; 212:16
H
Habitat [1] - 158:8
habitat [44] - 11:13, 17, 22;
110:12; 124:9; 132:11, 13;
133:2; 137:8, 12; 143:19;
144:2; 158:14; 182:21;
183:5, 7, 10; 186:5; 189:1;
213:23; 230:4, 7; 232:2,
18; 234:15, 23; 235:10, 18,
25; 236:10, 13; 237:9, 15;
244:20; 246:17; 247:12,
15; 252:24; 253:2; 254:19;
255:4; 256:13
habitat-based [1] - 124:9
habitats [5] - 175:13; 236:20;
251:3; 254:12; 255:22
Hadland [2] - 87:6; 89:2
HADLAND [7] - 87:7; 88:14;
89:3, 11, 16, 19, 21
half [11] - 82:8; 126:23;
130:2; 140:1; 158:23;
207:9, 19; 208:22; 209:3;
221:10; 223:22
Halfway [2] - 122:19; 253:13
Hamilton [2] - 120:19; 124:7
hammer [1] - 112:6
hand [4] - 180:21; 218:25;
232:4; 245:19
hand-in-glove [1] - 180:21
handles [1] - 68:12
hands [8] - 57:2; 61:15;
62:21, 23; 76:16; 144:13;
152:6; 160:9
hands-on [1] - 144:13
hang [1] - 211:3
hangar [1] - 222:23
hanging [2] - 137:3; 180:12
happy [5] - 46:21; 99:12;
105:6; 124:8; 251:9
hard [10] - 38:19; 50:3;
55:11; 79:14; 189:3;
200:10; 210:22; 217:7, 11;
244:23
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
16
harder [1] - 217:3
hardly [1] - 260:6
Harrison [7] - 3:9, 19; 7:23;
61:21; 62:15; 89:5, 9
HARRISON [1] - 95:17
Harry [3] - 2:2; 192:10; 246:1
harvest [7] - 105:8; 110:5;
111:16, 19-20; 116:6, 24
harvestable [1] - 241:6
harvested [3] - 237:9; 252:8,
10
hashed [1] - 54:20
hat [1] - 88:9
hats [2] - 28:5; 79:14
haul [1] - 249:20
Hawaii [1] - 67:11
hazard [1] - 29:25
head [2] - 132:14; 199:21
heading [1] - 179:9
Health [24] - 10:1, 3, 7, 10,
14; 28:4; 29:13, 18; 33:6;
45:2, 10; 48:8; 262:21;
263:1, 10, 20; 264:10, 12,
15, 18; 280:10, 12
health [58] - 10:3, 6, 12;
13:2; 28:3, 7, 10, 13; 29:8,
17-18, 21-22, 24-25; 30:1,
7, 10-12, 14, 20, 23; 32:14;
33:1, 20-21; 36:9, 21;
37:15, 23; 38:21; 40:1;
41:9, 18-19; 42:6; 43:17;
44:9; 45:8; 46:10, 22;
48:21; 50:9; 51:4; 52:17;
113:16; 135:11; 149:8;
150:2; 254:6; 262:20;
263:1; 264:20
Health's [1] - 45:7
healthcare [2] - 34:11; 46:13
healthy [2] - 124:18; 126:9
hear [19] - 10:1, 17; 11:9;
26:11; 30:19; 67:16; 94:4;
116:7; 117:4; 122:8;
136:15; 196:7; 202:8;
206:10; 229:3; 237:23, 25;
260:7
heard [26] - 32:21; 53:15;
83:8; 85:6; 87:12; 104:20;
107:4; 108:3; 110:11;
113:12; 114:4; 118:25;
120:9; 121:15; 123:11;
142:25; 152:19; 201:14;
202:25; 206:6; 262:15;
263:6; 267:21; 271:17;
280:18; 283:13
hearing [5] - 117:13; 121:23;
135:16; 140:16; 187:20
HEARING [1] - 1:11
hearing/start [1] - 136:10
hearings [6] - 130:23;
135:14; 136:11; 138:2;
143:5; 283:17
heartburn [2] - 225:6; 228:3
hearts [1] - 150:9
heat [2] - 225:18; 226:4
heavily [1] - 141:18
heavy [4] - 211:22, 24; 212:1;
279:17
heavy-duty [1] - 279:17
hectare [1] - 108:20
hectares [2] - 171:25; 172:1
height [4] - 55:10; 209:2, 6
heights [1] - 223:23
Held [1] - 1:22
held [2] - 214:20; 221:1
heli [2] - 86:8; 98:18
heli-ski [1] - 86:8
heli-skiing [1] - 98:18
helicopter [1] - 208:25
helicopters [1] - 221:8
help [37] - 18:15; 22:3, 5;
24:19; 28:20; 41:12; 58:20;
59:3; 66:18; 74:12; 77:17;
79:5, 9; 82:19; 86:5; 101:8,
24; 155:15; 165:1, 9;
166:22; 171:5; 179:13;
189:24; 197:4; 199:5, 10;
203:11; 206:7; 211:21;
217:20; 218:12; 219:17;
234:18; 239:1; 242:22;
261:10
helped [1] - 228:17
helpful [6] - 57:20; 79:6;
80:5, 8; 194:11; 261:25
helping [5] - 100:19; 167:3;
169:7; 230:24; 280:6
helps [2] - 168:22; 171:9
Henry [2] - 32:4; 47:13
Hep [1] - 37:12
herd [1] - 161:9
herds [1] - 161:5
hereby [1] - 285:5
herein [1] - 285:8
hereunto [1] - 285:13
heritage [4] - 65:14; 102:16;
103:10, 22
hesitate [1] - 189:7
hi [2] - 183:25; 231:11
hidden [1] - 217:5
High [1] - 222:5
high [25] - 16:3; 39:16, 24;
40:4, 14, 16; 42:24; 43:5;
56:6; 70:8, 13, 15; 82:23;
86:7; 90:8; 98:21; 120:2;
122:13; 124:18; 142:4;
166:10; 190:10; 226:11;
233:6; 238:23
high-cost [2] - 70:8, 13
high-paid [1] - 82:23
high-pay [1] - 86:7
higher [6] - 106:11; 107:19;
139:17; 146:3; 224:17
highest [4] - 40:11; 47:1;
50:2; 53:23
highlight [2] - 213:19;
250:22
highlighted [2] - 167:22;
216:14
highlights [1] - 19:9
highly [3] - 59:17; 68:23;
140:20
highly-competitive [1] -
68:23
highly-structured [1] -
140:20
Highway [17] - 43:4; 73:25;
74:6; 76:15, 25; 78:13;
79:1; 85:22; 86:24; 90:23;
91:7; 96:14; 129:25;
133:16, 22; 157:20; 158:4
hill [1] - 148:23
hillsides [1] - 134:1
himself [1] - 207:21
hinges [2] - 248:25; 249:5
hiring [1] - 58:23
historic [2] - 155:2; 282:4
historical [6] - 52:1; 54:1;
103:18; 154:21; 278:21;
282:3
historically [2] - 109:17;
223:25
history [7] - 32:1; 133:5;
135:3; 200:2; 254:20;
260:8; 262:4
hit [1] - 56:5
hitchhike [1] - 228:8
hits [1] - 175:6
hitting [1] - 171:1
HIV [1] - 37:12
hmm [5] - 57:4; 59:12; 60:18;
117:17; 191:1
hoc [1] - 63:6
Hoffman [1] - 152:19
holder [1] - 84:4
holders [4] - 6:6; 84:2, 13, 22
holding [5] - 131:14; 132:9;
220:21; 221:2, 4
holds [2] - 231:23; 232:9
hole [2] - 148:19, 25
Holt [3] - 240:15; 259:18, 21
home [5] - 39:10; 59:24;
67:12; 150:10
honoured [2] - 132:1, 5
Hope [11] - 38:15; 91:25;
131:16; 134:6; 144:11;
145:8; 158:11; 184:4, 6;
204:19; 282:3
hope [12] - 31:10; 50:15;
79:2; 96:25; 104:12, 19;
154:13; 165:10; 174:3;
186:21; 210:23; 223:18
hopeful [3] - 118:2; 277:1;
278:10
hopefully [1] - 57:16
hopes [1] - 147:6
hoping [5] - 28:11; 54:14;
105:14; 161:15; 203:10
horrendous [1] - 215:7
horticulture [2] - 147:8, 17
Horvath [2] - 4:7; 129:16
hospital [3] - 10:7; 53:12;
223:15
hospitalisation [1] - 40:19
hospitalization [1] - 39:15
hospitals [1] - 27:6
host [2] - 60:7; 158:8
hosting [1] - 100:19
hot [1] - 255:13
Hotel [1] - 1:23
hotel [1] - 79:11
hotels [2] - 68:4; 74:14
hotspots [1] - 266:6
hour [4] - 43:9; 61:5; 207:1,
13
hour's [1] - 43:10
hourly [1] - 224:1
hours [4] - 38:22; 221:6, 13;
283:20
house [4] - 112:5; 134:9;
142:3; 176:6
housing [15] - 11:6; 15:11,
17; 266:18; 268:19, 21;
269:4, 7, 12, 14, 17, 19;
276:10
Hudson's [10] - 38:15; 91:25;
131:16; 134:6; 145:8;
158:10; 184:4; 204:19;
282:3
huge [8] - 73:5, 22; 93:4;
114:14; 147:18; 148:16;
155:11; 185:13
hugely [1] - 152:22
Huggins [1] - 2:15
human [1] - 262:20
Human [1] - 262:22
hundred [1] - 97:9
hung [1] - 135:13
hunt [9] - 97:19; 109:13;
110:23; 111:3; 112:16;
116:8, 25; 122:22
huntable [2] - 125:10; 128:6
hunter [3] - 110:3; 158:16;
270:25
hunters [4] - 110:17, 24;
116:25; 184:22
hunting [5] - 91:14; 105:3;
111:10; 186:13; 188:16
HYDRO [2] - 1:3
hydro [5] - 78:3; 137:6;
154:12; 204:22; 220:24
Hydro [115] - 2:9; 3:5, 12;
4:3; 5:4; 7:15; 9:16, 18;
10:4, 22; 12:19; 13:5;
16:19, 22; 17:12, 18; 18:3,
11; 19:6, 8; 21:2; 22:21;
23:4, 12, 24; 24:1, 4, 6, 16;
25:3, 20; 44:23; 45:21;
54:14, 18; 55:9; 56:15;
57:6; 60:24; 78:21; 83:19;
88:16, 20, 23; 89:19;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
17
90:16; 108:18; 109:6;
110:11; 115:15; 128:25;
129:9; 131:14; 143:17;
144:1; 146:6, 10, 20;
147:12; 152:21; 153:19;
154:9; 155:18; 192:22;
194:1; 195:25; 206:2;
212:20; 229:4; 234:11, 22;
235:14, 25; 236:3; 239:12;
243:15, 22; 244:12;
247:10; 248:9; 249:14;
250:11, 23; 251:24; 252:1;
254:13; 256:8, 11; 257:11;
261:9; 262:5, 10, 25;
263:12; 264:14; 265:2, 25;
266:24; 268:14, 20;
269:24; 270:14, 22;
276:11, 15; 278:3, 8, 16;
280:22; 281:8; 283:4
Hydro's [9] - 209:10; 228:20;
233:2; 234:14; 260:7;
262:22; 269:15; 270:17;
279:9
Hydro-owned [1] - 256:11
hydroelectric [3] - 193:20;
194:15; 195:8
hydrology [4] - 197:16;
198:5, 7; 254:19
hypotheses [1] - 258:6
I
ice [11] - 147:13, 15; 211:6,
17; 215:22, 25; 216:6, 12;
219:19, 21
icing [6] - 126:20; 210:14;
211:3; 215:20; 218:14;
227:9
idea [6] - 55:19; 78:20;
104:3; 105:4; 261:14;
263:11
ideal [3] - 86:6; 98:19, 22
ideally [4] - 23:10; 24:6;
70:11; 98:21
identical [1] - 259:5
identifiable [1] - 142:8
identification [2] - 218:21;
261:22
identified [17] - 13:10;
131:13; 137:20; 145:3, 11;
152:10, 12; 169:15; 170:2;
232:19; 235:8; 238:13;
240:4; 253:18; 259:12;
270:22; 276:16
identifies [1] - 143:13
identify [14] - 21:23; 22:2;
151:16; 152:3; 156:17;
165:21; 170:12; 207:2, 7,
20; 233:15, 18; 244:19;
277:18
identifying [2] - 164:25;
236:23
IDP [1] - 52:24
IFR [1] - 208:13
ignored [2] - 148:17; 209:5
ignoring [1] - 210:6
II [1] - 219:23
illegal [1] - 40:22
illustrating [1] - 146:23
illustration [1] - 165:15
ILSs [1] - 218:8
image [1] - 119:2
images [1] - 53:24
imaging [1] - 119:23
imbalances [1] - 18:5
imbedded [1] - 217:5
impact [41] - 15:16; 17:25;
18:1; 28:15; 29:5, 17, 23;
33:17, 20-21; 42:11, 16;
52:21; 81:7; 82:10; 83:2, 5;
84:12; 87:12; 88:21; 92:17;
109:14, 18; 131:13; 136:1;
138:24; 139:12, 14; 148:4;
153:5, 7, 10; 154:8; 185:8,
19, 25; 224:3, 6; 266:2;
268:9; 279:21
Impact [11] - 152:11; 163:13,
16, 25; 177:11, 22; 178:19;
193:19; 198:2; 230:6;
246:15
impacted [14] - 24:22; 36:21;
43:5; 77:25; 81:12, 18;
82:8; 111:4; 150:15;
152:22; 162:12; 210:21;
244:21; 264:7
impacts [51] - 16:20; 17:6;
18:11, 16, 19; 20:6; 21:1,
3; 22:18; 23:11; 24:10, 20;
28:12; 33:19; 36:11; 54:21;
56:16; 86:20; 96:21; 98:9;
102:15; 139:17; 143:16;
144:1, 5, 7; 145:16;
146:17, 24; 151:8, 23;
153:6; 162:7, 16; 177:16;
186:10; 202:18, 20; 206:4;
212:19; 223:20; 233:8;
235:18; 236:9; 245:1;
265:21; 270:8; 271:7;
276:20; 280:23; 283:14
impaired [1] - 138:9
impedes [1] - 145:13
imperative [1] - 25:14
implement [2] - 167:4; 192:6
implementation [6] - 182:7;
235:1, 10; 270:17; 277:24;
283:5
implemented [6] - 22:20;
236:5; 249:21; 253:21;
261:18; 272:24
implementing [2] - 163:1;
232:2
implications [1] - 99:9
implies [1] - 138:3
importance [6] - 157:20, 22;
186:13; 188:21; 233:6;
238:24
important [36] - 15:20; 18:24;
20:22; 23:13; 32:19; 45:25;
55:4; 65:5; 67:25; 68:8;
69:11; 70:7; 73:23; 75:25;
76:1; 83:12; 86:17; 87:18,
22; 95:20; 96:12; 105:2,
15; 123:16; 127:4; 166:23;
167:24; 177:8; 188:22;
245:12; 255:11; 280:13;
281:16, 24; 282:18
importantly [1] - 270:21
impose [1] - 102:3
impossible [2] - 47:3; 61:6
impression [2] - 30:24;
141:11
impressive [1] - 43:8
improve [4] - 44:5; 171:12;
173:25; 211:16
improved [3] - 44:3; 164:24;
172:23
improvement [3] - 171:17;
250:10, 13
improvements [1] - 250:18
improves [1] - 208:19
IN [2] - 1:1; 285:13
in-depth [3] - 117:10;
153:20; 188:18
in-migration [1] - 154:23
in-stream [1] - 169:23
Inc [1] - 2:14
incandescent [1] - 226:3
incapable [1] - 147:25
inch [1] - 225:9
incidents [1] - 149:13
include [24] - 17:12; 25:2;
108:7; 109:2; 143:19;
144:20; 167:25; 168:3, 5;
197:13; 205:9; 234:12;
236:11, 22; 237:13;
239:23; 241:10; 244:13;
250:19; 256:10; 261:1;
270:3; 282:2
included [12] - 91:3; 123:23;
133:7; 142:6; 191:3;
193:13; 206:21; 234:10;
247:22; 249:16; 259:10;
278:7
includes [12] - 12:9, 14;
13:2; 35:14; 64:13; 65:10;
67:6; 148:9; 153:7; 193:19;
205:3; 266:25
including [19] - 10:24; 12:16;
13:2; 20:22; 65:12; 145:7;
164:9; 194:13; 200:2;
211:9, 11; 233:25; 234:24;
236:19; 239:15; 251:3;
256:4; 270:17; 281:10
inclusion [2] - 49:25; 86:23
income [1] - 35:18
incoming [1] - 219:7
incomplete [2] - 20:23;
117:14
incorporate [1] - 189:24
Incorporated [1] - 231:20
incorporated [4] - 182:2;
187:8; 247:23; 259:1
incorporating [2] - 10:14;
161:24
increase [13] - 36:14; 41:2;
52:8; 139:14; 149:5; 165:8;
170:22; 172:22; 252:5, 11;
271:15; 279:11
increased [7] - 15:5; 52:12;
98:10; 106:14; 248:20;
254:5; 265:1
increases [4] - 15:19; 40:21;
139:10; 205:5
increasing [2] - 54:6; 65:2
increasingly [1] - 69:4
incredibly [2] - 73:24; 86:16
incremental [3] - 150:19;
275:21, 24
incursion [1] - 172:14
incursions [8] - 171:24;
172:11, 16, 18; 173:1;
183:8; 184:12; 185:3
indeed [1] - 284:5
independent [4] - 12:15;
187:4; 240:7; 271:23
independently [2] - 257:6;
259:7
indescribable [1] - 63:24
INDEX [2] - 3:1; 6:1
index [2] - 119:13, 15
indicate [5] - 160:6; 172:24;
180:25; 187:15; 247:19
indicated [5] - 181:4; 193:4;
248:16; 270:14; 278:1
indicates [4] - 19:7; 139:3, 7;
207:24
indication [2] - 12:20; 177:20
indicators [7] - 12:1; 30:8,
13, 23; 37:15; 45:8; 170:16
indiscernible [8] - 35:5;
131:18; 147:18; 156:20;
171:24; 240:20, 24; 242:12
indiscernible) [2] - 178:17;
245:14
individual [3] - 50:4; 135:16;
171:7
individual-stream [1] - 171:7
individuals [13] - 49:11;
58:12; 83:7, 12; 107:18;
117:5; 134:23; 136:7, 17,
23; 137:10, 20; 232:14
inducement [1] - 269:2
indulgence [2] - 262:17;
284:4
industrial [18] - 15:15; 20:14;
101:12; 132:25; 139:11;
151:2; 193:7; 196:9; 197:1;
199:4; 214:20; 217:4;
219:20; 223:2; 225:5;
227:3; 268:16
industries [11] - 33:24; 34:6,
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
18
17; 35:16; 46:5, 8; 67:15;
68:14; 114:8; 166:8;
280:12
industry [24] - 21:21; 32:13;
34:3; 35:2; 36:11; 39:22;
49:9; 68:9, 15; 87:14;
114:15; 164:21; 166:21;
170:15; 174:3; 176:10;
211:22, 24; 212:2; 213:1,
17; 224:3; 268:6; 279:12
inefficient [1] - 146:16
infant [2] - 51:6; 52:2
infected [1] - 113:12
infer [1] - 188:8
infill [1] - 267:7
inflated [1] - 152:17
inflow [1] - 101:10
influence [5] - 29:8; 131:5;
149:22; 246:20; 269:15
influx [2] - 88:10; 112:17
inform [3] - 248:18; 249:8;
258:1
information [99] - 6:9, 12;
54:12; 58:10; 70:17; 72:10;
75:2; 87:10; 103:11, 15;
104:22; 115:3, 6; 123:20;
125:24; 128:25; 129:7, 22;
130:3; 135:15; 140:4;
141:2, 4, 13; 142:4, 14-15;
144:19; 146:2; 151:19;
152:7; 160:1; 161:16;
162:19; 164:20, 22, 24;
165:5, 21, 25; 166:24;
170:24; 175:10, 14, 20, 25;
176:3, 12, 16, 21; 177:18;
178:20; 179:18, 25;
183:14, 20; 187:7; 189:13,
21; 190:15; 196:20, 25;
197:7, 14-15, 19, 22;
199:2, 22, 24; 200:1, 6;
234:18, 24; 235:14, 24;
241:15, 17; 245:1; 248:12,
18; 249:7; 250:3; 252:20;
253:10; 258:8; 259:3;
263:13, 16, 25; 266:9;
277:23
informational [1] - 236:24
informed [2] - 234:14;
254:17
informing [1] - 190:6
infrared [3] - 119:1, 23
Infrastructure [1] - 129:24
infrastructure [10] - 15:8, 12,
18; 17:8; 21:10; 34:9;
77:25; 155:14; 170:23;
172:22
ingredient [1] - 224:8
inherent [1] - 257:10
initial [2] - 187:13; 239:22
initiate [3] - 18:12; 24:16;
137:12
initiatives [3] - 237:5;
278:24; 279:15
injuries [1] - 39:12
injury [1] - 129:24
inner [1] - 178:2
inner-agency [1] - 178:2
innovative [1] - 21:18
input [8] - 180:23; 238:24;
239:21; 247:17; 253:23;
269:22; 280:9; 282:15
inputs [4] - 239:17; 242:6;
245:14; 247:4
insects [1] - 255:25
insert [1] - 84:15
insignificant [2] - 152:21;
153:9
inspections [1] - 274:5
install [2] - 218:3, 13
installations [1] - 204:15
installed [1] - 203:6
instance [12] - 37:11; 80:11;
83:8, 20; 85:6; 93:23;
95:13; 105:25; 108:4;
110:11; 155:7; 181:5
instant [1] - 211:5
instead [6] - 16:22; 17:5, 14;
20:19; 85:11; 149:18
Institute [1] - 211:12
institution [3] - 137:19;
274:11; 275:19
institutional [1] - 260:15
instructor [1] - 115:11
instrument [3] - 119:19;
216:9; 218:4
instrumentation [2] - 211:1,
18
instruments [1] - 216:5
insufficient [2] - 142:15;
258:8
insurance [1] - 39:7
insurmountable [1] - 135:16
intact [1] - 139:18
intactness [1] - 183:9
integrated [4] - 65:9; 164:8;
255:6, 8
intend [2] - 37:3; 114:18
intended [4] - 164:18, 20;
165:10; 206:7
intensely [1] - 189:17
intensively [2] - 190:12
intent [5] - 105:17; 122:20;
153:11; 257:24; 269:20
intentfully [1] - 105:21
intention [2] - 105:8, 16
intentions [1] - 140:16
interaction [1] - 240:12
interactions [3] - 132:23;
180:1; 239:24
interest [16] - 37:7; 130:25;
137:2; 140:6; 141:5, 25;
151:6, 24; 153:11; 178:11;
182:8; 186:11; 200:17;
233:4; 253:5; 281:22
interested [6] - 57:19; 93:14;
124:3; 133:6; 167:21;
260:21
interesting [9] - 76:10; 77:4;
158:1; 180:23; 185:7;
193:16; 200:16; 284:9, 19
interests [11] - 22:9, 12;
24:4; 84:7; 101:6; 123:15;
142:16; 146:14; 277:11,
16, 19
interior [1] - 39:4
internal [2] - 163:6; 276:6
internally [1] - 105:12
International [1] - 204:5
international [7] - 70:18;
76:8; 100:17, 20; 157:23;
206:16; 210:24
internationally [1] - 65:1
internet [2] - 44:11; 83:24
interpret [1] - 40:18
interpretation [1] - 140:14
interpretive [2] - 87:1; 282:1
interprovincial [1] - 204:5
interrupt [2] - 199:17; 246:1
intersection [1] - 219:14
intervention [2] - 29:6; 50:23
interventions [1] - 41:9
introduce [3] - 62:7; 131:11;
231:2
introduced [1] - 245:8
introduction [3] - 133:12;
160:17; 231:14
Introduction [3] - 3:21; 4:19;
61:25
inundated [1] - 92:19
inundating [1] - 103:6
inundation [1] - 147:10
Inuvik [1] - 204:16
inventory [3] - 88:6; 101:6;
122:10
inverse [1] - 227:8
inversion [3] - 214:18; 215:6;
226:24
inversion" [1] - 206:10
inversions [2] - 214:17;
226:17
invertebrates [1] - 256:5
invest [3] - 88:1; 136:24
invested [3] - 36:3; 37:17;
135:7
investigating [1] - 173:16
investing [3] - 94:14; 95:13;
137:22
investment [5] - 12:18; 13:3;
135:10; 148:15; 170:22
investments [1] - 134:23
invitations [1] - 141:23
invite [2] - 51:23; 250:18
involve [1] - 247:13
involved [10] - 31:11; 35:16;
96:8; 118:18, 21; 124:1,
15; 140:21; 211:8; 234:25
involvement [3] - 34:12;
114:12; 275:19
involves [1] - 162:25
involving [1] - 257:3
IR [1] - 89:23
ironically [1] - 150:4
irrespective [1] - 105:10
irresponsibly [1] - 33:19
irritable [1] - 149:17
Island [1] - 282:6
islands [6] - 108:5, 8, 21;
109:2; 115:25; 119:4
isolated [1] - 150:6
issue [14] - 59:1; 97:23;
116:18; 184:10; 199:19;
205:21; 213:14; 233:15;
238:11; 243:8; 245:19;
260:10; 263:21
issued [3] - 18:23; 202:22;
235:14
issues [19] - 12:2; 21:19;
40:1; 77:23; 138:13;
148:18; 149:24; 151:4;
152:13; 184:8; 196:3;
203:10; 210:14; 227:9;
256:24; 275:14; 277:10,
19; 280:13
items [2] - 205:4; 252:3
itself [8] - 77:17; 87:13;
88:25; 110:5; 159:24;
218:6; 225:18; 226:5
IZETT [2] - 129:21; 130:7
Izett [5] - 3:7; 4:5; 7:19;
129:6, 12
J
JACKSON [5] - 44:24; 89:5,
23; 119:7; 154:13
Jackson [4] - 3:7; 4:4; 7:18;
129:11
JAMES [3] - 60:12; 89:25;
125:3
James [1] - 102:24
jams [1] - 147:13
janitorial [1] - 209:25
January [6] - 1:15; 7:1;
11:11; 257:18; 259:20;
285:14
JASON [12] - 115:10; 116:3;
117:17, 20; 118:8, 14;
119:25; 120:4, 7; 122:25;
123:7; 125:1
Jason [1] - 115:11
Jeff [4] - 3:11; 4:7; 8:1;
129:17
JENNIFER [13] - 63:15; 64:3,
6; 79:19, 23; 80:23; 82:16;
85:18; 86:16; 87:16; 94:6;
99:11; 103:22
Jennifer [6] - 3:19; 4:1;
61:20; 62:11; 63:12;
103:14
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
19
jeopardize [1] - 19:13
Jesse [17] - 4:15, 17, 19, 22;
5:2; 229:17, 21, 24; 231:8,
11, 15; 237:23; 243:2, 4;
245:6; 247:25; 248:3
JESSE [10] - 229:23; 231:9,
16; 237:25; 243:6; 248:5;
260:24; 261:12, 16; 262:8
Jim [5] - 2:3; 90:1; 106:16;
183:25; 185:1
Jim's [2] - 79:8; 187:18
jive [1] - 30:24
job [6] - 31:3, 5; 34:4; 35:12;
68:17; 213:21
jobs [4] - 36:5; 64:14; 65:2;
68:17
Jobs [2] - 62:12; 64:10
Jocelyne [1] - 2:2
John [49] - 1:24; 3:16; 7:2;
10:17, 21; 11:8; 17:15;
33:4; 38:7; 42:25; 47:24;
48:11, 14, 19; 49:1, 8;
50:11; 51:22; 54:22; 55:1;
56:3; 60:19, 23; 91:25;
93:1; 120:12; 129:5;
130:22; 131:9, 17; 132:6;
134:7, 10; 136:9; 149:9;
150:8; 154:4; 158:10;
204:11; 260:16; 266:12;
270:1, 19; 278:11; 280:15;
282:3; 283:15
join [2] - 46:9; 50:15
joined [1] - 230:19
joint [1] - 265:6
JOINT [3] - 1:1; 2:1
Joint [4] - 89:7; 133:9;
252:20; 278:15
jointly [1] - 191:3
joke [1] - 33:2
Josh [1] - 257:6
journalist [1] - 32:4
JRP [1] - 89:23
judgment [1] - 109:6
Judy [4] - 3:8; 4:6; 7:21;
129:14
JUDY [1] - 83:24
jump [1] - 52:9
June [1] - 194:5
jurisdiction [3] - 213:10, 15;
276:4
Justice [3] - 271:2, 14;
275:22
justification [1] - 242:4
juvenile [5] - 245:17; 257:23;
258:16, 18, 24
juveniles [2] - 258:11, 14
K
Kamloops [1] - 222:14
Kechika [2] - 91:3; 133:18
keep [9] - 36:14; 58:7, 9;
72:6; 92:9; 159:12; 221:14;
251:18; 263:24
keeping [2] - 139:17; 144:18
KEITH [3] - 119:22; 120:1;
124:4
Keith [1] - 124:2
Ken [1] - 153:18
KEN [6] - 92:13; 153:18;
154:2; 155:6, 25; 156:2
key [23] - 12:16; 14:9; 19:18;
32:20; 69:21; 70:2; 71:8,
19; 72:22; 77:12, 23;
94:18; 165:18; 185:6;
196:6; 233:11, 16; 239:7;
247:7; 256:19; 259:11;
280:5
key-role [1] - 32:20
kick [1] - 125:11
kid [1] - 46:18
kids [6] - 50:7, 24; 51:5, 24;
56:11; 60:5
kill [1] - 126:21
kilometre [3] - 130:2; 215:3;
225:24
kilometres [7] - 126:2, 11;
130:1, 21; 215:5; 225:25;
264:4
kind [15] - 15:25; 52:5; 64:18;
65:8, 17; 70:17; 106:15;
127:5, 14; 134:8; 155:20,
22; 184:20; 260:14; 261:10
kinds [3] - 83:11; 181:1;
260:9
King [5] - 99:4, 6-7; 102:7
knowledge [4] - 105:18;
142:9; 159:24; 203:15
knows [1] - 284:14
kokanee [2] - 239:6; 256:22
Kootenay [1] - 143:17
Kootenays [1] - 150:7
Korman [1] - 257:6
Kristy [12] - 3:20; 4:11;
61:23; 159:10, 14, 16, 20;
160:3, 11; 183:25; 189:13;
200:23
KRISTY [33] - 159:15; 160:7,
13; 161:8; 174:20, 23;
175:17, 23; 176:2; 177:23;
178:18; 180:4; 181:17;
182:17; 183:23; 185:1;
186:16, 19, 21; 187:6, 11,
19, 22; 188:2; 189:15;
190:8; 191:1, 8, 23;
192:11, 14; 195:22; 196:1
KURSCHNER [1] - 183:3
Kwadacha [23] - 3:13; 13:20,
23; 14:4, 12, 23; 15:3, 10;
16:10; 17:1, 10, 23; 18:2,
5, 11; 22:22; 24:15; 25:16,
19; 92:21; 279:3, 13
Kwadacha's [2] - 15:16;
279:1
L
LAA [1] - 17:11
labour [3] - 18:4; 20:22;
266:17
lack [10] - 16:24; 19:16;
81:20; 101:22; 147:20;
149:7; 151:15, 18; 235:24;
248:14
lacked [1] - 142:1
lacking [3] - 149:18; 151:20;
256:11
lag [1] - 18:6
laid [3] - 35:4; 36:3; 37:2
lake [5] - 80:14, 16; 99:17;
134:15; 256:1
Lake [4] - 174:17; 190:20;
222:4; 237:14
land [32] - 6:9; 21:22; 22:3;
36:12; 108:12, 14-15;
111:4; 112:20; 114:19;
115:4; 131:12; 147:12;
163:21; 172:3; 174:24;
181:1, 24-25; 184:11, 14,
19, 22; 185:9; 186:12;
187:16; 208:5; 224:12;
232:25; 264:4; 265:13;
267:3
land-use [2] - 181:1, 24
landed [1] - 227:24
landing [5] - 205:10; 216:9;
218:3; 227:25
landmark [3] - 207:2, 7, 20
landowner [2] - 108:15;
153:18
landowners [1] - 265:8
lands [1] - 133:4
Lands [19] - 3:17, 22; 4:1,
11; 6:7; 61:13, 17, 25;
62:20; 63:13; 65:6; 84:23;
103:9; 159:21; 160:12;
177:25; 257:4; 281:4;
282:21
landscape [5] - 89:15;
111:15; 133:19; 134:18;
139:9
language [1] - 59:23
large [15] - 148:8; 155:9;
172:1; 203:5; 212:7, 11,
13; 232:3; 242:13; 245:21;
248:8; 255:14; 279:6;
281:19
largely [4] - 81:8; 103:1;
248:25; 249:5
larger [3] - 16:16; 49:1;
184:17
largest [4] - 49:2; 212:8;
213:3
last [36] - 28:1; 53:1; 63:1;
70:21; 83:9; 85:1; 86:11;
93:15; 97:8; 102:7; 104:14;
106:14; 114:3; 120:10;
126:4, 7; 133:7; 143:6;
146:11, 19; 154:4; 155:21;
167:6; 180:22; 192:17;
213:21; 222:9; 242:18;
251:11; 260:7, 11; 262:6,
16; 272:3; 278:20
late [1] - 215:15
laughable [1] - 217:12
launches [3] - 78:1; 157:2;
281:13
law [4] - 36:23; 208:6;
219:21; 234:3
laws [2] - 34:20; 36:2
layer [1] - 185:4
layers [1] - 185:25
lead [2] - 145:2; 279:11
leader [1] - 132:10
leaders [2] - 13:10; 100:17
leadership [2] - 10:9; 155:12
leading [4] - 166:19; 170:16;
178:1; 270:4
leads [4] - 21:6; 35:13;
97:23; 98:16
leaps [1] - 52:11
learn [1] - 32:3
learned [4] - 34:6; 134:11;
173:23; 214:23
learning [1] - 44:19
learnings [1] - 174:4
least [7] - 76:18; 117:5;
126:1; 143:7; 214:25;
220:2; 242:25
leave [15] - 36:13, 17, 19;
41:24; 46:23; 47:7; 62:21;
82:25; 150:3; 155:16;
160:9; 219:4; 283:7
leaves [1] - 36:8
leaving [2] - 20:21; 251:13
lecturing [1] - 203:25
led [5] - 100:15; 138:16;
249:17
LEE [12] - 115:10; 116:3;
117:17, 20; 118:8, 14;
119:25; 120:4, 7; 122:25;
123:7; 125:1
Lee [1] - 115:11
lee [4] - 117:12; 120:5;
122:24; 124:24
left [13] - 36:5; 40:5; 48:7;
53:12; 56:9; 62:17; 102:25;
125:25; 126:24; 169:18;
172:12; 226:2; 231:18
leftover [1] - 8:4
legacy [1] - 150:23
legal [11] - 14:3; 62:5; 159:7;
162:21; 167:15; 173:2;
187:15; 229:25; 278:16,
18; 279:1
Legal [12] - 2:4, 9-10; 3:13,
18; 4:15, 17; 13:24; 61:19;
229:17, 21
legally [4] - 18:22; 22:21;
278:2, 4
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
20
legally-binding [2] - 22:21;
278:4
legally-enforceable [1] -
18:22
legislation [1] - 272:20
legitimate [1] - 248:12
leisure [4] - 66:8, 15; 76:11;
80:1
length [2] - 152:1; 246:23
Lennon [1] - 50:11
lens [2] - 67:9; 78:12
less [20] - 31:1; 38:3; 68:7;
79:20; 98:14; 109:13;
131:3; 139:3, 7, 13;
141:19; 171:25; 172:2;
206:20; 219:1; 223:23;
240:16; 254:11
lessons [1] - 173:22
letter [5] - 23:21, 25; 194:5;
269:19; 273:10
letters [2] - 205:24
letting [2] - 63:16; 220:2
Level [1] - 222:5
level [32] - 12:20, 22; 72:12;
78:7; 85:12; 136:17; 143:4;
153:9; 163:12, 16, 25;
165:7; 166:5, 7, 12; 171:8;
172:17; 190:10; 224:8;
225:1; 235:20; 238:14, 23;
241:25; 243:11; 245:23;
246:10; 247:15; 249:14;
254:5; 283:2
levels [8] - 16:23; 25:9; 52:9;
142:3; 241:6; 244:11;
263:7, 12
liability [1] - 147:13
liaison [1] - 277:6
liberty [1] - 71:24
library [1] - 216:20
licence [14] - 31:3; 36:24;
39:12; 113:6, 8-9; 115:19;
136:22, 25; 138:21; 172:7;
216:20, 22
license [1] - 108:6
licensed [3] - 110:3; 116:25;
171:15
licenses [1] - 108:7
licensing [1] - 108:3
LiDAR [2] - 210:25; 218:13
Lidstone [6] - 260:11;
271:17; 272:5; 273:1;
274:23; 275:7
lidstone [1] - 274:13
lieutenant [1] - 272:12
life [9] - 40:10; 42:14; 51:6;
131:3; 135:8; 150:8;
254:20; 260:8; 262:3
lifetime [1] - 96:7
lifts [1] - 224:13
light [6] - 18:18; 151:6;
196:18; 217:6; 225:8;
226:4
lighter [1] - 226:19
lighting [4] - 204:7; 218:10;
226:3
likely [7] - 15:19; 18:11;
24:22; 151:21; 205:7;
233:23; 265:17
likewise [1] - 9:4
limit [3] - 208:24; 209:3;
283:19
limitations [3] - 187:16;
197:8; 230:17
limited [8] - 20:2; 100:13;
112:15; 149:8; 196:25;
243:19; 256:7; 259:3
limiting [1] - 169:20
limits [8] - 109:5, 8, 22-24;
110:1; 242:2; 260:13
line [19] - 37:24; 38:1; 39:5,
16; 45:6; 65:11; 83:14;
108:4, 11, 19, 25; 109:1;
115:16; 118:23; 159:13;
162:22; 219:3; 221:23;
226:16
line-up [1] - 219:3
lined [2] - 218:8; 219:13
lines [5] - 39:18; 175:4;
224:5; 255:7; 276:6
link [6] - 6:5; 48:23; 84:17,
21; 178:24; 179:16
linkages [2] - 191:12; 192:1
linked [1] - 68:1
links [2] - 65:17; 262:20
liquid [6] - 211:1; 215:14, 16;
218:15; 224:9; 226:1
list [12] - 36:7; 40:7; 56:7;
78:14; 82:14; 104:19;
148:8; 156:25; 180:15;
222:25; 250:1; 265:22
listed [2] - 72:23; 275:15
listen [2] - 33:13; 54:9
listening [2] - 48:21; 191:19
listing [4] - 74:8, 10, 13, 18
listings [1] - 74:24
literally [2] - 125:25; 127:2
literature [6] - 31:20; 168:20;
175:11; 179:3; 180:5;
258:9
LITTLE [3] - 60:12; 89:25;
125:3
live [14] - 30:4; 42:2, 15;
46:20, 24; 48:14; 50:16;
58:21; 88:11; 98:7; 135:6,
12; 147:9; 278:16
lived [4] - 58:4; 134:6;
148:14; 223:10
lives [2] - 58:5; 135:9
living [5] - 41:6; 47:4;
134:10; 154:17; 269:1
living-out [1] - 269:1
Liz [1] - 189:9
LIZ [6] - 189:11; 190:5, 21;
191:2, 15; 192:16
load [1] - 215:7
loans [1] - 36:13
local [32] - 7:13; 9:21; 11:3;
19:11; 29:6; 32:13; 34:10;
35:21; 58:11; 63:21; 71:12;
73:17; 74:25; 77:1; 78:16;
112:24; 114:15; 133:2;
137:11, 19; 217:23;
233:24; 236:20; 248:19;
251:3; 268:6, 16; 269:9;
277:15; 279:9, 11; 281:24
Local [2] - 1:14; 7:6
locality" [1] - 41:2
localized [1] - 170:7
locally [5] - 19:8; 64:25;
74:2; 200:18; 237:9
locally-harvested [1] - 237:9
locals [1] - 58:4
locate [2] - 149:3; 211:1
located [2] - 15:1; 267:23
location [3] - 144:6; 181:7;
254:8
locations [3] - 69:3; 237:12;
264:22
log [1] - 214:24
Logan [1] - 189:9
LOGAN [6] - 189:11; 190:5,
21; 191:2, 15; 192:16
logical [1] - 160:25
long-term [11] - 18:19, 21;
22:6; 23:11; 42:12; 54:21;
56:16; 66:25; 73:21; 136:1;
149:21
look [95] - 8:20; 9:2; 10:13;
11:20; 13:14, 17; 26:18;
27:14; 30:12, 19, 23, 25;
31:25; 32:12; 35:9; 37:11,
14, 22-23; 38:2, 7; 39:3,
14, 18, 20, 25; 40:13, 20,
25; 41:3; 43:4; 45:1, 5;
46:17, 25; 49:21; 52:18,
21; 54:4; 56:24; 57:12, 23;
69:9; 70:4, 24; 73:16;
75:18; 78:20; 80:10; 81:3,
19; 82:18; 92:7, 22; 93:18,
23; 94:1; 95:5, 14, 16;
104:1; 107:24; 109:16;
110:10; 113:25; 114:18;
123:19; 126:6; 153:20;
155:17; 163:5; 166:7;
167:1, 19; 174:16; 176:17,
19; 177:5; 179:17, 20;
185:4; 193:9; 207:17;
210:24; 212:3; 222:14;
223:24; 224:21; 237:18;
240:25; 241:17; 253:22;
266:1; 281:2
looked [20] - 30:7; 74:16;
78:3; 79:11; 87:14; 126:9;
142:23; 154:9, 19, 24;
177:14; 183:2; 184:15, 18;
187:23; 193:25; 197:16;
200:3; 201:22
looking [37] - 30:9; 51:3;
53:16; 58:23; 70:3; 71:18;
77:22; 78:9; 81:13; 88:18;
92:1; 101:7; 105:24;
106:24; 119:2; 120:20;
149:19; 155:8; 163:21;
166:10, 12; 170:14; 171:8;
179:1, 8; 182:23; 184:1, 5;
185:15; 186:4, 9; 201:21;
202:4; 217:7; 227:12;
241:13; 248:6
lookout [1] - 157:1
looks [4] - 57:2; 69:23;
154:19; 163:25
loopholes [1] - 214:20
loose [2] - 122:3; 126:23
lose [4] - 35:6; 36:23; 39:22;
83:21
losing [2] - 103:5; 216:22
loss [11] - 36:5; 38:10;
110:12; 143:19-21; 210:5;
245:21; 246:17; 247:12
losses [1] - 145:3
lost [3] - 40:10; 44:7; 108:19
love [3] - 78:21; 99:11; 102:8
low [20] - 37:18; 38:11;
44:20; 133:4; 170:5; 171:1;
172:25; 180:12; 181:5, 8;
217:2, 5; 224:8, 19, 22-23;
225:2
low-hanging [1] - 180:12
low-level [1] - 224:8
low-risk [3] - 171:2; 181:5
lower [6] - 96:6; 145:7, 14;
218:11; 233:24; 246:20
Lower [2] - 159:4; 195:10
lowered [1] - 109:10
lowlands [2] - 137:14, 23
lows [1] - 226:9
LRMP [3] - 91:2; 160:23, 25
lubricating [1] - 138:21
lucrative [2] - 16:16; 35:3
lumber [2] - 212:8, 12
lunch [1] - 128:12
luncheon [1] - 128:18
Lundgren [5] - 3:11; 4:7; 8:1;
129:17; 283:15
lure [1] - 73:3
lush [2] - 133:19; 134:1
M
m'mm [5] - 57:4; 59:12;
60:18; 117:17; 191:1
m'mm-hmm [5] - 57:4;
59:12; 60:18; 117:17;
191:1
M-u-r-d-o-c-h [1] - 245:9
Mackenzie [4] - 15:24; 99:4;
102:18; 279:19
madam [1] - 201:10
Madam [16] - 8:5; 11:24;
26:7; 42:22; 84:16; 93:13;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
21
104:11; 129:22; 174:9, 20;
191:25; 192:21; 196:2;
198:18; 201:7; 264:9
magical [2] - 195:14; 198:21
magnitude [4] - 109:11;
146:3; 154:6; 213:1
main [5] - 50:23; 210:15;
243:21; 248:7
Mainland [3] - 2:14; 87:20;
159:4
maintain [5] - 168:23; 169:7,
22
maintained [1] - 19:3
maintaining [6] - 12:23;
151:11; 169:5; 182:4;
241:6; 249:24
maintenance [1] - 281:13
major [17] - 76:21, 23; 98:4;
99:15; 106:22; 131:21;
133:7; 157:13; 163:12;
164:8; 165:3; 170:1, 6, 16;
177:16; 197:25; 254:15
maker [1] - 178:25
makers [3] - 164:22; 166:2;
171:8
male [1] - 45:12
manage [8] - 21:23; 22:2;
24:4; 105:11, 22; 122:20;
158:17; 193:24
manageable [2] - 162:11, 14
managed [4] - 34:15; 141:19;
195:14
management [65] - 6:9; 24:3;
34:16; 62:19; 65:9; 77:24;
78:17; 115:4; 120:14, 21;
122:14, 18; 123:8; 132:13;
134:22; 138:9, 12; 145:14;
159:18; 160:19; 161:19;
162:1, 11; 163:20; 164:2,
8; 166:1, 3, 9, 11; 167:2, 4;
168:17, 23; 171:11, 23, 25;
172:2, 6, 10, 13, 24; 173:4,
10, 13, 15; 174:1, 5, 15,
25; 182:25; 185:18;
189:24; 208:2; 248:17, 19;
265:13; 271:8; 274:2;
276:8, 14-15; 277:24;
282:25; 283:10
Manager [2] - 2:6
manager [3] - 205:14; 209:23
managing [4] - 162:25;
168:8; 179:5; 269:9
mandate [3] - 151:24;
206:13; 213:11
mandated [1] - 24:7
manner [1] - 63:20
manuals [1] - 217:14
map [6] - 149:4; 170:2;
174:15; 184:2; 218:24;
266:20
mapped [2] - 167:18; 186:14
maps [1] - 184:16
March [7] - 49:24; 52:2, 25;
53:1; 54:2; 186:25
marginalize [1] - 81:9
marine [1] - 232:12
Maritime [1] - 226:12
mark [1] - 164:6
Mark [3] - 160:3, 14, 16
marker [1] - 80:3
market [25] - 15:11; 18:5;
20:23; 40:22; 69:12; 70:3;
71:7; 74:2, 5; 75:2, 4;
82:19; 87:19, 21; 94:16;
95:8; 96:12; 147:16;
170:21; 218:16; 268:21;
269:9, 14-15; 279:5
market-ready [1] - 87:21
marketable [1] - 218:15
marketing [8] - 59:15; 62:16;
64:25; 70:24; 74:20; 77:18;
100:4; 102:2
marketplace [3] - 68:23;
69:4, 10
markets [5] - 69:22; 72:23;
88:2; 94:12
marks [1] - 120:15
Marmorek [1] - 256:14
MARMOREK [1] - 256:15
marrying [1] - 274:21
Marts [1] - 113:8
mass [1] - 210:20
Master [1] - 232:9
master [1] - 276:5
Master's [3] - 131:23;
231:23; 266:5
mat [1] - 80:1
match [2] - 95:11; 161:16
material [3] - 149:5; 242:14;
262:17
materials [7] - 15:7, 21, 25;
17:9; 19:2, 5; 142:10
mathematical [1] - 44:19
Matt [1] - 124:7
matter [5] - 8:13, 15; 25:12;
86:15; 140:17
MATTER [1] - 1:1
MATTISON [7] - 79:9, 22;
80:5; 86:13; 102:14;
183:25; 186:8
Mattison [2] - 2:3; 183:25
maximize [1] - 254:20
maximum [2] - 8:12; 26:15
MAYA [6] - 13:25; 14:2, 20,
22; 26:4; 96:18
Maya [4] - 3:13; 13:23; 14:2;
96:17
Mayor [1] - 213:13
Mayors [2] - 32:25; 33:8
McCormack [3] - 4:17;
229:21; 260:20
mcCormack [1] - 229:6
McCormick [21] - 4:15, 19,
22; 5:3; 229:17, 23, 25;
231:9, 15-16; 237:25;
243:4, 6; 248:3, 5; 251:23;
259:19; 260:24; 261:12,
16; 262:8
McLeod [2] - 102:23; 190:20
meadow [1] - 31:4
mean [17] - 31:24; 85:8, 12;
93:19; 95:14; 105:9; 107:8;
108:4, 8; 111:5; 123:19,
22; 168:25; 198:1, 4;
215:24; 242:2
meaning [2] - 51:13; 169:22
meaningful [6] - 25:4; 83:2;
137:25; 197:4; 199:3;
261:20
meaningfully [1] - 77:17
means [14] - 20:16; 23:22;
24:13; 31:5, 7, 14; 32:5;
35:10; 37:24; 40:3; 44:12;
207:19; 219:10; 222:7
meant [2] - 97:11; 239:1
measure [7] - 12:8, 11; 13:6;
145:1; 167:17; 258:22;
261:4
measured [2] - 20:16; 252:6
measures [37] - 10:23;
11:21; 12:15; 13:5; 77:21;
151:17; 193:23; 217:22;
232:3, 19; 233:9, 19;
234:8; 235:4; 236:1, 4, 9,
14; 237:15; 249:8, 11;
254:11, 15, 18; 256:9;
258:2, 4-5; 261:3, 23;
265:3, 22; 268:3; 269:16;
279:9; 283:5, 21
mechanism [12] - 22:20, 23;
24:11; 84:10; 260:15, 22;
268:9; 273:7; 274:20;
275:16; 278:6; 282:24
mechanisms [3] - 261:15;
273:25; 274:13
medical [9] - 28:2, 8; 29:10,
16; 32:14; 33:7; 41:11;
42:7
medivac [1] - 220:14
meet [11] - 15:17; 22:25;
116:15, 19; 151:14, 23;
163:4; 173:11; 249:14;
277:7; 279:12
meeting [14] - 15:10; 42:3;
53:6; 158:9; 190:23;
196:15, 21, 24; 199:1;
205:13; 206:18; 209:18,
22; 281:2
meetings [4] - 190:14;
191:10; 206:1
meets [1] - 268:13
member [4] - 29:4; 59:2;
115:23; 131:18
members [20] - 14:24; 17:23;
18:2, 13-14; 24:17; 44:5;
62:4; 115:17, 21, 23;
121:7; 156:13; 158:12;
159:6; 229:23; 262:8;
277:18; 279:15
members' [1] - 15:17
memo [2] - 201:25; 265:11
memorandum [5] - 230:5,
11-12, 23; 233:8
memories [1] - 204:2
men's [1] - 43:17
mental [3] - 51:4; 135:11;
147:23
mentality [4] - 136:5; 138:16,
23; 139:20
mentally [1] - 148:1
mention [8] - 57:12; 91:19;
98:6; 116:6; 160:3; 176:25;
181:16; 195:4
mentioned [21] - 19:25;
24:15; 27:13; 30:2; 36:1;
57:10; 64:8; 86:2; 94:17;
98:1, 15; 105:25; 117:22;
118:16; 121:16; 175:10;
177:5; 198:21; 221:17;
229:7; 271:4
Merci [1] - 63:15
mercury [1] - 262:20
merit [1] - 136:16
message [1] - 47:10
met [6] - 11:14; 54:17;
141:12; 150:19; 238:15;
271:1
metadata [1] - 175:18
meteorological [1] - 206:17
meteorologist [3] - 205:16,
20; 214:10
meteorology [1] - 203:25
methadone [1] - 31:13
method [1] - 196:5
methodology [3] - 66:1;
67:25; 68:11
methods [3] - 192:6; 239:16;
244:7
methylation [1] - 262:20
methylmercury [1] - 263:7
metre [2] - 8:16; 26:17
metres [1] - 214:24
metric [1] - 215:1
Mexico [1] - 67:10
mic [3] - 14:18; 30:16; 140:8
microclimate [4] - 134:13,
16; 276:16; 283:17
microgram [2] - 8:16; 26:17
mid [1] - 224:11
mid-morning [1] - 224:11
middle [1] - 213:5
midterm [1] - 90:18
might [34] - 36:13; 45:22;
48:3; 67:10; 77:25; 82:19;
88:24; 93:1, 9; 103:19;
104:3; 107:14, 18; 119:9;
130:4; 151:3; 154:17;
161:3, 5, 9; 166:7; 167:2;
176:12; 184:24; 185:13;
186:24; 188:11; 190:18;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
22
197:20; 199:18; 261:18;
283:19
migrated [1] - 58:12
migration [4] - 35:13; 36:10;
154:23
Mike [1] - 259:20
mile [8] - 207:1, 9-10, 14;
208:22; 209:11; 210:5;
223:22
mile-and-a-half [3] - 207:9;
208:22; 223:22
miles [13] - 206:20, 24-25;
207:6, 13, 22-24; 208:2,
6-7, 11; 213:18
Military [1] - 223:11
mill [15] - 203:6; 212:8,
12-13; 213:2; 214:3, 25;
215:4, 17-18; 222:14;
224:7; 225:21
million [8] - 70:18; 95:23;
140:1; 146:3; 158:15;
213:24; 214:24; 216:25
millions [2] - 19:9; 220:6
mills [1] - 223:8
mind [4] - 29:20; 39:25;
42:17; 72:6
Mine [1] - 195:7
mines [1] - 178:5
minimize [1] - 171:10
minimizing [1] - 138:16
minimum [2] - 208:23; 209:6
mining [1] - 173:8
Minister [9] - 29:13, 18;
114:11; 132:8; 196:12;
197:11; 214:9; 217:18, 20
Minister's [1] - 190:23
Ministries [2] - 175:12
Ministry [34] - 3:17, 21; 4:1,
11; 6:6; 61:6, 13, 17, 25;
62:12, 19; 63:12; 64:10;
65:6; 83:22; 84:22; 91:13;
103:13; 114:11, 23;
129:23; 132:8; 156:16;
157:19; 159:21; 160:11;
177:25; 178:3; 257:5;
270:1; 271:2, 14; 275:22;
276:13
ministry [2] - 64:11; 75:15
Ministry's [2] - 130:3; 271:4
minor [2] - 171:23; 172:25
minority [2] - 41:15; 150:13
minted [1] - 64:22
minute [4] - 88:18; 202:7;
207:1, 11
minutes [15] - 61:5; 148:23;
167:7; 205:12, 24; 206:1;
207:2, 7-8; 208:5; 219:16;
221:4, 11, 20; 229:12
misidentified [1] - 142:8
miss [2] - 116:10; 254:11
missed [1] - 227:25
missing [3] - 88:24; 93:4;
110:8
mist [5] - 217:2, 5; 224:8
mistake [1] - 8:18
mitigate [11] - 18:10; 145:2,
16; 146:16; 161:25; 163:1,
23; 234:8; 254:8; 268:20;
269:13
mitigated [3] - 32:8; 243:16,
25
mitigating [1] - 151:23
mitigation [51] - 11:8, 21;
56:16; 77:21; 135:24;
137:6; 142:19, 24; 143:1,
7, 13; 144:16; 145:24;
151:14, 25; 152:3; 217:22;
232:3, 19, 22-23; 233:9,
19-20; 234:6; 243:17;
244:19; 249:8, 11, 20;
254:18; 256:9; 257:13;
258:2, 5; 261:3, 22; 265:3,
22; 268:3; 270:2, 24;
271:24; 273:3; 276:3, 21;
277:20; 278:12; 283:5, 21
mitigations [1] - 276:8
mix [2] - 224:18; 225:5
Mo [1] - 190:19
Moberly [10] - 191:4, 9;
233:3, 25; 237:14; 248:23;
249:18; 253:12; 257:25
mobile [2] - 44:14; 154:18
mobility [1] - 154:22
model [42] - 9:7; 26:15;
143:9; 146:6, 12; 226:5;
239:2, 16; 240:2, 6, 16,
20-21, 23; 241:4, 18, 23;
242:4, 13, 19-20; 243:1;
248:13, 21; 249:1, 6, 17;
255:8; 256:25; 257:14, 17,
21, 24; 258:3, 13, 21;
259:1, 13; 268:9, 12; 272:7
modelled [2] - 240:18;
259:18
modelling [17] - 26:14, 21;
171:19; 204:24; 209:11;
210:6; 233:12; 237:20;
238:8, 11, 20; 244:14;
256:16, 18, 23; 257:8;
259:24
models [17] - 134:22; 238:9,
13, 21, 23; 239:4, 12, 19,
23; 240:11, 19; 242:16;
243:1; 249:8; 257:2
moderate [2] - 172:25; 181:8
moderated [1] - 64:5
modify [1] - 177:15
MOE [1] - 132:10
moisture [6] - 206:11;
210:17; 214:14; 215:4, 8;
224:8
mold [1] - 41:20
mom [1] - 51:15
moment [2] - 110:22; 199:18
moms [1] - 36:18
money [22] - 35:7, 14, 18, 20,
22; 36:10, 18, 22; 37:13,
17; 38:17; 39:9; 46:22;
47:7; 67:7, 11; 70:12;
157:9; 158:16; 211:15;
223:3
monitor [4] - 144:10; 261:10;
269:14; 275:5
monitoring [35] - 71:18;
171:18; 234:7; 248:17;
252:25; 253:11; 254:17;
257:12; 260:2, 15, 22;
261:14; 263:14; 270:2, 4,
16, 18, 20; 271:21, 23;
272:6, 10, 23; 273:7, 18,
24; 274:5, 7, 14, 18;
276:20; 277:4, 25; 278:12
month [1] - 46:18
monthly [2] - 169:21; 277:7
months [3] - 28:1; 93:16;
124:21
moose [47] - 105:3, 5-6, 8,
11, 19, 22; 106:1; 110:2,
13, 19-20, 23-24; 111:3,
9-10, 14-15, 18-19; 113:6,
9, 11, 18; 116:6, 8; 117:2,
7, 15; 119:18; 126:9, 13;
127:1, 10, 13; 157:22;
158:5, 19; 169:9; 184:10;
188:11, 15; 260:8
Mormorek [2] - 4:8; 129:19
morning [20] - 7:11; 9:1, 20;
13:25; 14:1; 27:22; 53:6;
61:11; 62:3; 79:13; 92:21;
104:16; 129:4; 156:10;
199:20; 224:11; 229:7;
262:14; 278:25
mortality [5] - 40:2; 122:12;
243:14; 244:13; 258:15
Mossop [4] - 4:8; 5:4;
129:18; 252:1
MOSSOP [1] - 252:2
most [29] - 27:1; 30:13;
33:24; 34:2, 12; 50:2; 55:4;
58:16; 65:5; 74:1; 85:24;
92:3; 113:8; 128:22; 133:5,
7; 135:7; 137:19, 23;
145:11; 155:15; 172:10;
178:10; 182:1; 229:10;
230:18; 240:22; 255:11;
284:17
mostly [2] - 134:12; 218:5
MOTI [1] - 276:8
motivators [2] - 72:25; 73:4
motor [5] - 39:14; 40:4, 12;
42:23; 129:4
Mountain [2] - 92:18; 282:4
mountain [7] - 65:13; 110:4;
222:17; 234:1; 251:1;
252:13; 256:21
Mountains [1] - 134:14
mountains [3] - 93:3;
133:17; 225:2
mouthful [1] - 172:3
move [19] - 10:16; 13:15;
36:5; 50:8; 105:21; 107:5,
10, 14, 18-19; 140:8;
160:5; 174:5; 190:2;
191:13; 192:21; 202:24;
247:6
moved [3] - 48:13; 134:7;
150:4
movement [1] - 253:15
moving [7] - 71:21; 75:1;
164:14, 16; 226:13;
255:22; 263:9
MR [110] - 9:1; 26:6, 13;
27:12, 17; 60:12; 62:3;
63:9; 79:9, 22; 80:5; 82:2;
83:4, 18; 84:9; 86:13; 87:7;
88:14; 89:3, 11, 16, 19, 21,
25; 91:23; 92:13; 93:8;
95:17; 102:14; 103:9;
104:17, 24; 106:6, 9;
107:11; 108:10, 22;
109:20, 24; 110:16; 111:8;
112:24; 113:2, 16, 20;
114:20, 23; 115:10; 116:3,
12; 117:17, 20; 118:8, 14;
119:9, 20, 22, 25; 120:1, 4,
7; 122:2, 25; 123:7, 19;
124:4; 125:1, 3; 129:21;
130:7, 13; 140:9; 153:18;
154:2; 155:6, 25; 156:2,
24; 157:24; 159:5, 16;
160:8; 183:25; 186:8;
199:16; 200:11, 20, 22;
202:16; 210:12; 228:9, 15,
23; 229:5, 23; 231:7, 9, 11,
16; 237:23, 25; 238:4;
243:6; 248:5; 252:2;
256:15; 260:24; 261:12,
16; 262:8
MS [112] - 8:6; 9:19; 13:25;
14:2, 20, 22; 26:4; 27:3,
14; 42:23; 43:21; 44:24;
48:4; 57:4, 8; 58:1, 7; 59:7,
12; 60:8, 18; 61:2; 63:15;
64:3, 6; 79:19, 23; 80:7,
23; 81:23; 82:11, 16;
83:15, 19, 24; 84:16, 18;
85:1, 18; 86:12, 16; 87:16;
89:1, 5, 23; 93:14; 94:6;
95:12; 96:15, 18; 99:11;
103:22; 104:7, 12, 18;
105:23; 106:7, 23; 107:23;
108:17; 109:3, 23; 110:10,
17; 112:10; 113:1, 11, 17,
24; 114:22; 115:1; 119:7;
129:2; 154:13; 156:6;
157:16; 159:2; 174:10, 22;
175:9, 22, 24; 176:23;
178:17; 179:17; 180:22;
182:15; 183:1, 3, 17, 24;
192:23; 195:24; 196:2;
197:24; 198:6, 14, 18, 20,
25; 199:13; 201:6, 9, 24;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
23
202:1; 231:8; 245:6; 246:3,
5, 9; 262:11; 283:9
mule [10] - 106:4, 7, 18, 20;
107:13, 22; 126:3, 5, 15;
158:19
multi [2] - 163:19; 164:12
multi-sector [2] - 163:19;
164:12
multiphase [1] - 143:25
multiple [1] - 255:7
multitude [1] - 158:2
municipality [1] - 90:24
MURDOCH [5] - 231:8;
245:6; 246:3, 5, 9
Murdoch [10] - 4:16; 5:1;
229:19; 230:20; 231:6;
232:5; 245:4, 7, 25
Murphy [1] - 2:7
museum [1] - 282:2
museums [1] - 281:24
Muskwa [2] - 91:3; 133:18
must [9] - 18:21; 20:4; 25:1,
3; 41:5; 45:17; 64:5;
195:14; 228:7
mutually [1] - 167:20
N
Nagy [1] - 112:13
name [12] - 14:2; 61:7; 62:5;
63:24; 84:1; 90:25; 130:14;
159:7; 229:24; 238:5;
245:7; 285:14
named [1] - 99:5
Nancy [4] - 2:15; 273:22;
285:3, 19
narrative [3] - 195:18, 20;
197:9
narrow [2] - 97:16; 275:17
NASA [1] - 211:12
Nation [16] - 3:13; 11:9;
13:10, 21, 23; 14:4;
115:17; 121:7; 184:11;
186:11; 193:3; 232:25;
253:5; 254:23; 256:24;
260:21
National [1] - 133:9
national [2] - 137:20; 157:23
nationally [1] - 65:1
Nations [64] - 4:14, 18-19,
21-22; 5:1, 3; 13:13; 14:7;
21:13; 25:4, 21; 37:24;
97:18; 105:13; 116:7;
121:23; 123:1; 125:10;
130:18; 139:25; 148:12;
165:11; 166:8, 20; 174:2;
176:9; 186:14; 188:5, 20;
189:5, 10; 190:11, 17;
192:7; 229:4, 16, 22;
230:1, 3; 231:14; 232:24;
233:7; 235:13; 236:8, 16;
237:2; 238:3; 243:5; 245:5;
248:4; 251:12; 252:11;
253:23; 257:15; 261:2, 19,
21; 264:2, 4; 265:20, 25;
284:22
Nations' [5] - 123:15; 236:18;
237:14; 251:2, 20
native [1] - 169:10
Natural [21] - 3:17, 22; 4:1,
11; 6:7; 61:13, 17, 25;
62:20; 63:13; 65:7; 68:20;
72:4; 84:23; 103:9; 159:22;
160:12; 177:25; 257:4;
281:5; 282:21
natural [10] - 65:10; 162:5,
24; 163:3, 23; 164:10;
166:4; 170:20; 178:4;
179:6
nature [2] - 73:5; 103:7
NAV [1] - 214:1
navigability [1] - 236:2
navigational [2] - 204:8;
235:12
Naylor [7] - 3:18, 22; 61:19;
62:1, 5; 64:8; 159:7
NAYLOR [9] - 62:3; 63:9;
159:5, 16; 160:8; 199:16;
200:11, 20, 22
near [10] - 162:20; 165:7;
170:9, 17, 19; 172:19;
176:20; 185:22; 255:22
near-surface [1] - 255:22
near-term [7] - 162:20;
165:7; 170:9, 17; 172:19;
185:22
nearly [1] - 217:12
neatly [1] - 175:4
necessarily [6] - 82:5;
110:14; 139:23; 239:2;
242:23; 266:14
necessary [5] - 18:15; 24:19;
32:7; 269:16; 275:2
need [49] - 11:4; 20:8; 21:6;
22:25; 24:23; 34:3, 10-11;
46:7, 15; 50:19; 57:17;
59:5; 62:25; 63:7; 70:24;
76:17; 82:9; 102:2; 105:21;
108:14; 116:15; 117:7;
119:7; 123:20, 24; 136:15,
23; 139:5; 150:17; 151:25;
166:8; 171:12; 179:4;
191:23; 192:20; 203:3, 13;
210:3; 216:4; 219:10;
221:19; 222:8; 228:19;
260:14; 262:3; 263:24;
267:16; 284:10
needed [6] - 22:24; 121:18;
123:12; 164:5; 175:5;
202:4
needing [1] - 56:3
needs [15] - 15:11, 18; 25:2;
54:12; 55:7; 97:21; 116:19;
117:11, 15; 136:20;
150:19; 166:14; 267:20;
268:14
negative [1] - 131:5
negatively [1] - 162:12
neglected [1] - 93:21
negligible [1] - 267:17
negotiate [1] - 90:17
negotiated [1] - 188:3
negotiation [2] - 188:9;
276:25
negotiations [3] - 188:4, 19;
275:10
NEIL [5] - 202:16; 210:12;
228:9, 15, 23
Neil [4] - 4:13; 199:14;
200:25; 202:15
Nelson [4] - 90:24; 91:1;
222:4; 264:23
nested [3] - 168:10, 12;
169:3
nesting [1] - 169:1
net [4] - 67:4; 81:14; 82:10
network [2] - 87:3; 149:21
networks [2] - 78:24; 94:21
never [1] - 158:23
nevertheless [1] - 103:3
new [31] - 13:14; 18:4, 7, 20;
22:25; 34:21; 41:18; 53:10;
54:5; 55:2, 13; 56:1; 88:1;
106:12; 127:20; 138:25;
150:8; 154:18; 224:7;
237:6; 245:24; 246:10, 12,
18-19; 247:14; 248:18;
263:16; 269:5; 281:14
New [3] - 31:22; 69:3; 279:18
newcomers [2] - 35:25;
48:20
newly [2] - 64:22; 279:17
newly-established [1] -
279:17
newly-minted [1] - 64:22
next [23] - 26:8; 29:8; 33:11;
49:2; 72:5; 127:14; 159:3,
9; 160:5; 162:2; 167:5;
168:24; 169:12; 171:20;
172:15; 173:19; 175:9;
176:24; 190:21; 238:7;
266:22; 281:2
nice [4] - 37:6; 126:20;
219:24; 227:11
nicer [1] - 92:2
niche [3] - 85:15, 25; 281:20
Nicol [3] - 3:10; 7:25; 108:22
NICOL [1] - 108:22
Nielsen [3] - 2:15; 285:3, 19
night [5] - 212:14; 226:13;
255:23; 260:12; 278:20
nights [1] - 79:21
nine [1] - 203:7
Nino [1] - 224:4
NO [2] - 3:2; 6:2
nobody [1] - 207:21
noise [4] - 264:11, 17, 20
non [10] - 10:20, 25; 11:3;
48:25; 49:2; 54:15, 22;
142:8; 269:6; 280:19
non-identifiable [1] - 142:8
non-profit [8] - 10:20, 25;
11:3; 48:25; 49:2; 54:15;
269:6; 280:19
non-profits [1] - 54:22
none [5] - 74:18-20; 88:22;
256:17
normal [4] - 43:7; 124:16;
226:3; 255:16
normalized [1] - 43:24
normally [1] - 224:11
North [10] - 28:9; 49:2; 75:14;
96:4; 125:5; 128:4; 131:18;
212:8; 213:3; 282:2
north [33] - 11:1; 40:10, 13;
41:7; 42:8, 24; 48:10;
72:17, 21, 23; 73:4, 11, 21,
23; 75:9, 19; 86:15, 17, 22;
87:21; 88:10; 92:22; 94:23;
101:3, 23; 132:2; 133:17;
134:2; 146:24; 152:23;
212:16; 224:21; 227:12
north-eastern [1] - 48:10
northeast [16] - 28:19, 21,
23-24; 30:5; 39:4, 16; 44:1;
73:17; 132:11; 134:4;
159:21; 190:11; 204:18;
219:9; 279:21
Northern [18] - 10:1, 3, 7, 9,
13; 28:4; 33:6; 45:2, 7, 10;
48:8; 90:23; 91:2, 4, 6;
133:9; 280:10, 12
northern [35] - 21:7; 22:4;
24:24; 31:22; 37:14, 23;
38:1; 39:4; 40:15; 71:22;
72:5, 8, 13, 16; 73:15;
80:21; 85:17; 93:20; 95:13,
15, 19, 21; 96:2, 13; 97:3,
24; 101:21; 133:23; 161:4;
182:23, 25; 184:3, 6;
232:10; 252:12
northwest [3] - 39:4; 161:22;
282:5
Northwest [1] - 112:14
notably [2] - 19:6, 18
note [29] - 9:23; 11:13; 18:3;
63:1; 66:21; 67:25; 78:6;
89:7; 98:24; 101:1; 105:2;
143:11; 145:18, 22;
161:12; 170:7; 172:5;
206:9; 215:2; 235:23;
244:16; 249:3; 251:11;
262:25; 266:8; 273:12;
278:22; 281:7
noted [9] - 21:20; 262:12;
268:22; 269:24; 271:19;
276:2, 18, 20; 281:16
notes [3] - 17:10; 24:2; 99:21
nothing [3] - 102:24; 127:15;
213:15
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
24
notice [3] - 106:25; 148:23;
177:9
noticeably [1] - 80:18
notion [2] - 47:14; 50:19
November [1] - 190:23
NPA [1] - 209:18
NPAS [1] - 209:18
number [58] - 9:23; 10:23;
28:18; 38:10; 43:6; 50:22;
52:6; 55:9; 73:14, 16-17;
74:7; 80:25; 81:4, 11, 16;
89:24; 92:15; 106:14;
108:21; 109:13; 110:19;
111:1; 112:15; 116:22;
126:5, 13, 15; 128:9;
132:9, 17; 133:1; 141:23;
147:24; 148:3; 152:12;
153:6; 154:4; 155:9, 21;
193:4; 230:15; 232:16;
234:18; 235:15; 239:9, 25;
240:7; 252:20; 257:23;
258:11, 18, 24; 266:13;
274:21; 276:10
numbers [22] - 6:4; 9:3, 5-6,
8, 12; 26:16, 25; 27:2;
40:17; 42:21; 51:9, 22;
52:18; 53:2; 94:11; 105:25;
109:16; 134:21; 154:24
numerous [4] - 21:13; 23:9;
191:10; 261:7
nutrient [2] - 247:4, 17
nutrients [1] - 245:13
O
o'clock [1] - 284:12
object [1] - 140:24
objective [16] - 135:14;
162:21, 23; 166:12;
169:20, 25; 170:4, 6;
171:1, 22; 172:17; 173:12;
183:9; 185:17
objectives [25] - 23:19;
146:7; 167:15; 173:2, 13;
179:10-12; 180:14, 16;
181:25; 182:2, 19, 21, 24;
183:5; 186:5; 235:2;
238:15, 17; 249:15;
276:14; 282:25; 283:6, 10
obligations [1] - 278:17
observers [1] - 142:1
obtain [1] - 23:3
obvious [1] - 142:7
obviously [2] - 58:10; 95:19
occupations [1] - 134:23
occur [4] - 124:18; 168:13;
243:9; 273:4
occurred [2] - 193:22;
258:15
occurring [1] - 169:6
Oceans [2] - 250:8, 12
OCP [1] - 266:21
OCR [1] - 2:15
October [4] - 11:15, 17; 28:1;
273:10
odds [1] - 127:13
OF [3] - 1:1; 3:1; 6:1
off-road [1] - 138:12
offer [9] - 50:22; 51:5; 93:22;
203:12; 217:22; 220:16;
250:17; 251:16; 261:17
offered [1] - 279:18
offers [4] - 59:9; 60:19;
80:21; 207:15
OFFICE [1] - 1:8
office [11] - 56:9; 121:17, 22;
178:7, 25; 195:16; 198:22;
203:20, 24; 214:5; 273:9
officer [6] - 29:10, 16; 42:7;
203:24; 271:5, 11
officers [2] - 28:2; 41:11
offices [3] - 28:3; 33:2, 7
official [3] - 212:1; 266:19;
267:2
Official [2] - 285:3, 20
offs [2] - 135:2
offset [1] - 18:4
offsetting [17] - 233:11;
234:3; 235:17, 21; 236:6,
17, 21-22; 237:6, 12;
247:21; 249:23; 250:24;
251:4; 252:5, 15, 25
often [12] - 67:9; 76:14, 17;
80:1; 82:23; 85:13; 86:6;
98:16; 142:8; 244:2;
255:20
oil [9] - 28:22; 34:20; 84:4;
172:20; 173:6, 15; 195:6;
212:15; 217:15
Oil [2] - 173:4; 178:4
Okanagan [1] - 161:22
old [14] - 31:25; 35:25;
171:21, 23, 25; 172:1, 5,
10, 13, 24; 173:3, 10, 15
old-growth [12] - 171:21, 23,
25; 172:1, 5, 10, 13, 24;
173:3, 10, 15
old-timers [1] - 35:25
older [4] - 38:4; 76:15; 98:1;
242:9
oldest [2] - 175:15, 17
omissions [1] - 204:24
once [10] - 41:25; 89:17;
152:4; 153:23; 206:10;
229:11; 239:21; 242:5;
267:17; 271:15
one [122] - 8:7; 19:18; 24:13;
26:17; 28:18; 30:4, 19;
32:16; 33:2, 16; 34:7;
36:16; 37:11, 25; 42:6;
43:22; 45:2, 5, 25; 46:18;
49:1; 50:14, 17; 59:14, 22;
64:14; 65:5, 9; 66:7, 21-22,
25; 68:16; 69:23; 70:21;
72:6; 73:14; 74:7; 75:12;
77:14; 79:8; 85:7; 86:10,
14; 87:9; 90:2, 5-6, 10;
91:2, 23; 92:2, 8; 94:18;
96:20, 22; 99:5, 22; 100:6;
101:11, 21; 102:17;
108:12; 109:25; 110:3, 24;
111:2; 112:10; 117:12;
124:25; 125:6; 126:3;
129:24; 130:5; 134:9;
142:5; 150:6; 153:17;
155:6; 156:13, 25; 158:15;
159:10; 161:20; 162:23;
168:5; 169:16, 18; 184:8,
11; 195:7; 203:14; 204:18;
207:1, 3, 22; 209:19;
210:16; 214:10, 24-25;
215:17; 218:1, 5; 222:12;
223:1, 21; 227:13; 228:11;
239:7; 240:25; 252:22;
256:25; 258:20; 268:4
one-five [1] - 223:1
one-one [1] - 227:13
ones [8] - 71:19; 78:2; 85:23;
139:4, 8; 142:6; 225:12;
226:5
ongoing [7] - 10:10; 21:25;
254:17; 260:15; 270:9, 19;
275:11
online [1] - 140:22
onset [1] - 280:7
Ontario [1] - 133:23
open [10] - 72:18; 97:4, 14,
17; 142:3; 164:19; 176:16;
214:20; 218:22; 284:16
opened [1] - 55:2
opening [4] - 8:3; 9:16, 18;
13:17
Opening [3] - 3:4, 12; 7:10
operate [6] - 49:15; 70:14;
82:9; 95:25; 160:4; 203:15
operating [4] - 126:1; 173:6,
14; 176:10
operation [2] - 145:20;
197:21
operational [19] - 65:4; 78:7;
159:18; 160:19; 161:18;
163:4; 165:16; 166:5, 17;
167:11; 173:20; 180:11;
205:20; 254:17; 267:17;
282:23
Operations [18] - 3:17, 22;
4:2, 12; 6:7; 61:14, 18;
62:1, 20; 63:13; 65:7;
84:23; 103:10; 159:22;
160:12; 178:1; 257:4;
282:22
operations [2] - 243:11;
252:22
operator [1] - 279:17
operators [1] - 67:17
opportunities [16] - 16:17;
18:20; 78:8; 156:18; 157:5,
21; 232:22; 253:3, 9, 15,
20, 24-25; 267:8; 280:2;
282:1
opportunity [26] - 13:16;
27:24; 42:18; 44:13; 45:14;
61:12; 86:9; 88:7, 13; 90:3;
125:4, 12; 130:20; 135:24;
137:4; 147:4; 151:11;
158:8; 230:2; 236:4; 250:8;
251:14; 253:17; 265:2;
280:25; 281:19
opposite [3] - 92:12; 149:6;
227:22
optimistic [3] - 249:17;
268:11; 275:11
optimize [1] - 32:8
option [3] - 16:15; 25:13;
281:1
options [3] - 167:2, 4; 266:3
orally [2] - 81:24; 229:11
orange [1] - 226:6
oranges [1] - 75:17
order [10] - 29:11; 34:4;
146:2; 172:4; 179:4, 21;
234:18; 247:20; 266:14;
272:14
organization [10] - 12:16;
23:13; 48:25; 49:2; 56:18;
66:3; 91:14; 206:17;
280:20
organizations [9] - 11:1;
24:3; 54:15; 136:5, 7, 18;
155:13; 211:9, 11
organized [1] - 28:2
orientation [1] - 164:2
original [1] - 282:5
originally [2] - 48:12; 120:18
OSB [3] - 213:2; 224:7;
225:21
Oszik [1] - 144:11
otherwise [2] - 226:14;
228:13
Ottawa [2] - 203:19; 218:7
ourselves [3] - 69:12; 84:15;
150:1
out-migration [1] - 154:23
outcome [2] - 138:19; 165:10
outcomes [3] - 22:1; 27:24;
164:17
outdoor [6] - 65:12; 71:15;
72:15; 74:4, 17; 81:25
outfitter [2] - 85:7; 90:8
outfitters [14] - 74:23; 81:24;
82:3, 18, 21; 83:16, 20;
84:4, 9; 90:6, 9, 11; 91:10;
94:19
Outfitters [1] - 86:3
outline [3] - 135:15; 247:7;
267:19
outlined [2] - 11:7; 252:18
outlook [1] - 148:5
outputs [1] - 242:1
outs [1] - 157:3
outside [10] - 66:6; 95:2;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
25
102:12; 161:3; 175:6;
208:15, 18; 213:10; 221:8;
267:24
outstanding [1] - 117:21
outweigh [1] - 37:5
overall [10] - 40:8; 82:10;
83:4, 12; 144:25; 153:7;
170:5, 24; 172:24; 252:5
overarching [1] - 233:17
overcome [1] - 230:16
overdose [1] - 40:24
overestimate [2] - 67:3; 68:9
overhanging [1] - 245:15
overlap [2] - 108:24; 279:7
overlapping [4] - 6:6; 84:2,
7, 22
overlay [1] - 219:2
overlook [1] - 150:12
overnight [1] - 75:20
overproduce [1] - 36:2
oversee [1] - 271:21
overseeing [3] - 204:15;
272:7; 274:7
oversight [4] - 273:3, 14;
274:4; 275:19
overstating [1] - 100:16
overstressed [1] - 151:1
overview [3] - 162:3; 169:13;
262:19
overweight [1] - 43:19
overwhelming [1] - 149:22
own [10] - 18:25; 43:16; 50:9;
64:15; 72:1; 91:11; 130:22;
214:9
owned [1] - 256:11
owner [1] - 131:12
Oxford [1] - 140:22
P
P-a-l-m-e-r [1] - 238:6
p.m [2] - 128:19; 284:21
Pacific [1] - 70:4
PAD [1] - 194:25
Paddle [1] - 139:22
paediatric [2] - 50:23; 60:20
paediatrician [3] - 53:20, 22;
60:23
page [9] - 84:5; 194:4; 240:5,
9; 244:23; 256:22; 257:7;
277:5; 278:1
PAGE [2] - 3:2; 6:2
Pages [1] - 1:17
pages [3] - 213:23; 250:15
paid [1] - 82:23
paint [2] - 214:2; 219:1
PALMER [4] - 231:7, 11;
237:23; 238:4
Palmer [12] - 4:16, 20;
229:18; 230:19; 231:5,
18-19; 232:17; 238:3, 5
panel [69] - 2:6; 4:19; 9:20;
14:10; 22:16; 25:7; 27:22;
28:17; 29:4; 41:5; 45:17;
62:4, 7, 9-10; 63:5; 65:18;
87:9; 89:12; 93:6; 96:19,
25; 98:5, 8, 15; 99:10, 14;
101:5; 102:14; 115:10, 15;
125:23; 128:13; 130:19,
23; 133:11; 138:4; 140:4;
141:10; 142:25; 147:21;
151:21; 152:10; 156:13;
159:6, 25; 199:21, 25;
200:6; 204:21; 229:24;
230:13; 231:3, 14; 234:2,
14, 17, 19, 22; 236:11;
250:6, 18; 251:13; 262:8;
265:19; 284:3, 7
PANEL [3] - 1:1; 2:1
Panel [13] - 3:5, 17, 22; 4:3,
14; 7:15; 61:18; 62:1; 89:7;
129:9; 229:16; 252:20;
278:15
panel's [5] - 62:14, 17;
135:18, 20; 251:17
parachuting [2] - 155:19
paradox [1] - 31:16
parameter [8] - 208:21;
239:15, 17, 21; 241:23;
242:4; 249:1, 6
parameters [5] - 146:14;
210:7; 223:21; 238:24
paraphrasing [1] - 120:11
pardon [1] - 256:2
parent [1] - 51:3
parenthood [2] - 36:6; 37:12
parents [3] - 58:2, 5, 10
Park [1] - 282:6
park [2] - 147:19; 157:4
parking [1] - 79:11
parks [8] - 74:4; 86:15, 19,
23, 25; 87:1; 156:13
part [37] - 12:2, 5, 24; 28:2;
31:22; 33:1; 36:1; 57:15,
22; 67:15, 18; 73:25; 76:1;
79:10; 81:3; 82:22; 83:21;
85:20; 87:2, 4; 93:20;
100:21; 102:8; 172:7;
174:16; 178:2; 182:1, 11;
189:1, 12; 215:13; 236:5;
243:10; 260:22; 273:12;
280:11; 281:16
participant [1] - 195:11
PARTICIPANTS [1] - 2:8
participants [3] - 140:15;
259:13; 260:19
participate [3] - 115:22;
266:1; 279:14
participated [1] - 139:22
participation [6] - 25:17;
230:17; 251:20; 261:2, 21;
279:10
particular [12] - 15:6; 45:11;
84:10; 95:16; 104:10;
105:2, 11; 106:20; 157:13;
187:16; 248:24; 261:18
particularly [12] - 10:20;
15:4; 16:10; 29:15; 48:11;
50:22; 56:17; 85:24; 88:8;
105:20; 186:12; 262:23
particulate [5] - 8:13;
210:21; 212:18; 214:15
particulate" [1] - 206:12
parties [1] - 9:24
partly [3] - 18:4; 48:18
partner [1] - 64:21
partners [2] - 74:11; 137:13
partnership [5] - 45:13;
62:15; 95:20; 102:4; 269:4
partnerships [3] - 32:21;
49:9
Partnerships [1] - 21:12
parts [2] - 85:19; 213:24
Pass [1] - 127:16
pass [1] - 31:2
passage [5] - 242:7; 256:20;
258:2, 5, 17
passed [2] - 102:18; 109:6
passenger [1] - 221:22
passengers [2] - 219:15;
221:14
passion [1] - 282:7
past [21] - 14:14; 20:4; 21:4;
31:2; 32:3; 40:23; 44:5;
120:9; 121:2; 125:14;
126:3; 141:10; 148:9;
161:14; 162:16; 185:19;
194:17; 205:13; 218:5;
220:19; 253:16
pastoral [1] - 134:17
path [1] - 223:16
pathologist [1] - 59:23
patience [1] - 201:1
patients [3] - 38:18, 20
pattern [2] - 73:10; 221:5
patterns [2] - 220:21; 221:2
paved [1] - 134:9
pavement [1] - 227:23
pay [5] - 35:8; 37:7; 46:17;
86:7; 267:22
paying [2] - 69:25; 70:4
Peace [82] - 4:10; 11:1;
14:16, 25; 19:23; 21:5;
22:22; 23:11; 24:8; 25:11;
28:9; 49:3; 75:11, 14, 18;
81:4; 87:11; 92:9; 107:2;
122:10; 125:5, 21; 126:12,
14; 127:4; 128:2, 4;
130:11; 131:2, 7, 19;
132:2, 14-15; 133:2, 4, 12,
14; 134:1, 6, 15; 135:8, 23;
136:8; 137:8, 14, 23;
139:14, 18, 22; 142:22;
144:23; 145:6, 8, 15, 18,
22; 147:9; 150:9, 21;
152:23; 184:3; 193:21;
194:16; 198:1; 204:19;
222:5; 233:3; 234:1;
237:15; 245:20; 253:3;
261:8; 265:7, 10, 17;
273:11; 276:1; 282:2, 6
Peace-Moberly [1] - 233:3
Peace-Williston [2] - 142:22;
144:23
Pearson [2] - 205:17; 219:25
pee [1] - 31:2
peer [1] - 259:14
peer-reviewed [1] - 259:14
pellet [1] - 212:7
pending [1] - 137:21
penetrate [1] - 226:10
PENNY [6] - 48:4; 57:4; 58:7;
59:12; 60:18; 61:2
Penny [4] - 3:15; 47:20, 24;
57:10
people [116] - 30:1, 21; 31:9;
33:7, 12-13; 35:4, 6-7, 14,
21; 36:3, 5, 10, 13, 17;
37:1, 25; 38:4, 14, 23;
39:8, 22; 41:6; 42:1, 14;
43:18; 44:7, 12, 17;
46:14-16, 20; 47:6; 48:15;
51:18; 55:17, 19; 58:8, 12,
16, 18; 59:4, 10; 63:25;
66:18; 67:6, 10, 16; 70:9,
19; 71:4; 73:10, 20; 77:15;
78:14; 79:12; 80:12; 84:13;
88:10; 91:16, 23; 92:6;
94:12; 95:8; 99:6, 23;
100:11; 101:10, 13, 15, 19;
102:25; 105:5; 107:4;
109:18; 112:19, 25;
114:24; 125:21; 126:12;
127:6; 136:4; 139:22, 25;
140:11; 141:11; 147:25;
148:3, 10-12; 150:11;
155:9, 16, 19; 157:3;
169:15; 187:3; 193:12;
200:9; 209:22; 217:16;
261:10; 264:11; 266:22
peoples [1] - 263:14
per [16] - 8:16; 26:17; 39:15;
47:1; 58:9; 110:3, 23;
133:14; 207:1; 213:24;
220:20; 240:3; 257:16, 22;
272:2; 283:20
perceive [1] - 166:18
perceived [5] - 117:6;
138:15; 139:9, 19; 141:19
percent [24] - 30:3; 31:1;
39:20; 68:3, 6, 25; 75:10,
18, 21, 23; 76:9; 110:12;
111:14; 119:14; 169:21;
171:24; 172:1; 183:8;
209:15; 214:23; 237:5;
238:18
percentage [6] - 39:6; 58:15;
69:6; 108:18; 215:23;
258:22
perception [5] - 136:25;
137:17; 138:8; 151:5;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
26
263:6
perfect [1] - 218:17
perform [1] - 241:19
performance [9] - 12:4, 6,
11; 13:1; 44:20; 216:12;
258:4; 284:19, 22
performed [1] - 271:24
perfunctory [1] - 138:5
perhaps [7] - 96:25; 97:15;
124:2; 130:25; 135:1;
138:5; 147:19
period [14] - 15:14; 18:20;
22:24; 23:8; 26:20; 48:7;
54:5; 60:4; 98:14; 196:12,
19; 270:8
periods [2] - 9:6; 106:10
permission [2] - 108:13
permit [2] - 118:19; 166:6
permitted [1] - 276:11
permitting [2] - 108:3; 274:9
perplexed [1] - 273:4
persistent [1] - 23:10
person [10] - 8:21; 63:16;
80:14; 86:7; 114:20; 147:7;
157:24; 159:12; 272:13
person's [1] - 141:5
personal [7] - 131:1; 134:18;
146:23; 148:4, 10; 157:6;
282:10
personally [3] - 88:6; 148:2;
190:21
persons [3] - 19:11; 66:5;
133:2
perspective [18] - 10:11;
28:11; 77:2, 11, 21; 79:20;
80:9; 81:1, 6, 15; 94:25;
103:8; 140:14; 143:18;
182:5; 205:5; 215:2;
278:22
perspectives [1] - 34:1
pertains [1] - 19:16
PETER [3] - 26:6; 95:17;
229:5
Peter [4] - 2:10; 3:19; 61:21;
62:14
phase [3] - 36:1; 277:8;
279:25
phenomenon [1] - 206:19
philosophy [1] - 37:6
phone [2] - 122:9; 231:6
phonetic [1] - 144:11
photo [1] - 232:5
photographs [1] - 198:8
photography [1] - 91:17
physical [6] - 19:20, 23;
20:3, 9; 131:22; 149:24
physician [6] - 10:5; 28:6;
30:7; 31:11; 38:16
physicians [5] - 29:23;
38:11, 14, 17
physiotherapist [1] - 58:25
pick [3] - 87:24; 180:12;
219:21
picked [2] - 33:9
picture [7] - 43:25; 71:13, 25;
78:25; 225:7; 226:2;
227:17
pictures [4] - 89:15; 121:12;
205:3
pie [2] - 67:19; 69:22
piece [1] - 73:6
pieces [2] - 179:15; 182:10
pike [1] - 252:13
piles [1] - 225:2
pilot [5] - 177:19; 203:22;
205:14; 207:6; 222:16
pilot's [1] - 225:11
pilots [4] - 211:21; 214:12;
220:11; 225:13
Pine [3] - 127:16; 253:13
pipeline [2] - 170:23; 172:22
pipelines [4] - 34:23; 185:5;
220:24
pity [1] - 174:11
pivotal [1] - 71:2
place [26] - 43:13; 47:3;
69:13; 73:2; 85:4; 88:11;
92:18; 98:7; 107:1; 134:25;
135:1, 5, 10; 153:23;
155:15; 166:15; 218:17;
223:13; 224:1; 270:4;
272:17; 273:7; 282:8;
285:8
placed [1] - 204:22
places [5] - 30:4; 66:6;
93:22; 148:8; 157:3
plan [49] - 10:4; 12:5, 8;
29:19; 32:22; 33:15; 41:12;
46:4; 47:11; 64:14, 16;
112:5; 135:24; 136:19;
166:9; 181:13; 182:25;
212:1; 221:25; 234:3, 15,
17, 23; 235:1, 3, 6-7,
10-11, 17; 236:6, 21-22;
247:21; 250:24; 251:4;
252:15, 19; 263:11;
266:19; 267:2; 270:2, 11;
274:2; 276:3, 5, 16; 280:6,
22
plane [1] - 227:18
planes [1] - 228:1
planned [2] - 104:16; 268:23
planning [24] - 6:9; 21:7, 22,
25; 24:24; 37:3; 93:19, 25;
114:19; 115:5; 133:4;
137:14; 143:13; 149:18;
174:25; 177:12; 181:1, 24;
234:25; 235:21; 269:21;
271:12; 275:23; 278:24
plans [15] - 10:15; 25:23;
42:13; 68:17; 134:22;
141:7; 181:2, 22; 182:8;
234:7, 19; 265:13; 276:9;
277:24; 280:9
plant [1] - 212:7
planting [1] - 256:10
plants [3] - 223:14; 246:12;
247:3
play [8] - 23:17; 24:7; 46:6;
71:1; 182:4; 280:5; 281:25
played [1] - 278:23
players [1] - 32:20
plays [1] - 30:5
pleased [3] - 100:19; 230:2;
251:13
plough [1] - 219:1
plume [5] - 217:4, 9; 225:24;
227:13
plumes [1] - 217:3
plunge [1] - 36:14
plus [2] - 125:16; 188:16
PM10 [1] - 9:4
PM2.5 [2] - 26:14, 20
PMT [1] - 233:5
point [42] - 15:3; 19:15;
28:13; 29:21; 35:10; 37:10;
43:17; 54:7; 65:25; 66:14;
67:5; 78:18; 82:16; 85:1;
90:5, 21; 94:22; 102:7, 10;
111:24; 114:3; 115:8;
116:4; 129:25; 146:19;
151:19, 21; 168:5; 180:22;
185:10; 210:8; 218:1, 3;
222:2; 223:19; 239:19;
240:15; 241:3; 242:15;
255:10; 273:15
pointed [1] - 101:15
points [13] - 14:9; 66:9;
88:20; 90:1, 7; 104:19;
125:4; 196:6; 233:16;
234:24; 239:1, 7; 243:21
Poland [1] - 211:13
polar [1] - 223:5
police [2] - 41:1; 271:15
policies [5] - 10:16; 29:23;
32:12; 41:12; 280:10
policing [3] - 271:3; 275:20
policy [11] - 23:14, 18; 38:12;
162:21; 167:15; 178:25;
180:16; 282:25; 283:6, 9
policy-maker [1] - 178:25
policy-taker [1] - 178:25
political [2] - 35:10
poll [1] - 56:10
pollution [4] - 206:12;
210:18, 21; 226:25
Pomeroy [2] - 1:23
pond [1] - 127:7
Ponderosa [1] - 133:25
pool [1] - 46:4
pooled [1] - 68:14
poor [2] - 30:13; 217:6
populating [1] - 233:12
population [54] - 16:23; 17:2;
37:22; 40:8; 43:23; 45:12;
98:1, 10, 13, 20, 22-23;
105:19, 24; 106:4; 109:9;
110:20; 112:18; 117:2, 16;
119:16; 120:20; 121:10;
122:5, 10, 16; 124:16, 19;
125:10; 128:7; 154:23;
237:20; 238:8, 13-14;
239:22; 240:13, 20; 242:1;
244:14; 249:14; 256:16;
258:7, 23; 259:1; 263:19;
266:17, 25; 267:5, 14, 22
population-level [1] - 238:14
populations [12] - 107:9, 13;
108:1; 117:7; 125:9, 24;
128:9; 143:21; 169:11;
233:25; 257:11
portrays [1] - 160:21
pose [2] - 30:1; 42:6
posed [1] - 103:11
position [5] - 105:17; 117:23;
148:21; 261:17; 271:22
positioned [1] - 21:2
positions [2] - 132:10;
155:12
positive [2] - 146:12; 218:20
positively [1] - 162:12
possibility [2] - 243:12;
249:11
possible [4] - 101:8; 111:22;
112:22; 200:12
possibly [4] - 44:2; 144:15;
166:14; 217:16
post [3] - 260:3; 273:18, 24
post-certification [2] -
273:18, 24
post-project [1] - 260:3
potential [36] - 16:20; 20:6;
40:10; 75:6; 77:8; 78:2;
87:11, 15; 92:24; 93:4;
147:10; 151:7, 17; 154:9;
156:11; 173:9; 194:9;
233:20; 234:5; 237:12;
239:20, 24; 244:18;
250:25; 254:6; 264:21;
265:15, 20, 22; 268:21;
271:18; 272:7; 273:1;
280:23; 283:14
potentially [3] - 124:13;
166:11; 185:13
pounds [2] - 221:21
poverty [5] - 28:25; 30:2, 22;
35:23; 36:15
Powder [5] - 99:4, 6-7; 102:7
POWER [1] - 1:4
power [2] - 204:8; 276:6
PowerPoint [5] - 160:4;
230:8, 10, 12, 23
powers [2] - 271:24; 275:2
practice [3] - 28:9; 32:16;
147:8
practices [2] - 173:14;
248:19
practising [1] - 28:6
pragmatic [1] - 170:13
Prairie [2] - 204:2; 210:14
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
27
pre [13] - 20:14; 97:8; 193:7;
196:9; 197:1; 199:4;
205:13; 206:1; 238:18;
258:22; 260:4
pre-Bennett [1] - 196:9
pre-consultation [2] -
205:13; 206:1
pre-European [1] - 97:8
pre-industrial [6] - 20:14;
193:7; 196:9; 197:1; 199:4
pre-project [3] - 238:18;
258:22; 260:4
precisely [1] - 80:22
preclude [1] - 195:18
predators [2] - 126:22, 24
predict [2] - 240:12; 260:14
predicted [4] - 8:12; 198:12;
247:11; 255:6
predicting [1] - 240:23
prediction [1] - 259:9
predictions [3] - 238:10;
241:5; 257:12
preface [1] - 166:17
preference [1] - 105:8
preliminary [3] - 11:14;
283:24
premature [1] - 60:6
prenatal [1] - 38:9
preparation [3] - 193:18;
194:2; 269:10
prepare [8] - 32:22; 33:15;
41:13, 22; 177:7, 21;
280:7, 22
prepared [4] - 93:8; 104:12;
148:21; 193:11
preparing [1] - 144:19
preschool [1] - 51:5
prescribe [1] - 254:7
prescriptive [1] - 25:19
presence [1] - 138:1
present [16] - 11:12; 27:23;
42:18; 45:22; 148:9; 160:1,
18; 162:16; 181:9; 185:19;
201:3; 230:3; 251:14;
266:9; 281:5
Presentation [13] - 3:13-15;
4:1, 9, 11, 13, 17, 20; 5:1;
13:23; 47:24; 229:21
presentation [47] - 4:22; 5:2;
14:5; 27:21; 47:22; 57:9;
62:22; 63:12; 86:14; 92:20;
104:5; 130:11, 20; 142:10;
159:3, 10; 160:4, 11;
180:25; 202:15; 229:3;
230:3, 9-10, 18, 23; 233:7,
10; 238:3; 243:4; 245:4;
248:3; 250:5, 7; 251:12;
262:21; 264:23; 265:6, 9,
19; 268:18; 269:23;
270:13; 278:20, 25;
280:16; 284:15
presentations [8] - 9:23;
81:23; 101:11; 104:21;
109:4; 114:5; 206:5;
266:12
presented [11] - 26:16; 27:2,
25; 125:8; 249:13; 253:7;
266:5, 15-16; 270:25;
282:22
presenter [2] - 26:8; 32:22
presenter's [1] - 142:9
preserved [1] - 114:6
president [2] - 132:18;
231:19
press [1] - 213:4
pressing [1] - 104:1
pressure [4] - 38:24; 53:18;
170:19; 269:9
pressures [4] - 54:3; 168:17;
280:18
prestigious [1] - 211:8
pretty [8] - 9:3; 42:21; 45:21;
72:7; 122:3; 126:22; 213:8;
224:17
prevailing [3] - 218:6; 224:22
prevails [2] - 206:23; 218:9
prevent [2] - 141:16; 147:13
prevents [1] - 255:12
previous [9] - 32:22; 47:12;
80:16; 92:16; 193:12;
195:21; 197:10; 202:24;
215:21
previously [4] - 199:20;
255:9; 259:19; 268:22
price [3] - 35:4, 8; 279:2
prices [3] - 36:2, 13, 20
primarily [5] - 96:1; 132:24;
158:16; 173:2; 256:2
primary [7] - 55:5; 64:24;
142:7; 144:2; 170:18;
256:3; 279:4
Prince [12] - 15:23; 17:19,
24; 33:4; 48:12; 72:7;
222:6, 22, 25; 223:5; 279:4
principal [1] - 132:21
principally [2] - 61:14; 62:10
priorities [6] - 23:18, 23;
236:19; 237:3; 251:2;
253:24
prioritise [1] - 144:10
prioritization [1] - 56:5
prioritizing [1] - 236:25
priority [14] - 122:11; 181:16,
20; 182:16-18; 185:14;
186:6; 187:14; 188:11, 24;
232:25; 253:17; 277:4
prisoners [1] - 47:14
private [3] - 55:2; 108:14;
263:25
privilege [3] - 48:5; 217:21
prizes [2] - 30:13; 39:19
proactive [3] - 164:16, 25;
177:18
probable [1] - 206:4
problem [10] - 43:16; 59:21;
60:24; 72:20; 101:25;
117:19; 120:25; 208:14;
224:18
problems [11] - 16:14; 31:14;
36:16; 43:12, 20; 45:16;
60:2, 7; 105:12; 114:7;
166:11
procedurally [1] - 199:19
procedures [1] - 173:6
proceed [2] - 252:18; 282:11
proceeding [1] - 202:25
proceedings [10] - 7:8;
128:17, 19; 133:11;
141:20; 144:24; 251:16;
284:21; 285:7, 10
PROCEEDINGS [2] - 1:11;
3:1
process [25] - 25:18; 135:17;
138:19; 143:13; 165:2;
166:21; 173:5, 14; 179:7;
180:7; 188:18; 189:14;
190:6, 15; 191:3, 7;
196:10; 252:16; 260:19;
262:19; 267:13; 272:19;
274:2; 282:20, 24
processes [6] - 21:25;
140:20; 163:6; 164:23;
168:14; 169:23
processing [2] - 212:11;
214:7
procured [1] - 19:8
produce [1] - 34:25
produced [1] - 141:21
producing [1] - 215:19
product [11] - 81:20; 87:18,
21; 95:9; 99:25; 100:4, 10;
102:11; 103:23; 211:17
production [2] - 212:12;
256:4
productive [1] - 135:8
productivity [17] - 143:22;
144:3; 233:11, 24; 234:3;
235:17, 21; 236:6, 17;
247:21; 248:25; 249:5, 23,
25; 251:1; 252:4, 6
products [12] - 67:12; 71:8,
17; 73:12, 14, 17-19; 74:3;
77:12; 87:24; 100:25
professional [4] - 132:16;
231:21; 232:7
professionals [6] - 46:10,
23; 52:16; 147:3; 220:9, 17
profile [4] - 37:22; 71:7; 76:6,
13
profiles [1] - 101:2
profit [8] - 10:20, 25; 11:3;
48:25; 49:2; 54:15; 269:6;
280:19
profits [1] - 54:22
program [39] - 12:7, 12-14,
25; 13:4, 7; 52:3; 59:24;
82:18, 20; 95:21; 96:4, 8;
123:22; 143:12, 24; 144:9,
16, 24; 145:1, 4; 146:7, 15;
181:24; 243:24; 244:4;
249:20; 254:7; 260:2;
263:9, 15; 270:16, 18;
272:6, 10, 23; 274:4; 277:4
programs [23] - 45:7, 11, 15;
65:12; 71:6; 94:17, 20;
95:24; 142:20; 145:2, 19,
25; 146:10; 148:12;
151:14, 25; 152:3, 8;
236:23; 248:17; 249:22;
277:21
progress [1] - 277:9
progressive [1] - 12:12
prohibited [1] - 141:20
PROJECT [2] - 1:2
Project [1] - 49:18
project [129] - 14:14; 15:1,
13; 16:21, 25; 17:3, 16;
19:10; 20:13, 25; 21:3;
23:2, 6-7; 24:22; 25:10,
23-24; 26:22; 29:1, 8;
34:16; 37:20; 42:16; 45:25;
49:14, 18; 55:10; 56:17;
76:22; 78:7; 83:10; 88:22;
108:24; 114:14; 118:17;
119:4, 25; 132:11; 133:5,
7; 134:4; 138:22; 141:14;
142:10; 143:25; 144:5, 17,
21; 150:17; 153:2, 5;
154:24; 156:12, 18;
157:11, 13; 159:24;
161:23; 162:6, 9; 163:11,
16, 25; 164:14; 176:8;
177:15; 180:19; 182:3;
185:7; 186:4; 188:6;
191:11; 193:5; 195:7;
197:5; 199:5, 11; 202:18;
205:15; 206:5, 8; 217:1;
222:11; 224:7; 234:5, 9,
21; 235:8, 19, 22; 237:10;
238:18; 241:16; 244:18,
22; 245:2; 252:17; 258:22;
260:3; 261:4; 263:4;
265:14, 16, 18; 267:15, 17,
23; 268:10; 270:22; 271:6,
9, 18; 277:9, 18; 279:4, 7,
10, 22, 25; 280:3, 8;
282:11, 19; 283:2; 284:10
project's [2] - 162:4; 277:8
project-level [1] - 163:25
projected [7] - 15:14; 16:17,
22, 24; 23:8; 138:7
projections [2] - 249:13;
267:1
projects [42] - 14:15; 16:18,
22; 17:7, 22; 18:20; 20:3;
21:5; 23:9; 25:2; 37:19;
41:18; 46:1; 55:17; 98:11;
137:12, 22; 144:11, 23;
145:6, 12; 146:1; 150:20;
152:4; 158:17; 159:20;
161:20; 163:12; 165:3;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
28
179:21; 194:15, 18; 195:4,
6, 9; 198:9; 199:8; 201:22;
203:5; 204:15; 232:3;
273:14
prolong [1] - 192:10
prolonged [1] - 133:22
promise [2] - 69:20; 134:3
promises [1] - 284:9
promote [8] - 35:12; 68:19;
70:22; 74:12; 85:16; 133:3;
141:14; 245:20
promoted [1] - 103:20
promoting [2] - 93:20; 97:13
promotion [5] - 65:22; 70:23;
85:2; 97:3; 102:2
promotional [2] - 77:19; 95:5
promotions [1] - 86:5
prompted [1] - 27:4
promptly [2] - 18:12; 24:16
proof [1] - 141:9
propane [1] - 212:12
propellers [1] - 216:3
proper [4] - 27:10, 15; 52:20;
168:2
properly [4] - 39:2; 203:13;
206:15; 228:19
property [2] - 47:1; 136:24
Prophecy [1] - 284:23
proponent [28] - 23:6;
115:14; 118:25; 119:3;
121:15; 136:4; 138:1, 18;
140:12, 19; 142:17;
144:18; 146:14; 147:11;
149:12; 151:8; 152:3, 5,
14; 153:9; 163:18; 165:8;
177:2, 11; 193:6; 195:19;
268:10; 274:4
Proponent's [4] - 140:16;
151:13; 152:1; 234:19
proponents [10] - 25:2;
164:24; 165:3; 176:18;
177:6, 21; 178:20; 179:14;
180:1; 283:4
proportion [1] - 111:13
proportionately [3] - 68:7;
70:6; 75:5
proposal [9] - 11:8; 112:21;
146:22; 148:5; 157:8;
268:1, 4; 277:5; 278:1
proposals [4] - 105:3; 143:1;
151:18; 184:2
propose [4] - 233:19;
252:23; 276:15; 283:21
proposed [29] - 10:22; 14:14;
19:10; 20:7, 25; 21:3;
24:22; 57:18; 77:21;
102:16; 143:4; 145:18;
151:17; 232:22; 234:5;
235:7, 16; 244:19; 247:24;
249:23; 253:7; 255:4;
263:8; 264:5; 268:9; 269:5,
14; 276:3; 281:23
PROPOSED [1] - 1:3
proposition [1] - 117:19
prospect [1] - 148:17
prospering [1] - 22:6
Prosperity [1] - 195:6
protected [3] - 24:9; 217:14
protection [2] - 181:3, 11
protective [4] - 134:17;
245:16; 247:5, 16
protocol [1] - 244:10
protocols [1] - 119:11
prove [2] - 126:17; 283:3
proven [1] - 254:18
Proverbs [4] - 3:8; 4:5; 7:20;
129:13
provide [45] - 6:5; 10:4; 11:2,
5; 13:15; 20:18; 22:15, 23;
25:3; 45:13; 50:3; 60:12;
84:17, 21; 89:8; 103:11;
129:6; 140:3; 144:5; 152:8;
155:3; 178:21; 183:15;
184:22; 198:11; 199:23;
200:1; 234:22; 235:15;
237:18; 241:4; 242:3;
243:20, 23; 244:25;
247:10, 16; 248:18;
256:12; 264:12; 268:2, 23;
271:7; 272:3; 282:1
Provide [4] - 6:8, 11; 115:3;
183:19
provided [24] - 11:2; 45:9;
54:12; 55:8; 64:17; 69:22;
89:19; 95:23; 134:4;
141:13; 142:5; 154:15;
165:5; 235:25; 239:12;
250:3; 256:9; 257:11;
259:5; 262:19, 21; 265:21;
276:2; 280:16
providers [3] - 11:7; 34:11;
46:13
provides [13] - 23:22; 162:3;
164:7; 168:24; 245:13, 15,
18; 255:18, 24; 268:5;
274:17; 276:14; 282:24
providing [8] - 10:24; 71:24;
127:25; 128:1; 235:6;
269:6; 271:13; 281:21
province [4] - 35:15; 93:17;
95:15; 122:22
Province [35] - 24:5; 62:6;
65:16; 66:24; 67:8; 73:8;
76:2; 80:24; 94:13; 95:19,
25; 99:5; 102:3; 115:18;
122:17; 124:11; 132:17;
158:18; 159:8; 160:1;
161:21; 181:23; 192:6;
195:16; 198:23; 199:22;
200:5; 212:3, 23; 222:24;
253:19; 254:16; 265:12;
283:11
Province's [1] - 24:5
provinces [1] - 59:5
Provinces [1] - 285:4
provincial [17] - 23:21; 25:8;
63:20; 64:12; 77:1; 94:25;
95:1; 115:16, 22; 124:6;
136:13; 157:10; 175:13;
265:24; 271:20; 277:22;
278:23
provincially [6] - 76:4; 78:23;
87:16; 176:14; 192:2
provincially-collected [1] -
176:14
provision [1] - 269:11
provisions [1] - 20:9
proximity [1] - 98:25
public [22] - 23:13; 28:7, 10,
13; 29:14, 21-22; 30:6;
42:6; 44:9; 66:11; 81:8;
101:18; 130:25; 137:2;
140:5; 151:6, 24; 153:11;
176:17, 19; 194:2
publically [1] - 164:20
publicly [1] - 176:22
published [1] - 186:20
publishes [1] - 23:21
pudding [1] - 141:9
pull [3] - 14:18; 157:3; 239:2
pull-outs [1] - 157:3
pulp [4] - 212:13; 213:2;
215:18; 222:14
purple [2] - 70:5; 227:5
purpose [4] - 23:8; 149:18;
233:18; 284:10
purposes [3] - 19:18; 66:8;
137:11
pursue [1] - 16:15
pushed [1] - 222:18
put [18] - 38:24; 53:18; 63:17;
78:11; 79:3; 80:8; 87:25;
94:23; 148:21; 209:14;
211:15; 213:5, 25; 216:16;
222:14, 17; 223:15; 241:17
putting [4] - 57:15; 79:14;
188:1; 212:17
puzzled [1] - 274:6
PVA [1] - 139:25
Q
Q2 [1] - 256:17
Q3 [7] - 239:4; 240:5, 8;
257:2, 9, 17; 259:9
qualified [2] - 52:15; 133:8
qualitative [1] - 170:14
quality [16] - 6:3; 8:5, 10, 21;
9:12; 70:15; 135:4; 167:22;
185:12; 227:1; 235:16;
247:11; 270:18; 276:13
quantitative [1] - 170:11
quantity [6] - 8:19; 19:1;
169:19; 171:18; 247:11
quantum [1] - 68:13
quarter [1] - 207:14
quarters [4] - 207:10;
223:22; 225:9
query [2] - 74:13; 193:1
questionable [1] - 221:19
questioned [1] - 257:15
questioning [1] - 176:24
questions [49] - 11:19; 26:2;
28:17; 44:21; 62:8, 24;
63:2, 17-18; 65:24; 79:3;
86:19; 87:5, 8; 99:11, 20;
104:1, 7-8, 13; 105:20;
108:1; 118:8, 15; 123:21;
125:6; 153:15; 156:8;
174:8, 13; 181:10; 184:1;
189:8; 195:2; 196:18;
214:10; 220:16; 223:18;
231:1; 243:25; 251:10, 21;
262:1; 281:6
quick [8] - 29:3; 37:3; 56:10;
66:9; 118:14; 165:14;
169:13; 237:19
quickly [6] - 37:14; 65:22;
94:11; 150:1; 186:18;
275:20
quite [19] - 44:2; 49:12; 67:9;
95:4; 106:20; 110:2;
111:24; 114:12; 116:17;
120:3; 122:12; 124:8, 17;
127:10; 156:24; 178:11;
243:17, 19; 284:18
quotation [1] - 120:15
quote [1] - 267:5
R
R-i-c-k [1] - 238:6
radar [3] - 87:18; 204:9;
218:18
rain [1] - 220:15
rainbow [2] - 252:11; 255:17
Rainbow [1] - 222:4
raise [3] - 14:10; 49:12; 94:8
raised [20] - 11:24; 17:4;
19:21; 58:17; 62:8; 105:4;
121:8, 20; 135:9; 140:1;
205:23; 235:24; 252:3;
254:10, 23; 256:24;
263:21; 266:10; 275:17;
280:14
rallying [1] - 114:7
ramp [2] - 219:4; 221:12
rampant [1] - 179:3
ran [1] - 201:1
RANDAL [7] - 87:7; 88:14;
89:3, 11, 16, 19, 21
range [5] - 184:13; 249:15;
254:5; 255:16; 259:15
ranges [4] - 182:22; 183:6,
10; 186:6
ranking [1] - 69:7
rapid [1] - 255:12
rare [2] - 53:14; 60:6
rate [8] - 28:25; 30:2, 25;
37:18; 39:15; 40:17; 51:21;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
29
53:23
rates [5] - 16:3; 36:15; 38:8;
40:3; 44:20
rather [7] - 41:20; 47:22;
57:5; 67:11; 143:6; 170:13;
203:14
ratio [1] - 40:3
RCMP [3] - 40:25; 271:1
RCR [3] - 2:15; 285:3, 19
re [2] - 198:9; 218:22
re-create [1] - 198:9
re-open [1] - 218:22
Reach [1] - 134:15
reach [3] - 225:1; 276:25;
278:13
reaching [3] - 176:9; 190:6;
192:7
react [1] - 140:11
reaction [2] - 140:18; 264:11
reactive [1] - 164:16
read [6] - 80:12; 198:10;
204:23; 210:9, 12; 216:17
reading [2] - 180:5; 204:22
ready [6] - 87:21; 136:4;
142:11; 144:19; 151:11;
265:5
real [9] - 35:20; 54:20;
122:20; 146:22; 150:14;
205:15, 19; 241:13; 242:6
real-world [1] - 242:6
realistic [1] - 241:11
reality [1] - 79:25
realize [2] - 42:5; 55:20
realized [2] - 156:19; 227:19
really [52] - 30:9; 32:3, 6;
33:14, 16, 23-24; 35:9;
41:6; 42:11; 48:9, 17, 20,
22; 49:25; 51:2; 54:12, 14,
19-20; 55:2, 11; 57:20;
65:17; 68:18; 70:7, 22, 24;
71:2; 76:22; 78:18; 79:24;
85:8; 87:18; 93:4; 100:9;
105:1; 112:7; 120:12;
122:13; 124:22; 128:8;
155:15, 20; 158:1; 167:24;
184:4; 199:10; 203:3;
210:20; 238:9; 280:16
Realtime [2] - 285:4, 20
REALTIME [1] - 2:13
reared [1] - 199:21
reason [6] - 10:22; 59:7;
80:10; 227:17; 246:25;
283:20
reasonable [4] - 16:13; 23:1;
89:4; 141:17
reasonably [9] - 14:15;
17:22; 19:22; 20:2, 16;
21:4; 154:17; 162:17;
185:19
reasons [4] - 91:23; 207:23;
246:21; 268:1
recapture [1] - 244:4
received [3] - 53:10; 121:11;
179:18
receiving [2] - 39:6; 249:7
recent [9] - 10:10; 23:25;
54:25; 106:9; 109:19;
133:7, 24; 154:20
recently [6] - 13:8; 21:11;
49:14; 106:7; 172:21;
219:12
receptors [2] - 9:8; 264:20
reclamation [1] - 275:25
recognition [2] - 57:22;
149:7
recognize [5] - 14:6; 28:16;
105:15; 238:24; 277:3
recognized [3] - 28:14;
29:22; 97:9
recognizing [4] - 98:12;
117:3; 124:12; 196:25
recollection [1] - 118:4
recommend [4] - 22:19;
213:17, 19; 259:8
recommendation [6] - 25:8,
10; 196:24; 197:6; 243:21;
271:5
recommendations [19] -
10:15; 22:16; 25:15; 56:14;
123:15; 166:1; 171:11;
233:17, 20; 236:12, 16;
241:9; 247:7; 250:2, 17;
251:7; 253:6; 261:1, 17
recommended [8] - 121:18;
123:10; 193:17; 216:15;
239:3; 272:6, 23
recommends [2] - 18:11;
24:16
reconciliation [1] - 178:6
reconfirm [2] - 9:3, 8
reconstructed [1] - 103:18
reconvene [3] - 104:3;
128:15; 202:12
reconvened [1] - 128:19
record [7] - 38:8, 11; 40:23;
60:17; 192:18; 251:9;
257:20
recording [1] - 141:20
records [2] - 36:24; 223:24
recreate [1] - 197:3
recreation [11] - 65:12;
66:11; 74:4; 81:8; 82:1;
88:17; 90:13; 101:18;
137:5; 138:13; 149:14
recreation-based [1] -
138:13
recreational [5] - 74:17;
98:17, 23; 281:13, 15
recruit [2] - 38:14; 258:10
recruiting [1] - 46:22
recruitment [14] - 18:4;
38:13; 52:15; 59:15; 239:9,
21; 240:3, 16, 19, 21;
241:12; 242:11; 258:14;
259:17
recruits [8] - 239:25; 240:3,
7; 257:16, 22-23; 258:19,
24
recycle [1] - 220:1
red [6] - 39:5; 72:6; 167:22;
216:15; 226:16; 229:1
reduce [9] - 147:14; 165:9;
218:19; 244:8; 245:23;
246:10, 23; 247:2, 4
reduced [1] - 237:10
reducing [1] - 206:19
reduction [1] - 108:23
refer [2] - 141:3; 217:13
reference [20] - 47:13; 83:25;
88:18; 89:10, 23; 98:18,
24; 144:12; 145:13;
151:15; 157:22; 185:10;
199:7; 201:7, 11; 209:17;
210:13; 242:5, 14; 250:14
referenced [2] - 71:9; 201:10
referrals [3] - 53:10; 54:6;
165:2
referred [4] - 53:11; 193:3;
252:15
referring [3] - 27:9; 174:21;
274:24
refinery [1] - 212:12
reflect [4] - 39:8; 201:20;
202:1; 262:15
reflected [2] - 73:9; 194:19
reflection [1] - 262:6
reflections [1] - 262:6
reflective [1] - 79:15
reflects [2] - 39:21; 43:11
reframe [1] - 187:19
regard [3] - 141:4; 142:16;
212:22
regarding [7] - 105:23;
113:11; 195:3; 239:14;
256:19; 279:1; 283:14
regardless [3] - 25:9; 105:9;
119:13
regards [5] - 92:14; 115:13;
118:9; 120:7; 123:7
regime [2] - 127:21; 278:18
Region [1] - 75:14
region [53] - 14:16, 25;
15:16; 16:18; 17:7, 20;
18:9; 19:3, 24; 21:1, 5;
22:22; 23:10; 24:8; 25:3,
12; 30:8; 31:10, 13; 33:8;
35:18; 37:19; 58:3; 59:9;
72:8, 13; 73:15; 80:20;
95:13, 23; 101:4; 105:5, 9;
122:13; 132:15; 137:24;
138:6; 139:16; 151:1;
154:22; 156:22; 159:21;
160:2; 161:22; 177:4;
179:17, 20; 204:14;
271:15; 281:17; 282:8
regional [36] - 15:5; 19:10,
20; 20:23; 21:7, 14, 23, 25;
22:19; 24:24; 73:14, 19;
90:24; 101:2; 103:20;
131:13; 132:10, 12;
152:24; 178:14, 21; 180:7;
190:24; 191:21; 192:3;
202:19; 220:23; 222:7;
279:2; 281:8; 282:25;
283:6, 9, 11
Regional [2] - 273:11; 276:1
regions [12] - 37:23; 40:24;
71:22; 72:1, 10-11; 73:8;
77:10; 94:15; 95:18; 102:4
register [1] - 82:14
registered [3] - 132:16;
231:21; 232:6
Registry [4] - 113:15; 193:4;
230:14; 232:16
regular [5] - 190:13; 243:10;
245:23; 246:9; 277:12
regulation [4] - 105:3;
109:21; 111:9; 274:10
regulations [5] - 41:12;
111:11, 22; 112:12; 237:7
regulators [1] - 212:24
regulatory [6] - 25:18; 32:13;
132:19; 173:11; 273:3;
278:18
rehab [1] - 60:20
rehabilitation [1] - 50:24
relate [2] - 48:3; 236:1
related [10] - 81:5; 129:7;
134:12; 143:22; 154:1;
183:5; 186:5; 262:23;
266:9; 282:1
relates [1] - 186:1
relating [1] - 235:24
relation [7] - 232:1; 233:16;
236:17; 243:17; 245:1;
275:17
Relations [1] - 13:4
relations [3] - 12:12; 178:6;
191:16
relationship [1] - 180:19
relationships [9] - 12:9;
13:13; 22:6, 13; 190:1, 16;
191:13; 240:24; 241:11
Relationships [1] - 21:12
relative [6] - 170:4; 246:24;
247:17; 258:1, 21
relatives [2] - 73:6; 101:20
released [1] - 21:11
relevance [2] - 68:22; 145:7
relevant [3] - 45:8; 197:23;
233:9
reliability [1] - 202:21
reliable [2] - 208:4; 222:8
reliance [1] - 279:4
relied [2] - 187:3; 264:2
relocation [2] - 254:11, 14
rely [3] - 84:12; 222:7
remain [3] - 208:12; 268:11;
278:10
remaining [3] - 65:24;
143:20; 278:12
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
30
remains [1] - 248:9
remark [1] - 273:5
remarks [8] - 3:4, 12; 7:10;
9:16, 18, 20; 13:17; 262:13
remember [3] - 106:4;
140:12; 207:5
remind [2] - 53:17; 127:6
reminder [1] - 64:7
remote [2] - 22:18; 230:17
remotely [1] - 15:1
RENATA [1] - 183:3
renowned [1] - 100:17
rental [2] - 269:9, 14
repealed [1] - 272:18
repeat [4] - 54:11; 139:5;
182:13; 198:19
repeatedly [3] - 17:4; 19:6;
20:20
replaced [1] - 149:15
replacement [2] - 77:24;
276:6
replica [1] - 282:4
report [19] - 8:11; 12:4; 13:1;
21:11, 16; 27:13; 75:11,
14, 16; 125:23; 133:8;
143:11; 165:24; 186:23;
206:21; 236:12; 241:25;
250:20; 264:16
reported [2] - 206:20; 258:21
Reporter [2] - 285:4, 20
REPORTER'S [1] - 285:1
REPORTING [1] - 2:13
reporting [2] - 11:25; 144:17
Reporting [1] - 2:14
reports [6] - 40:25; 202:19;
224:1; 273:13; 277:20, 25
represent [5] - 75:23; 91:1;
130:24; 147:24; 277:15
representation [1] - 155:24
Representative [1] - 2:19
representative [2] - 21:10;
97:25
representatives [6] - 10:3;
21:14; 25:21; 64:9; 257:3;
281:4
representing [2] - 125:5;
211:8
represents [2] - 76:14;
103:14
reps [1] - 28:18
reputation [4] - 93:17; 94:12;
146:24; 222:22
request [16] - 23:6; 25:7;
29:18; 159:25; 184:9;
234:10, 18; 235:14; 236:8;
244:12; 252:20; 272:3;
273:18, 24; 278:5
requested [12] - 117:24;
190:24; 199:8, 22; 200:1;
205:14; 234:17, 22; 264:9;
269:18; 271:23; 280:21
requesting [1] - 191:5
requests [2] - 196:8; 273:20
require [5] - 115:19; 123:11;
193:6; 208:1; 275:15
required [16] - 19:1; 25:13;
120:1; 136:17; 151:16, 22;
163:7; 203:15; 217:25;
234:3; 239:18; 240:12;
243:22; 269:11; 274:12;
277:7
requirement [2] - 173:11;
247:20
requirements [3] - 142:24;
173:17; 263:4
requires [1] - 136:25
requiring [2] - 22:7; 165:3
rescheduled [1] - 11:10
rescue [2] - 204:1; 220:12
research [13] - 10:10, 15;
120:22; 121:5; 123:22;
211:9; 236:23; 237:3-5;
248:16; 249:22; 253:10
researcher [1] - 132:10
reserve [5] - 87:12; 103:3;
156:19; 265:11; 271:25
reserved [1] - 208:13
reserves [2] - 156:20
reservoir [28] - 80:11, 14-15,
17; 92:24; 99:17; 127:8,
20; 210:17; 233:23; 243:9;
245:20; 246:11, 18, 20, 23;
248:23; 253:4; 254:24;
255:5, 14, 20; 256:2, 8, 12,
20; 263:24; 264:5
Reservoir [2] - 20:17; 158:20
reservoirs [1] - 264:7
reside [1] - 253:12
residences [1] - 223:14
residency [2] - 134:5; 135:1
resident [4] - 113:3; 131:7,
16
residents [4] - 38:2; 113:5;
148:9; 154:18
residual [5] - 20:21; 111:6;
151:10; 194:9; 254:8
resiliency [1] - 131:5
resolution [2] - 103:16;
278:6
resolve [1] - 278:11
resonate [1] - 66:19
resorts [2] - 65:14; 99:5
Resource [11] - 4:12; 6:7;
62:20; 65:7; 84:23; 103:10;
159:22; 160:12; 177:25;
257:4; 282:22
resource [21] - 6:9; 32:8;
37:4; 62:19; 65:9; 82:6;
105:6; 115:4; 139:2, 6;
156:22; 162:5, 24; 163:3,
24; 164:8, 10; 166:4;
174:25; 179:6; 265:13
resources [19] - 11:2; 49:3;
89:2; 94:14, 23; 95:2;
102:16; 138:10; 139:3, 7,
12, 14; 244:21; 267:3;
271:1, 3, 15; 275:21, 24
Resources [8] - 3:17, 22;
4:2; 61:13, 17; 62:1; 63:13;
281:5
respect [26] - 32:21; 42:10;
85:1; 111:8; 114:16;
135:17; 149:14; 154:22;
182:16; 186:12; 194:3, 25;
198:12; 199:12; 203:4, 9;
205:6; 252:4; 254:2;
256:15; 268:19; 269:17;
271:1; 275:14; 282:13
respective [1] - 276:19
respects [1] - 248:15
respite [1] - 51:7
respond [7] - 11:23; 97:1;
119:8; 168:16; 192:16;
229:9; 252:3
responded [3] - 194:2;
214:10; 259:21
responding [1] - 212:24
response [12] - 26:12; 92:15;
116:7; 132:25; 193:1, 3;
233:2; 235:14; 252:19;
253:1; 257:11; 259:5
responses [2] - 162:1; 213:8
responsibilities [3] - 29:14;
273:19, 25
responsibility [4] - 163:14,
17; 177:2; 206:14
responsible [7] - 64:11;
148:24; 152:2; 270:23;
271:8; 276:21; 282:18
rest [9] - 38:6; 39:17, 25;
40:9; 43:14, 24; 122:21;
125:11; 210:22
resting [1] - 135:1
restoration [3] - 114:4, 13,
17
restricted [5] - 112:20;
116:24; 141:24; 142:1, 9
result [9] - 16:25; 144:4;
145:9; 148:10; 193:23;
240:13; 243:14; 275:3
resulting [2] - 147:19; 280:2
results [15] - 6:12; 10:14;
26:14; 150:14; 169:14;
183:14, 20; 239:16, 19;
242:20; 243:1; 255:15;
258:21; 283:24
retail [2] - 67:22; 68:7
retain [1] - 171:22
retention [2] - 52:15; 173:17
retirement [2] - 131:6;
149:19
retrained [2] - 204:1, 4
retroactively [1] - 143:14
return [1] - 133:14
revealed [1] - 143:5
Revelstoke [4] - 77:7, 9;
80:11; 81:17
revenue [11] - 29:1; 30:5;
35:15; 65:2; 66:13; 75:8,
23; 85:24; 94:8; 268:7, 17
reverse [1] - 203:3
REVIEW [3] - 1:1; 2:1
review [16] - 11:14; 138:4;
153:20; 167:1; 196:8, 12,
19; 232:18, 21; 233:18;
251:9; 276:9; 277:9, 12,
20, 23
Review [4] - 89:7; 230:6;
252:20; 278:15
reviewed [5] - 199:9; 257:2,
6; 259:14; 283:25
Reynier [4] - 3:8; 4:6; 7:21;
129:14
REYNIER [1] - 83:24
rezoned [1] - 211:23
Rick [12] - 4:16, 20; 229:18;
230:19; 231:5, 18; 237:18,
22; 238:3-5; 243:6
RICK [4] - 231:7, 11; 237:23;
238:4
Ricker [4] - 240:20; 242:10,
13; 259:18
ridiculous [1] - 220:23
right-hand [2] - 218:25;
232:4
rightly [1] - 101:15
Rights [5] - 187:17, 23;
188:2, 8, 10
rights [2] - 97:10, 19
rigorous [2] - 143:3; 249:20
rigs [1] - 149:10
riparian [23] - 169:4; 175:13;
233:13; 244:16, 20; 245:2,
11; 246:11, 16; 247:11, 14;
254:24; 255:5, 10, 18, 24;
256:5, 7, 9, 11
rise [2] - 52:7; 54:4
rises [1] - 109:9
risk [18] - 163:2, 23; 165:7,
22; 166:10; 170:25; 171:2,
5, 10; 172:23; 173:8;
176:21; 181:5; 205:6;
241:4; 242:19; 259:23
risk-based [2] - 241:4;
242:19
risks [2] - 30:1; 162:1
River [30] - 14:25; 81:4;
107:2; 122:19; 127:17;
132:2; 134:1; 145:8, 15;
150:9, 21; 184:3; 193:21;
204:19; 222:5; 233:25;
234:1; 237:14; 245:20;
248:23; 249:18; 253:3;
257:25; 261:8; 265:10, 17;
273:11; 276:1; 284:8
river [28] - 80:13, 17, 25;
81:5, 7, 22; 83:22; 88:23,
25; 89:9, 15; 92:8; 99:16;
107:5, 22; 108:5, 9, 20;
127:10; 134:14; 143:17;
147:20; 210:18; 233:23;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
31
246:17, 22
river-based [2] - 81:5, 22
river-use [1] - 81:7
riverine [1] - 245:22
rivers [1] - 108:8
Road [4] - 1:23; 130:3;
148:14; 149:3
road [11] - 15:23; 16:4, 7;
32:24; 33:9; 43:6, 9; 92:8;
138:12; 253:16; 270:3
roads [5] - 126:2; 129:1;
184:20; 185:5; 276:6
Robinson [2] - 3:10; 7:24
robust [3] - 181:23; 239:2;
259:15
robustness [2] - 239:16;
241:23
Rockies [4] - 90:23; 91:2, 4;
93:18
Rockies' [1] - 91:6
Rocky [3] - 92:18; 134:14;
282:4
Rod [5] - 125:5, 16; 128:4;
131:19; 137:11
role [18] - 23:17; 24:7, 14;
30:6; 32:20; 71:2; 152:1;
177:17; 180:3; 181:11, 21;
182:3; 256:7; 278:22;
280:5; 281:24
roles [4] - 25:4; 29:13; 65:8;
276:19
rolling [2] - 225:23; 251:18
room [5] - 47:20; 155:8;
222:23; 250:9, 13
roots [2] - 47:6; 142:7
rough [1] - 16:4
rounded [1] - 51:2
rounding [1] - 26:24
route [1] - 31:15
routes [1] - 86:25
RPR [3] - 2:15; 285:3, 19
rule [2] - 209:3; 214:8
rules [3] - 136:20; 208:8;
212:25
run [3] - 155:15; 167:7;
226:20
running [3] - 31:12; 122:18;
228:6
runoff [1] - 220:3
runs [1] - 64:19
runway [14] - 206:25; 207:3,
21; 209:8; 219:5, 8;
222:15; 223:1, 4, 9;
227:13, 17, 20
runways [1] - 208:23
rural [2] - 17:13; 59:10
rush [4] - 31:25; 32:2; 148:22
Russia [1] - 211:13
RV [5] - 73:22; 78:25; 96:5;
147:19; 281:14
RVers [1] - 78:12
RWDI [1] - 9:2
S
sad [1] - 59:16
safe [6] - 69:16; 85:4;
111:11; 203:16; 281:21
safer [1] - 228:9
safety [4] - 13:3; 43:13;
270:3; 271:8
sailed [1] - 204:18
sailors [1] - 204:17
sake [2] - 181:18; 250:21
salaries [1] - 98:21
sales [1] - 39:24
salvage [1] - 254:7
salvaging [1] - 243:23
Sander [2] - 4:6; 129:15
SANDER [6] - 196:2; 198:6,
18, 25; 201:9; 202:1
Sanders [1] - 201:6
Sandra [1] - 152:19
sands [1] - 195:6
sat [3] - 54:19; 141:10;
192:13
satisfaction [1] - 134:24
satisfied [2] - 142:13
Saulteau [53] - 4:14, 18-19,
21-22; 5:1, 3; 11:9, 14, 20;
190:19; 193:3, 15; 229:4,
16, 22, 25; 230:3; 231:14;
232:24; 233:6; 235:13;
236:8, 16, 18; 237:2, 13;
238:3; 243:4; 245:4; 248:3;
251:2, 12, 19; 252:10;
253:5, 23, 25; 254:23;
256:24; 257:15; 259:8, 25;
260:21; 261:2, 19, 21;
264:3; 265:20, 25; 266:2
Saulteau's [3] - 254:2;
256:16; 264:6
saw [10] - 126:3, 7-8, 10;
158:19; 223:11
sawmills [1] - 215:18
scale [4] - 103:15; 163:19;
184:16; 283:1
scales [1] - 116:15
scaling [2] - 258:19; 269:11
scanning [2] - 119:2, 15
scarce [6] - 139:4, 8-10;
236:7; 243:17
scarcity [1] - 139:6
scenario [1] - 197:3
scenic [1] - 92:3
scenics [1] - 77:23
scepticism [1] - 140:15
schedules [1] - 16:9
scheduling [1] - 277:14
schematic [2] - 165:14
scheme [1] - 274:10
schemes [1] - 272:21
school [10] - 23:1; 36:17, 19;
44:4, 8, 11; 122:8; 132:1;
203:18
School [1] - 132:2
schools [5] - 8:14; 27:5;
44:8; 203:25
Science [4] - 231:23, 25;
232:9, 11
science [1] - 123:14
science-based [1] - 123:14
scientific [1] - 242:3
scientifically [1] - 259:2
scientist [1] - 55:15
scientists [2] - 211:7, 13
scoot [1] - 221:10
scope [3] - 20:12; 138:17;
152:13
scoped [1] - 263:3
Scott [1] - 1:23
screen [4] - 211:18, 20;
231:17; 232:4
se [1] - 58:9
sea [1] - 133:20
seamless [1] - 161:17
seams [1] - 49:17
search [1] - 220:12
season [2] - 16:8; 113:10
seasonality [2] - 72:22;
171:9
seasoned [1] - 205:20
seasons [1] - 127:23
second [16] - 19:15; 30:12;
66:14; 69:24; 88:15; 116:4;
120:5; 157:17; 182:12, 15;
201:5; 218:3; 247:1;
273:16; 274:1, 20
secondary [5] - 218:18;
241:4; 242:19; 256:3;
259:23
secondly [2] - 14:13; 24:15
seconds [2] - 207:10, 15
secret [2] - 141:25; 149:10
SECRETARIAT [1] - 2:5
Secretariat [4] - 113:19, 23;
230:13; 251:17
Secretary [1] - 64:17
Section [10] - 29:15; 88:16;
234:4; 244:17; 254:3;
255:2; 264:19; 272:10, 17;
274:15
section [4] - 91:25; 92:19;
132:14; 274:17
sections [5] - 266:9; 274:21,
24-25; 275:1
sector [12] - 11:3; 23:13;
162:5; 163:19; 164:10-12;
166:4; 179:6; 202:22;
227:5
sector-specific [1] - 162:6
sectors [12] - 64:14; 65:10;
68:1, 17; 94:19; 162:24;
163:3, 24; 173:17; 280:1, 3
secure [1] - 17:23
security [2] - 150:22; 271:8
see [64] - 9:4; 28:19; 30:20;
31:13, 20; 36:16; 41:4;
52:6; 53:6; 54:3; 59:4;
70:1; 73:19; 75:3; 76:22;
82:5; 83:5, 14; 91:6;
111:21; 119:14; 124:3;
126:8; 128:6; 153:17;
172:9; 178:10; 179:15;
180:10; 187:15; 188:21;
191:25; 197:22; 205:23;
212:14; 217:7, 11, 17;
218:22; 223:1, 25; 224:2,
12; 225:12, 14; 226:2, 6;
227:13; 228:21; 229:1;
231:4, 17; 232:4; 233:2;
236:15; 248:6; 250:1;
251:6; 261:20; 274:24;
275:1; 282:11; 284:12
seeing [5] - 57:13; 157:22;
214:17; 219:3; 226:11
seek [3] - 23:3; 141:1; 277:19
seeking [1] - 87:19
seem [2] - 78:3; 260:18
segway [2] - 100:23; 157:18
seismic [1] - 184:20
selected [4] - 13:10; 162:15;
165:6
selecting [1] - 242:6
selection [1] - 168:6
selectivity [1] - 244:8
self [2] - 13:10; 274:5
self-identified [1] - 13:10
self-monitoring [1] - 274:5
senior [3] - 24:3; 231:20;
283:25
sensible [1] - 271:10
sensitive [3] - 240:21;
258:23; 264:20
sensitivity [7] - 239:18;
241:19, 21; 249:2, 6;
259:8, 10
sent [1] - 59:23
sentiment [2] - 136:11;
139:21
sentiments [1] - 148:1
separate [3] - 67:1; 141:16;
283:1
separation [1] - 218:19
September [4] - 72:22;
198:24; 201:11, 16
sequence [1] - 225:12
series [2] - 88:20; 266:11
serious [2] - 39:18; 204:24
seriousness [1] - 20:6
serve [3] - 48:24; 132:1, 5
served [2] - 51:13, 19
serves [1] - 245:16
Service [1] - 113:7
service [13] - 10:19; 11:6;
12:5, 8; 15:18; 50:3; 55:25;
56:7; 60:13, 15, 19; 79:16;
267:9
services [43] - 10:4, 6, 8;
14:12; 15:5, 7-8; 17:8, 19,
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
32
24; 18:1, 17; 19:7; 22:19;
24:13, 20; 31:12; 44:9-11;
46:19; 50:8, 22; 51:7;
54:19; 55:1; 56:4, 6, 19;
57:12; 59:9; 67:21, 23;
68:5; 149:9; 150:5; 203:18;
209:19; 265:1; 266:7;
267:16; 279:2, 8
Services [3] - 2:14, 19; 10:23
servicing [1] - 87:3
serving [2] - 51:12; 132:3
Session [2] - 1:12; 7:4
session [7] - 11:11; 20:1;
142:14; 157:25; 201:2;
283:16; 284:9
sessions [4] - 141:16, 24;
142:4; 197:19
set [21] - 48:9; 65:23; 93:12;
102:22; 103:19; 128:24;
146:14; 154:3; 162:11, 14;
166:13, 15; 168:23;
180:13; 182:1; 258:20;
274:17; 275:12; 277:5;
278:2; 285:8
set-up [1] - 93:12
setback [2] - 211:25; 212:4
sets [1] - 64:18
setting [3] - 64:13; 179:7;
229:6
settings [1] - 225:15
settle [1] - 260:10
seven [6] - 48:9; 51:11;
52:10; 63:18; 219:13;
283:20
several [16] - 9:5; 56:21;
90:9; 103:3; 104:25; 109:4;
114:4; 125:3; 130:1, 17;
133:17; 158:15; 190:14;
239:7; 258:4; 281:25
severe [1] - 16:12
severity [1] - 151:7
shade [2] - 247:16; 255:12
shading [2] - 245:18; 247:5
shadow [8] - 135:25; 146:18,
21; 147:22; 150:2, 13-14;
152:20
shall [3] - 206:20; 208:3
shallow [1] - 255:21
shallows [1] - 255:22
shape [3] - 216:1; 258:9
share [3] - 35:19; 101:4;
168:14
shared [5] - 22:12; 25:4;
139:21; 173:25; 282:7
sharing [1] - 130:18
sheep [2] - 110:4; 158:20
shelf [4] - 136:4; 142:11;
144:19; 151:11
shelf-ready [4] - 136:4;
142:11; 144:19; 151:11
shift [3] - 164:11, 19; 268:24
shifts [1] - 164:9
shine [1] - 220:15
shirt [1] - 231:18
shocking [1] - 42:21
shore [2] - 108:12; 127:19
shoreline [4] - 246:13, 19,
23; 247:1
short [6] - 48:7; 54:21; 56:16;
98:12; 107:20; 138:25
short-term [2] - 98:12;
138:25
shortcomings [1] - 152:10
shorter [1] - 60:4
shorthand [1] - 285:8
shortly [1] - 159:13
shot [1] - 186:18
show [13] - 32:24; 35:23;
44:18; 49:23; 51:8; 97:5;
186:15; 213:16; 224:20;
225:7; 226:15; 241:22;
284:7
showed [2] - 31:23; 43:23
shown [1] - 241:22
shows [4] - 40:2; 67:20;
172:13, 15
sibling [1] - 51:15
sic [3] - 139:3; 143:9; 199:19
sicker [1] - 40:8
side [23] - 30:19; 34:7; 37:25;
38:2; 40:5; 64:25; 70:25;
74:21; 77:19; 108:17;
158:11; 203:10; 211:11;
218:25; 222:17; 226:2;
232:4; 233:14; 244:16;
245:11, 22; 247:18
sighting [1] - 158:5
sightings [1] - 121:11
sightseeing [1] - 73:5
sign [1] - 205:21
signed [1] - 269:19
significance [4] - 138:17;
144:7; 158:7; 203:1
significant [20] - 15:24; 17:2;
18:1; 20:25; 28:15; 30:6;
36:11; 37:18; 40:21; 91:4,
7-8; 126:13; 131:4; 152:13;
153:8; 216:10; 235:20;
283:18
significantly [5] - 29:23;
127:25; 138:8; 152:18;
244:11
silver [1] - 228:25
similar [12] - 14:24; 17:20;
27:6; 133:13; 136:10;
144:20; 145:23; 195:5;
242:21; 268:8
similarly [2] - 17:18; 168:16
Simon [2] - 102:20; 231:25
simple [1] - 59:21
simplified [1] - 258:13
simply [2] - 201:20; 258:19
SIMPSON [3] - 119:22;
120:1; 124:4
Simpson [1] - 119:7
single [8] - 36:6; 37:12;
158:5; 164:1, 11; 257:1,
24; 268:10
single-development [1] -
164:1
single-sector [1] - 164:11
SIOBHAN [5] - 44:24; 89:5,
23; 119:7; 154:13
Siobhan [4] - 3:7; 4:4; 7:18;
129:11
sit [6] - 25:20; 33:12; 39:10;
54:14; 56:6; 118:3
SITE [1] - 1:2
Site [52] - 14:14; 15:4, 13;
16:17, 20, 25; 17:5, 11, 21;
20:13; 23:7; 24:10, 22;
25:10; 54:21; 56:17; 57:22;
76:22; 77:8; 83:1; 86:20;
98:11; 101:11; 105:10;
114:17; 123:5; 128:8;
136:4, 6, 13; 137:3, 17;
138:3, 7, 14; 140:5;
144:18; 148:18; 150:16,
18, 23; 151:11; 153:2;
156:23; 159:24; 184:2;
230:6; 253:4; 254:22;
265:16; 280:23
site [12] - 15:2; 17:16; 78:2;
83:25; 163:11; 164:1;
178:22; 241:16; 275:25;
276:3
site-specific [1] - 164:1
sites [9] - 78:1; 88:22, 25;
102:17, 24; 103:6, 17;
184:21; 281:14
sitting [7] - 28:7; 51:11; 53:5;
56:11; 59:18; 191:10;
215:6
situated [2] - 23:10; 24:6
situation [2] - 49:20; 139:24
six [17] - 72:1; 77:4; 92:15;
94:15; 95:18; 106:15;
206:19, 24; 207:2, 6-7,
22-23; 208:2, 6; 219:13
size [7] - 20:24; 150:7; 154:6,
16; 239:22; 242:1; 244:8
ski [2] - 86:8; 93:24
Ski [2] - 71:13; 102:9
skied [1] - 102:8
skiing [2] - 71:12; 98:18
skill [1] - 285:11
skills [4] - 18:15; 24:19;
44:19; 51:6
Skills [2] - 62:13; 64:10
skins [1] - 126:25
sky [2] - 40:4, 13
sleep [1] - 43:20
slice [3] - 70:5; 73:20
sliced [1] - 76:7
slices [1] - 70:20
slicing [1] - 72:11
slide [31] - 67:13; 70:21;
72:5; 73:13; 78:19; 101:17;
160:5, 15, 21; 162:2;
164:6; 165:13; 167:5;
168:24; 169:12; 174:21;
213:16; 231:4; 232:17;
233:2, 10, 22; 236:15;
241:8; 243:7, 20; 244:15;
247:6; 248:6; 250:1
Slide [1] - 237:17
slides [6] - 43:22; 44:18;
65:22; 96:20; 238:7;
250:17
slightly [1] - 161:3
slopes [1] - 126:15
sloughing [1] - 127:13
slow [5] - 53:21; 64:3; 161:6;
246:1; 273:20
slower [1] - 255:15
slowly [1] - 226:21
slows [1] - 279:25
small [10] - 43:7; 49:11;
69:15; 75:5; 132:22; 171:3;
216:9; 254:11; 255:11
small-town [1] - 69:15
smaller [3] - 43:2; 70:20;
150:6
smart [1] - 31:17
smoke [1] - 210:21
snapshots [1] - 181:19
snow [5] - 127:1, 4; 217:8;
219:1; 225:19
snow-covered [1] - 217:8
snowboarding [1] - 71:13
snowing [1] - 217:6
social [20] - 10:19; 12:2, 4;
13:2; 15:8; 134:24; 135:12;
136:22, 25; 138:21;
139:13, 16; 149:21;
152:23, 25; 153:3, 21;
154:2; 155:20; 265:21
Social [1] - 10:23
society [4] - 137:9, 11;
209:18; 282:3
socio [13] - 7:13; 9:22; 28:12;
29:5; 33:17, 22; 36:9; 37:5,
10; 134:20; 135:6; 150:5;
155:2
Socio [2] - 1:14; 7:6
socio-economic [5] - 7:13;
9:22; 33:22; 135:6; 155:2
Socio-Economic [2] - 1:14;
7:6
socio-economical [6] -
28:12; 29:5; 33:17; 36:9;
37:5, 10
socio-economics [1] -
134:20
socio-services [1] - 150:5
sockeye [1] - 242:7
soil [1] - 139:8
sold [1] - 216:23
solution [1] - 220:8
Solutions [1] - 2:18
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
33
solutions [3] - 22:9; 45:18;
277:20
solve [1] - 105:11
someone [2] - 31:19; 113:4
sometimes [6] - 33:18;
34:13; 35:3; 37:4; 66:17;
67:15
somewhat [6] - 61:4; 112:4;
145:23; 146:9, 25; 273:4
somewhere [2] - 119:8;
215:11
soon [4] - 200:6, 12; 218:16;
224:17
SOP [1] - 207:25
sophisticated [1] - 69:14
sorry [22] - 45:7; 56:13; 82:2;
83:18; 98:6; 99:2; 104:5;
108:8; 109:25; 110:7;
122:25; 130:5; 181:6;
183:12; 195:25; 198:18;
199:16; 210:10; 220:14;
273:22; 279:24
sort [23] - 48:22; 51:1; 52:9,
16; 54:4, 10; 58:12; 59:14;
60:2; 73:22; 74:15; 83:10;
84:6; 107:7; 112:21;
154:20; 163:19; 165:14;
177:24; 178:9; 247:23
sought [3] - 45:2; 142:14;
282:15
soul [1] - 135:4
sounds [2] - 89:3; 144:14
source [6] - 6:8; 115:3;
175:10, 15, 24; 255:25
sources [3] - 175:17; 256:6;
263:22
south [7] - 11:1; 147:11;
184:6; 212:10, 16; 224:23;
264:5
southeastern [1] - 133:25
southwest [2] - 218:9;
225:22
space [4] - 49:21; 97:12;
208:15; 217:14
spaces [4] - 72:18; 97:4, 15,
17
spare [1] - 8:3
spatial [3] - 17:11; 116:14;
194:24
spatially [1] - 167:18
spawn [1] - 257:25
spawner [4] - 240:1, 4;
257:16, 22
spawners [3] - 239:10;
240:8; 258:12
spawning [2] - 240:13;
258:16
SPEAKER [1] - 130:6
speaker [3] - 101:14; 128:23;
273:20
speaking [4] - 89:1; 238:5,
18; 273:21
speaks [2] - 50:19; 63:5
special [6] - 21:9; 27:25;
141:25; 208:17; 282:9;
284:14
specialist [1] - 283:25
specialists [1] - 124:6
specialized [2] - 10:7; 204:6
species [28] - 6:12; 128:7;
145:11; 183:4, 11, 13, 15,
19-20; 185:14; 188:17;
232:24; 236:19; 237:9;
238:14; 240:17, 24; 251:3;
252:7, 10, 12; 253:4;
255:7, 17; 257:1, 24
specific [22] - 40:1; 45:21;
78:1; 81:19; 83:1; 88:17;
99:14, 18; 133:11; 135:21;
143:2; 157:21; 159:24;
162:6; 164:1; 177:3;
188:19; 199:11; 236:4, 9;
252:16; 254:19
Specific [2] - 1:12; 7:4
specifically [15] - 14:23;
23:16; 24:2; 38:7; 52:5;
74:16; 83:9; 99:21; 106:12;
111:9; 159:19; 182:23;
188:24; 238:11; 261:7
specificity [2] - 176:7;
178:22
specifics [2] - 122:4; 151:15
specified [2] - 212:4; 277:21
specify [1] - 274:23
spectacular [1] - 72:15
speculate [1] - 93:9
speech [2] - 8:4; 59:22
speed [1] - 64:5
speed) [1] - 273:21
speeded [1] - 90:4
spelled [1] - 245:8
spelling [1] - 238:5
spend [4] - 46:22; 51:23;
61:5; 157:9
spending [1] - 70:12
spent [2] - 67:11; 223:3
spill [1] - 38:23
spiritual [1] - 97:20
spoken [1] - 205:17
sport [1] - 113:8
spray [3] - 219:18, 23
spring [2] - 122:7; 215:16
spruce [1] - 133:21
square [1] - 49:16
squashed [1] - 147:9
St [49] - 1:24; 3:16; 7:2;
10:17, 20; 11:8; 17:15;
33:4; 38:7; 42:25; 47:24;
48:11, 14, 19; 49:1, 8;
51:21; 54:22; 55:1; 56:3;
60:19, 23; 91:25; 93:1;
102:24; 120:12; 129:5;
130:22; 131:9, 17; 132:6;
134:7, 10; 136:9; 149:9;
150:8; 154:4; 158:10;
204:11; 260:16; 266:12;
270:1, 19; 278:11; 280:15;
282:3; 283:15
stabilization [1] - 256:13
stable [5] - 106:1; 110:20;
155:20; 172:20; 226:25
stack [2] - 214:3; 215:10
staff [8] - 38:25; 52:20;
53:19; 54:18; 120:17;
178:8; 266:20; 282:15
staffing [1] - 52:8
stage [7] - 48:10; 220:2;
235:22; 252:18; 258:16;
260:4
Stage [1] - 118:23
stagnant [1] - 227:1
stakeholder [2] - 13:3; 21:14
stakeholders [3] - 25:22;
95:25; 105:13
stale [1] - 222:15
stand [2] - 48:16; 106:16
standard [6] - 12:20; 66:1;
67:24; 68:11; 120:3; 175:1
standardized [1] - 40:2
standards [3] - 151:22;
207:11; 236:13
Stano [6] - 3:13; 13:23; 14:1;
26:3; 47:12
STANO [6] - 13:25; 14:2, 20,
22; 26:4; 96:18
Staples [1] - 259:25
start [13] - 47:4; 76:18;
90:19; 95:12, 15; 101:7;
104:23; 148:19; 184:21;
200:16; 210:6; 224:12;
246:6
started [11] - 51:10; 64:23;
82:17; 86:11; 105:24;
145:20; 185:7; 193:1;
203:22; 262:18
starting [5] - 49:16, 20;
86:10; 116:20; 167:9
state [5] - 41:1; 56:23;
147:23; 211:4; 234:4
statement [3] - 107:7;
123:25; 277:22
Statement [3] - 193:19;
230:7; 246:15
statements [2] - 19:12; 136:3
States [1] - 31:23
states [3] - 66:15; 267:2;
270:6
static [1] - 216:4
statistical [2] - 70:17; 79:19
statistically [1] - 283:18
statistician [1] - 55:15
statistics [5] - 43:24; 58:2;
67:1; 75:7; 129:5
stats [4] - 55:9; 58:8; 75:10
Stats [4] - 30:11; 68:12;
266:25; 267:14
status [3] - 30:10; 137:3;
269:18
statute [1] - 275:6
statutory [2] - 164:22; 166:2
stay [7] - 46:21; 47:3, 6;
55:19; 73:11; 99:25;
208:18
staying [3] - 66:6; 67:2; 68:4
stays [1] - 71:12
steep [1] - 127:13
steep-sloughing [1] - 127:13
Steiner [1] - 150:12
Stenographer [1] - 273:20
step [3] - 213:20; 216:15;
220:3
steps [1] - 173:19
sterile [1] - 147:3
STEVE [1] - 108:22
Steve [3] - 3:10; 7:25; 108:22
stewardship [1] - 205:8
stick [1] - 228:20
sticking [1] - 227:23
still [16] - 44:1; 55:3; 69:8;
97:12; 104:19; 118:1;
172:16; 215:14; 221:20;
227:7; 228:9; 248:9;
276:23
stimulate [2] - 35:13; 137:13
stipulates [1] - 240:6
stock [5] - 240:16, 21;
242:11; 258:9; 259:17
stock-recruitment [2] -
240:16; 242:11
stone [1] - 158:19
stop [4] - 33:9; 122:8;
136:10; 228:5
stop-the-hearing/start-the-
dam [1] - 136:10
stopped [2] - 201:20; 202:4
stops [2] - 87:2; 208:9
store [1] - 113:8
storing [1] - 176:6
story [5] - 33:1, 6, 10; 39:7;
106:18
straight [3] - 65:11; 207:17;
224:5
straight-line [1] - 65:11
strand [1] - 212:8
stranding [9] - 233:13;
243:8, 15, 19, 25; 244:13;
254:3, 9
strategic [12] - 13:9; 23:18;
64:13, 15; 159:20; 166:7;
179:22; 180:6; 190:24;
191:21; 192:3
strategies [3] - 59:15; 163:1,
23
strategy [7] - 71:9; 95:14;
103:21; 114:16; 122:14;
138:12; 243:18
straw [1] - 153:4
stream [8] - 169:23; 171:7;
233:14; 244:16; 245:11,
22; 247:18, 23
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
34
stream-side [5] - 233:14;
244:16; 245:11, 22; 247:18
streamline [1] - 165:2
streams [3] - 255:12, 18, 24
Street [1] - 130:1
street [1] - 149:11
streets [1] - 134:9
strengths [1] - 167:3
stress [2] - 18:16; 97:6
stressed [1] - 15:11
stresses [1] - 10:19
stretched [2] - 56:8; 57:12
strive [1] - 248:18
strong [3] - 269:2; 278:22;
282:10
stronger [2] - 13:12; 263:11
strongest [1] - 226:18
struck [2] - 47:9, 13
structure [7] - 154:3; 155:11,
18; 214:16; 256:25; 257:1;
258:25
structured [2] - 140:20;
274:14
structures [4] - 153:21, 23;
261:18
struggle [2] - 52:14; 226:13
struggled [1] - 222:16
struggles [1] - 15:10
students [1] - 148:22
studies [7] - 33:20; 119:5;
144:20; 151:8; 177:13;
201:19; 242:6
study [33] - 6:9, 13; 19:19;
115:4; 118:19; 121:19, 24;
122:3; 123:3, 10-11, 13,
24; 124:2; 160:22; 170:2;
174:21; 175:1, 4; 177:19;
180:9; 183:21; 184:2, 7;
187:13; 189:19; 200:4, 16;
201:19; 211:7; 218:14;
264:19
Study [1] - 75:13
stuff [5] - 91:9; 126:3; 128:2;
214:4; 260:9
style [2] - 135:22; 140:10
stymied [1] - 137:17
subcomponent [1] - 132:14
subheading [1] - 244:18
subject [5] - 112:11; 251:21;
260:10; 273:2; 276:24
submission [3] - 257:7;
273:12; 274:6
submissions [2] - 201:15;
206:2
submit [3] - 63:1; 151:3;
220:9
submitted [2] - 75:12;
257:19
submitting [1] - 133:8
subscribed [1] - 285:13
subsequent [1] - 22:3
subsequently [2] - 197:22;
259:14
substance [2] - 36:7, 25
substantial [4] - 15:19;
49:13; 91:18; 248:10
substantially [3] - 18:10;
165:11; 269:12
substantive [1] - 137:25
succeeding [1] - 12:9
success [3] - 12:16; 235:4;
240:13
successful [5] - 91:11;
142:18; 146:9; 179:2;
247:2
successfully [2] - 22:5;
227:24
successive [1] - 142:6
sucker [1] - 252:12
suddenly [4] - 36:13; 111:1;
133:20; 135:11
suffice [1] - 142:12
sufficient [5] - 116:14;
151:10; 239:13; 241:15
sufficiently [1] - 234:13
suggest [5] - 17:1; 61:3;
92:16; 225:22; 278:6
suggested [13] - 90:16;
112:14; 233:17; 241:9;
242:13; 256:18; 259:24;
266:6; 272:5; 273:3;
274:13, 20; 275:8
suggesting [3] - 9:7; 242:15;
260:16
suggestion [4] - 202:7;
206:15; 275:7; 280:11
suggestions [3] - 57:21;
135:21; 220:5
suicide [1] - 40:6
suite [10] - 6:11; 67:14;
143:15; 179:10; 182:18;
183:3, 11, 13, 19; 258:3
sum [3] - 26:15, 23; 153:5
summaries [1] - 141:21
summarize [2] - 26:19; 281:6
summarized [1] - 196:3
summary [7] - 22:15; 25:15;
65:8; 250:2; 258:25; 260:7;
262:6
summer [1] - 255:13
sums [1] - 27:1
Sunday [1] - 125:21
Super [2] - 68:20; 72:4
super [8] - 211:1, 3-4; 215:8,
16; 218:15; 224:9; 226:1
super-cooled [8] - 211:1,
3-4; 215:8, 16; 218:15;
224:9; 226:1
superseding [1] - 156:20
supervisor [1] - 205:16
supplemental [1] - 256:18
supplied [2] - 15:22; 248:9
suppliers [1] - 16:10
supplies [1] - 15:20
Supply [1] - 172:4
supply [10] - 15:19; 16:14;
22:18; 23:9; 95:7, 10;
144:12; 270:16, 19; 276:18
support [21] - 10:23, 25;
11:6; 17:20; 100:9; 125:13;
136:21; 144:24; 149:20;
164:18; 166:24; 171:17;
241:5; 243:24; 253:10;
267:3; 271:11; 278:5;
281:8, 21, 23
supported [2] - 24:9; 242:12
supporting [2] - 94:15; 233:7
supportive [1] - 34:9
suppose [5] - 43:3; 85:9, 17;
119:17; 177:7
suppressing [1] - 170:22
surface [4] - 246:24; 255:22;
263:22; 270:17
surfaces [1] - 216:2
surplus [2] - 116:14; 141:11
surprise [1] - 134:2
surprised [1] - 149:25
surprising [2] - 275:3
surrounded [1] - 223:13
surrounding [3] - 15:9; 19:3;
246:19
surveillance [4] - 244:3;
254:7, 10, 14
survey [1] - 120:3
surveying [1] - 244:2
surveys [2] - 30:11; 119:24
survival [2] - 242:8; 254:6
SUSAN [6] - 57:8; 84:16;
89:1; 129:2; 201:6; 262:11
Susan [4] - 3:6; 4:4; 7:17;
129:10
suspended [1] - 39:12
suspiciously [1] - 144:14
sustainability [5] - 11:25;
13:1; 150:25; 182:8;
249:18
Sustainability [1] - 182:7
sustainable [5] - 12:7, 25;
42:14; 82:6; 150:20
sustained [1] - 12:21
Swain [3] - 2:2; 192:10;
246:1
switching [1] - 51:1
syndromes [2] - 53:14; 60:6
synopsis [1] - 91:14
synthetic [1] - 89:15
system [12] - 40:6; 52:17;
115:16, 22; 117:13; 130:4;
143:18; 216:9; 218:4;
270:12, 14, 16
SYSTEM [1] - 2:17
systematic [2] - 63:19;
241:22
systems [7] - 171:4; 204:7,
10; 241:13
T
Table [5] - 6:4; 9:13; 26:14,
16, 18
table [2] - 8:12; 27:9
tableaux [1] - 103:19
tables [1] - 27:12
tag [1] - 112:16
take-off [1] - 205:11
takeaway [1] - 74:24
taker [1] - 178:25
talent [1] - 49:23
tall [1] - 223:15
tank [1] - 221:21
target [4] - 12:19; 70:10;
82:24; 94:16
targeted [2] - 96:5; 102:1
tasked [1] - 120:18
tax [2] - 47:1; 268:4
tax-based [1] - 268:4
taxes [1] - 46:25
taxi [4] - 68:5; 218:22; 219:4
taxis [1] - 68:5
taxiway [1] - 218:25
Taylor [7] - 147:11, 19;
148:20, 23; 184:4; 212:11;
282:6
teaching [1] - 148:20
team [7] - 45:3; 53:6; 100:21;
132:10; 178:2; 277:17;
281:3
teamed [1] - 133:1
teams [1] - 24:3
Technical [1] - 2:19
technical [14] - 8:10; 27:13;
151:19; 201:25; 230:5,
11-12, 22, 24; 233:8;
264:16, 19; 265:11
technicians [2] - 237:4;
253:25
technology [1] - 34:21
TELAV [1] - 2:18
telephone [2] - 159:4; 230:19
telephone) [4] - 4:16; 229:18
temperature [1] - 255:16
temporal [2] - 20:12; 170:8
temporary [1] - 269:3
ten [5] - 29:9; 154:20; 202:7;
203:7; 265:22
ten-minute [1] - 202:7
tend [1] - 140:11
tended [1] - 136:9
tending [1] - 71:18
tenure [9] - 6:6; 84:2, 13, 22;
90:13, 17, 20; 145:9
tenures [2] - 90:10, 14
term [27] - 18:19, 21; 22:6;
23:11; 42:12; 54:21; 56:16;
66:25; 73:21; 90:17, 20;
98:12; 122:3; 136:1;
138:25; 149:21; 152:5;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
35
162:20; 165:7; 170:9, 17,
19; 172:19; 176:20;
185:22; 253:21
terms [33] - 44:18; 52:20;
55:9; 69:5; 75:17; 80:2;
81:21; 83:4; 109:6; 110:5;
123:20; 124:13; 125:18;
127:7, 23, 25; 138:21;
145:13; 147:4, 6; 151:14;
167:24; 171:1; 172:19;
186:6; 188:23; 195:22;
196:7, 11; 197:15; 215:23;
275:5; 277:15
terrain [1] - 217:8
terrestrial [6] - 143:15;
169:17; 171:21; 174:24;
255:1, 25
terrible [2] - 210:15; 222:11
territories [3] - 25:6; 97:18;
189:18
Territories [2] - 14:7; 112:15
territory [3] - 108:25; 130:17;
211:23
Territory [2] - 115:17, 20
test [4] - 31:2, 6; 180:14;
218:17
tested [1] - 239:20
testify [1] - 145:10
testimony [1] - 151:7
testing [3] - 180:8; 241:19,
21
text [2] - 27:10; 191:18
textbook [1] - 210:20
Thailand [1] - 69:3
thawing [1] - 127:12
THE [113] - 1:1; 2:5; 7:11;
8:3; 9:10, 15; 13:19; 14:1,
18, 21; 26:1, 5, 10; 27:18;
30:15; 42:20; 43:22; 44:21;
45:16; 47:9, 19; 48:1; 57:1,
5; 60:9; 61:1, 3, 11; 63:6,
10; 64:1, 4; 79:6; 82:13;
87:6; 89:14, 17, 20; 91:22;
92:11; 93:11; 96:16;
103:17, 25; 104:8; 115:8;
116:1, 11; 117:12, 18;
118:7, 13; 119:6, 17, 21;
120:5; 122:1, 24; 123:4,
17; 124:24; 128:11, 21;
130:9; 140:7; 153:14, 25;
154:12; 155:23; 156:1, 4;
157:15; 158:25; 159:3;
161:6; 174:7; 186:17, 20;
187:1, 10, 12, 21, 25;
189:6; 192:9, 12, 15, 19;
199:14; 200:7, 13, 21, 24;
202:6, 12; 210:11; 228:4,
11, 20, 24; 229:14; 245:25;
246:4, 8; 251:23; 260:6;
261:6, 13, 24; 283:7; 284:5
themselves [8] - 41:5; 82:5,
19; 91:11; 94:16; 95:4;
188:22
therapists [1] - 53:7
therapy [2] - 59:25
there'd [1] - 168:9
there'll [2] - 109:7; 111:19
thereafter [1] - 285:9
therefore [5] - 227:8; 258:13,
23; 272:22; 274:6
thereof [1] - 16:24
thesis [1] - 266:5
they've [2] - 103:2; 106:21
thin [1] - 126:25
thinking [6] - 83:3; 184:19;
195:2; 222:20; 223:7;
261:6
third [8] - 65:4; 67:5; 115:18;
182:11; 239:19; 254:23;
274:3; 275:7
Thompson [10] - 4:13;
102:21; 161:22; 199:15,
17; 200:25; 202:6, 13, 15;
228:4
THOMPSON [5] - 202:16;
210:12; 228:9, 15, 23
Thompson's [1] - 283:13
thorough [2] - 193:19;
246:16
thoughtful [1] - 117:8
thoughtfully [1] - 105:17
thousand [2] - 39:15; 130:7
thousands [1] - 162:4
threat [1] - 216:21
threatened [2] - 148:13;
150:2
threats [1] - 168:15
three [39] - 39:9; 40:24;
51:18; 59:25; 64:9; 65:17;
66:9; 73:17; 95:2; 99:21;
102:12; 110:23; 122:15,
17; 126:8; 131:3; 138:1;
142:11; 161:20; 164:9;
190:3; 193:14; 207:8,
10-11, 14; 208:7, 11, 23;
215:7; 223:22; 225:9, 15;
233:13; 257:2; 259:17;
267:16; 274:13
three-quarter [1] - 207:14
three-quarters [1] - 225:9
threshold [4] - 203:1;
207:20; 225:13; 226:3
thresholds [1] - 22:2
throughout [8] - 25:17;
95:25; 115:17; 118:23;
166:21; 250:4; 254:15;
277:8
throw [1] - 38:17
Thursday [2] - 284:8, 12
tight [1] - 80:2
tighter [1] - 79:24
timber [1] - 171:22
Timber [1] - 172:4
timeframes [1] - 106:19
timeline [1] - 235:5
timelines [1] - 243:18
timely [1] - 270:9
timers [1] - 35:25
timing [1] - 63:4
tireless [1] - 251:18
titled [1] - 21:11
TMMP [2] - 270:2, 6
TO [1] - 1:2
toad [1] - 169:10
today [33] - 9:24; 10:1; 11:18;
14:3, 8, 10, 17, 22; 15:22;
19:21; 25:14; 31:4; 32:2;
41:5; 48:23; 54:9; 63:1;
65:19; 103:12; 105:19;
113:19; 116:23; 118:10;
159:17; 160:1; 199:6, 24;
202:17; 257:19; 259:5;
272:19, 25; 280:14
today's [3] - 13:17; 42:9;
143:10
together [19] - 32:20; 46:4, 8;
48:16; 50:20; 57:15; 65:17;
68:15; 72:3; 84:14; 112:7;
166:25; 178:10; 190:4;
191:20; 261:9; 265:9;
274:21
tomorrow [1] - 284:8
tonne [2] - 215:1, 3
Tony [2] - 120:19; 124:7
TONY [1] - 91:23
took [5] - 33:10; 106:23;
209:14; 226:7; 227:17
tool [4] - 33:23; 112:1, 8;
177:12
tools [3] - 33:23; 34:16;
114:19
top [7] - 122:11; 165:18;
181:12; 210:18; 214:4;
222:25; 226:20
topic [9] - 147:2; 192:22;
202:23; 203:14; 205:23;
209:16; 262:24; 266:16;
283:16
Topic [2] - 1:12; 7:4
Topic-Specific [2] - 1:12; 7:4
topics [7] - 7:13; 9:22; 62:8;
128:13; 135:22; 266:10;
275:16
Toronto [1] - 205:17
total [10] - 20:15; 27:1; 39:18;
109:1; 172:3; 210:5; 237:6;
238:18; 246:24; 252:7
totally [1] - 124:10
touch [4] - 69:21; 76:5;
105:1; 238:7
touring [4] - 71:10; 73:20;
76:18; 98:2
tourism [75] - 61:14; 62:8,
12; 64:12, 14, 25; 65:10,
18, 21, 25; 66:2, 10, 12,
16, 19; 67:4, 9, 15-18;
68:1, 6, 10; 70:23; 71:15,
23; 72:1; 73:23; 74:5, 9,
24; 75:9, 25; 77:3, 10, 15,
18; 78:12; 79:11; 81:5, 10,
21; 82:7, 22; 83:13; 87:4;
88:9, 12; 91:5; 92:17, 24;
93:20, 23; 94:3, 9; 95:18,
21, 24; 100:9, 12, 20, 24;
101:17; 103:7, 13, 21;
156:11, 17, 22; 281:5, 7, 9,
16, 25
Tourism [10] - 62:13; 64:10;
75:13; 96:3; 100:3, 15, 22;
101:1; 103:14
tourism-related [1] - 81:5
tourist [3] - 85:20; 86:21;
90:23
Tourist [1] - 91:8
tourists [4] - 70:18; 97:24;
158:3; 281:20
tournament [1] - 49:22
tours [1] - 158:22
towards [4] - 96:5; 179:9;
228:1; 266:2
towed [2] - 228:25; 229:2
tower [1] - 211:20
town [3] - 58:22; 69:15;
204:19
towns [1] - 32:25
toys [1] - 30:21
track [2] - 58:11; 87:23
tracking [1] - 124:14
Tract [1] - 233:4
trade [3] - 135:2; 282:2
trade-offs [2] - 135:2
trades [6] - 15:7; 17:9; 18:12;
19:11; 24:16; 279:14
traditional [5] - 25:6; 97:17,
19; 130:17; 189:18
Traditional [1] - 14:7
traffic [19] - 78:11, 13, 17;
149:4; 208:13, 25; 209:3,
6; 213:5; 217:13; 219:3, 7;
221:9; 223:5; 227:21;
270:2; 276:8
Traffic [3] - 210:3; 218:1;
220:11
trails [3] - 74:4; 126:2; 157:2
train [1] - 223:14
trained [2] - 18:8; 237:3
Training [2] - 62:13; 64:11
training [11] - 18:3, 12, 20,
24; 24:17; 203:18, 22;
204:6; 209:23; 279:14
Trans [1] - 43:4
transcribed [4] - 64:4; 161:7;
246:4; 285:9
transcript [2] - 250:16;
285:10
transcripts [1] - 141:21
transects [1] - 118:23
transition [4] - 11:6; 161:17;
254:25; 280:2
transitional [1] - 269:7
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
36
translates [1] - 214:25
transparency [6] - 137:1;
142:2; 152:7; 248:14, 20;
268:5
transparent [2] - 141:19;
268:15
Transport [10] - 204:13;
206:7; 209:19; 211:10;
213:9; 216:15, 18; 228:16;
235:23; 284:1
transport's [2] - 203:18;
217:14
transportation [4] - 67:22;
203:5; 269:24; 270:6
Transportation [1] - 129:23
trap [12] - 97:19; 108:4,
11-12, 16, 19, 25; 109:1;
115:16, 19, 23; 249:20
trapped [1] - 243:13
trappers [2] - 84:5; 108:4
trapping [6] - 108:6; 115:13,
19, 22
trauma [1] - 148:10
travel [12] - 66:15, 17, 20;
67:1, 6; 72:25; 73:4; 79:25;
80:1; 98:16; 133:21
travelled [1] - 204:13
traveller [11] - 74:1, 6; 76:6,
12, 14-15; 79:10, 17;
85:22; 86:24; 98:19
travellers [6] - 68:25; 69:6;
76:8, 11, 24; 281:15
travelling [1] - 66:5
travels [1] - 73:22
treatment [1] - 202:23
Treaty [35] - 14:6; 115:11,
16-17, 19; 117:11, 18, 25;
118:18; 120:24; 121:7, 23;
123:1, 14; 130:17; 131:2;
139:25; 187:17, 22-23;
188:2, 8, 10; 189:2, 9;
192:13; 193:14; 200:19;
264:24; 265:3, 5, 7;
284:15, 22
tree [1] - 172:6
treks [1] - 73:21
tremendous [2] - 92:17, 25
Trench [1] - 92:18
trench [1] - 92:23
trend [4] - 165:7; 185:22;
188:13; 203:3
trends [8] - 154:21; 155:2;
165:21; 170:9, 12, 17;
172:19
Trevis [1] - 2:6
Trevor [4] - 3:8; 4:5; 7:20;
129:13
trial [15] - 159:19; 160:20;
161:18; 163:5; 165:17;
166:17; 167:11; 173:20-22;
180:12; 200:4; 282:23
trialing [1] - 180:8
Tribal [6] - 115:12; 189:9;
193:15; 264:24; 265:5, 7
TRIBAL [6] - 189:11; 190:5,
21; 191:2, 15; 192:16
tributaries [1] - 253:4
tried [6] - 81:19; 88:21;
113:24; 118:20; 195:1;
215:22
triggers [1] - 244:3
trip [7] - 33:7; 78:14; 96:7;
158:4, 6, 10, 18
trivialize [1] - 206:4
trouble [4] - 35:6; 36:23;
37:1; 39:11
troubled [1] - 261:13
troubleshooting [1] - 204:14
trough [1] - 227:6
trout [15] - 239:5; 240:6;
241:2; 242:7; 248:24;
249:4, 13; 250:25; 252:11;
255:17; 256:21; 259:22
truck [3] - 15:23; 43:15
trucking [2] - 15:7; 16:9
trucks [4] - 43:6; 79:16
true [5] - 47:17; 107:21;
109:25; 111:7; 285:9
truly [3] - 99:6; 179:4; 204:20
truncated [1] - 161:13
trust [6] - 22:8; 133:3; 137:1,
9; 140:17; 158:14
Trust [5] - 4:10; 130:12;
146:6, 12; 158:9
trusted [1] - 152:9
trustee [1] - 132:1
try [8] - 127:17; 138:11;
140:3; 147:3, 5; 196:5;
205:2; 206:3
trying [16] - 95:5; 96:9;
101:5; 112:4; 114:5;
145:16; 157:7; 162:22;
170:11; 177:17; 180:25;
198:20; 210:25; 211:16;
221:13; 223:19
Tuesday [1] - 7:1
turn [13] - 9:15; 19:15; 62:22;
128:24; 202:13; 219:8;
226:10; 237:17; 244:15;
247:3; 256:14; 262:5;
284:17
turning [7] - 15:3; 232:17;
233:22; 236:15; 243:7, 20;
250:1
two [64] - 14:9; 26:23; 49:11;
51:17; 52:3, 24; 55:22;
56:14; 65:8, 11; 69:22;
71:21; 73:16; 84:7, 13;
85:19; 90:13; 92:5, 8, 16;
93:5; 118:8, 11, 14;
128:13; 130:7; 140:19;
148:17; 152:15; 156:8;
161:21; 164:4; 167:22;
169:16; 176:24; 178:9;
179:15; 180:4; 181:10, 19;
182:9; 193:12; 195:17;
207:4; 215:18; 218:3;
221:10; 233:12; 238:7;
242:17, 25; 243:21;
246:21; 250:23; 251:2;
257:14; 260:7; 265:13;
267:15; 273:13; 284:4
two-and-a-half [1] - 221:10
type [14] - 56:21; 60:19;
80:19; 85:15; 90:19; 98:22;
127:11; 139:24; 177:3;
180:20; 182:3; 219:22;
239:17
types [8] - 170:14; 176:24;
240:17; 242:25; 244:5, 7;
253:14, 20
typically [1] - 51:17
U
U.S [2] - 76:8; 211:10
ultimately [1] - 244:9
UN [1] - 66:3
unable [2] - 23:1; 268:8
unacceptable [3] - 146:15;
153:10; 202:25
unactive [1] - 219:5
unbelievable [1] - 215:24
uncertainties [3] - 257:10;
259:11, 16
uncertainty [7] - 18:18;
19:13; 137:4; 241:25;
248:10; 259:9; 263:21
unconventional [1] - 170:20
uncrowded [1] - 72:17
under [32] - 20:7; 29:11;
49:15; 55:13; 90:10;
102:10; 147:15; 161:20;
169:3; 172:17; 173:4;
208:8, 17; 216:21; 226:24;
227:5; 237:6; 252:16;
258:4, 16; 261:9; 267:13;
271:14; 272:10, 20, 24;
273:6; 274:21; 275:6;
281:19
undergoing [1] - 163:12
underlying [2] - 181:2;
185:23
undertake [1] - 270:20
undertaken [4] - 140:19;
143:14; 153:20; 238:12
undertaking [8] - 106:23;
160:20; 163:15; 233:3;
257:18; 259:6; 270:23
UNDERTAKING [8] - 6:3, 5,
8, 11; 9:12; 84:21; 115:3;
183:19
undertakings [4] - 62:25;
63:2; 140:17; 199:23
UNDERTAKINGS [1] - 6:1
undeveloped [1] - 103:4
unemployment [2] - 30:25;
37:18
unexplained [1] - 149:11
unfold [2] - 41:19
unforeseen [1] - 270:8
unfortunate [1] - 126:19
unfortunately [8] - 20:18;
56:2; 60:4; 137:16; 159:11,
23; 183:12; 211:24
ungulate [4] - 182:22; 183:6,
10; 186:6
ungulates [3] - 107:3;
109:25; 132:24
unhappy [1] - 47:8
unintended [1] - 162:7
unique [10] - 51:13, 17, 19;
52:18; 72:1, 19; 149:15;
185:22; 271:19; 281:19
unit [5] - 120:14, 21; 161:11;
169:25; 174:15
units [14] - 122:16, 18; 123:8;
161:1, 3, 9, 13; 170:4;
175:3; 182:1; 269:5, 12,
21; 276:10
university [1] - 133:24
University [6] - 131:21, 24;
231:24; 232:10, 12
unknown [1] - 248:12
unless [4] - 56:4; 59:16;
104:1; 107:25
unlikely [1] - 249:19
unnecessary [1] - 138:5
unplanned [1] - 37:8
unpredictable [1] - 249:19
unrealistic [4] - 239:8;
240:10; 248:13; 249:16
unrelated [1] - 222:11
unrestricted [1] - 117:1
unsettled [1] - 149:17
unskilled [1] - 35:7
unstable [1] - 16:7
unsupportable [1] - 249:16
unsupported [1] - 239:8
unsustainable [1] - 203:3
unto [1] - 77:17
untouched [1] - 103:2
unusual [1] - 23:6
unwillingness [1] - 147:14
up [82] - 24:2; 26:9, 11; 32:4;
33:9; 37:20; 43:10; 49:23;
57:24; 58:4; 62:24; 72:7;
74:25; 76:7; 78:4; 79:13;
85:2; 87:4; 89:6; 90:3;
92:22, 24; 93:12; 94:10;
95:11; 96:6, 10, 22; 99:20;
101:9, 23; 102:22; 103:19;
106:16; 115:18; 116:17;
120:22; 121:13; 127:19;
128:24; 154:5; 156:14;
157:11, 15; 158:4, 6,
10-11; 165:23; 173:21;
179:7; 186:15; 192:13;
199:17; 200:18; 204:8;
212:6; 216:16; 218:8;
219:3, 13, 21; 220:22, 24;
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
37
222:17; 224:12, 14; 225:2;
229:6; 234:6; 237:5;
252:19; 257:12; 261:14;
269:11; 270:5; 274:18;
277:14, 21; 278:16
up-coming [1] - 277:14
up-scaling [1] - 269:11
update [1] - 269:18
updates [1] - 277:13
upfront [1] - 164:25
upgrade [2] - 218:10, 18
upgraded [1] - 222:6
uphill [1] - 224:25
upper [3] - 131:12, 15;
283:19
upslope [1] - 224:18
upstream [2] - 148:11; 184:4
urged [1] - 21:21
useful [2] - 131:3; 283:4
user [1] - 85:23
users [3] - 111:4; 112:20;
233:1
uses [4] - 66:3; 97:20; 99:7;
240:3
usual [2] - 8:3; 66:6
utilities [1] - 13:5
Utilities [6] - 136:2; 272:9,
11, 18; 274:22; 275:4
V
vacations [1] - 71:10
validation [2] - 239:15; 242:4
validity [1] - 257:15
valley [33] - 92:1; 102:18,
21-22; 103:1, 7; 106:21;
125:22; 127:9; 133:20;
134:12, 14, 17, 19; 135:13;
138:9; 146:21; 147:10, 17;
148:9, 15; 149:14; 150:24;
152:20; 157:8; 158:7;
172:23; 204:20; 212:11;
224:10, 14; 282:8, 10
Valley [18] - 87:11; 93:24;
126:12, 14; 127:4; 128:2;
131:2; 134:1; 136:8;
139:14, 18; 145:15;
150:22; 261:8; 265:7, 10,
18
Valley/Lower [1] - 87:20
valleys [1] - 150:21
valuable [2] - 137:23; 280:17
valuation [1] - 173:22
Value [1] - 75:13
value [22] - 8:16; 26:21;
139:4, 7, 10, 15, 17, 19;
143:10; 162:20; 166:13;
169:4, 19; 185:11, 18, 22;
186:15; 187:24; 188:12,
17; 233:6; 258:19
valued [2] - 171:21; 187:17
values [65] - 134:11, 19;
138:20, 25; 149:15;
150:15, 24; 153:1, 3;
161:1; 162:9, 12, 14, 18;
163:2, 22; 164:15; 165:6,
19-20; 166:23, 25; 167:9,
14, 16, 19, 22, 24; 168:6,
9-10, 12-13, 23; 169:1-3, 6,
8, 16; 175:2, 21; 178:13;
179:10; 180:13, 17; 181:6,
19; 182:5; 185:16; 186:2,
10; 187:14; 188:6, 22-23;
190:15; 200:3; 239:21
values-based [2] - 162:9;
185:16
values-focused [1] - 164:15
Vancouver [7] - 39:17;
75:22; 93:18; 94:10; 95:3;
99:1, 3
vapour [3] - 214:6; 215:1, 19
varied [1] - 133:5
various [2] - 28:5; 201:21
vary [1] - 242:1
VC [1] - 123:23
VCs [1] - 203:4
vegetation [19] - 233:14;
244:16; 245:2, 11-12, 15,
22; 246:11, 19; 247:18;
254:24; 255:5, 11, 18, 24;
256:8, 10, 12
vehicle [7] - 39:14; 40:4, 12;
42:23; 129:4; 138:12;
281:15
vehicles [6] - 30:21; 43:5, 7;
184:23; 228:24; 238:9
venting [1] - 216:4
verb [1] - 140:23
verification [1] - 12:15
verifications [1] - 8:8
verify [3] - 242:22; 243:1;
257:12
version [1] - 264:15
versus [5] - 163:10, 24;
171:15; 241:12; 242:7
vests [1] - 79:15
VFR [2] - 208:17, 24
via [4] - 4:16; 229:18
viability [1] - 249:24
vibration [1] - 264:17
Victoria [4] - 75:23; 94:10;
95:3; 228:8
view [18] - 28:13; 29:22;
35:10; 37:10; 43:17; 67:7;
82:22; 89:8; 92:12; 207:16;
209:13; 227:12; 235:18;
236:3; 250:11; 274:11;
281:19
viewing [6] - 73:5; 74:5;
138:11; 157:7, 12, 21
viewpoints [1] - 281:21
views [3] - 85:5, 12; 195:12
viewscapes [2] - 89:8; 103:1
VIPs [1] - 42:2
virtually [2] - 15:22; 145:7
visibility [11] - 120:2; 206:19,
24; 207:8, 14; 208:7, 22;
216:3; 218:12; 223:21
vision [4] - 176:16; 179:2;
265:9, 12
visit [5] - 88:12; 98:7;
101:20; 200:18
visiting [1] - 73:6
visitor [13] - 72:16; 74:1;
77:14, 16; 78:2, 20, 23;
87:2; 92:5, 7; 94:21; 281:9
visitor's [1] - 78:20
visitors [5] - 68:4; 75:20, 24;
157:23; 281:11
visits [1] - 72:16
Visual [1] - 2:18
visual [5] - 77:24; 89:2;
208:8; 209:3
vital [1] - 23:16
Volume [6] - 1:16; 6:4; 9:13;
250:16; 255:2; 256:17
volume [11] - 8:10; 69:7, 23;
70:3, 13; 85:23; 239:4;
240:4, 8; 255:14; 270:3
volunteer [2] - 131:1; 140:3
vulnerable [2] - 111:16, 19
W
WAC [1] - 158:12
wade [1] - 225:19
wait [7] - 56:7; 118:11; 219:6;
221:8, 12; 260:6
waiting [5] - 57:5; 208:15;
219:14, 16; 221:14
waitlist [1] - 53:1
waitlists [4] - 52:21; 56:10;
59:18
Wal [1] - 113:8
Wal-Marts [1] - 113:8
walk [2] - 41:3; 169:15
walk-in [1] - 41:3
walks [1] - 122:7
Wallace [1] - 2:4
walls [2] - 284:16
warbler [2] - 169:9
Ware [15] - 14:12, 24; 15:9,
12, 21, 23; 16:2, 14, 23;
17:9, 12-13; 18:17; 24:21;
92:23
Ware's [3] - 16:8; 17:2; 279:7
warm [8] - 134:12; 221:14;
224:12; 226:16, 18; 227:6,
10
warming [3] - 224:4; 255:12,
15
warms [1] - 224:16
Washington [1] - 72:24
waste [1] - 137:21
watch [4] - 51:24; 79:12;
284:18
watched [2] - 203:8; 213:7
water [41] - 127:19; 167:22;
169:18-20; 170:5, 17-18;
171:13, 18; 181:5, 7, 15;
182:8; 185:12; 214:24;
215:1, 19; 243:10, 12;
245:16, 23; 246:9, 24;
247:2, 15; 254:5; 255:14,
16; 256:1; 263:21; 264:6;
270:12, 14, 16, 18-19;
276:18
Water [1] - 182:7
waterfowl [1] - 106:24
waterfront [1] - 262:13
waterline [1] - 246:18
Waterloo [2] - 231:24;
232:10
waters [1] - 133:13
watershed [17] - 114:4, 12,
17; 145:6; 161:3; 166:10;
170:4, 6; 171:7; 181:3, 8,
11, 22; 182:1, 5; 246:21;
253:13
watersheds [6] - 170:1, 25;
180:24; 253:12, 17
Watterson [1] - 270:13
ways [4] - 44:15; 78:4; 163:5;
282:8
wealth [1] - 30:20
wearing [1] - 28:5
weather [18] - 126:20;
159:11; 202:19, 22;
203:24; 206:21; 207:24;
208:19, 23; 213:22, 25;
220:10; 221:18; 222:1;
224:1; 227:3; 283:14
website [7] - 6:7; 44:14;
83:25; 84:24; 91:5; 210:8,
23
Wednesday [1] - 53:5
week [11] - 53:10; 59:25;
83:9; 120:9; 130:23;
141:10; 143:5; 149:16
week-by-week [1] - 149:16
weekend [2] - 125:14; 126:3
weekly [1] - 59:24
weeks [5] - 28:1; 39:9; 53:13;
76:18; 133:17
weight [2] - 215:22
welcome [11] - 7:12; 27:17,
19; 48:1; 80:1; 130:9;
131:10; 201:4; 231:9;
280:11; 284:17
welcomes [1] - 48:20
welcoming [1] - 69:13
well-being [4] - 32:18;
139:13; 148:4, 24
well-established [2] - 49:6,
10
well-positioned [1] - 21:2
well-recognized [1] - 97:9
well-rounded [1] - 51:2
wells [4] - 28:22; 34:25;
264:1, 6
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
38
West [4] - 21:10; 190:19;
191:4, 8
west [3] - 93:3; 130:2; 225:4
westerly [1] - 222:18
western [2] - 169:9; 204:14
wet [1] - 215:7
whatnot [1] - 86:23
whatsoever [1] - 172:14
whereas [4] - 60:1; 81:15;
163:16; 256:1
WHEREOF [1] - 285:13
whichever [1] - 172:2
Whistler [5] - 75:22; 93:25;
94:10; 95:3; 98:24
white [1] - 217:9
whitefish [4] - 234:1; 251:1;
252:14; 256:21
Whitehorse [2] - 203:20, 22
Whiten [1] - 278:21
whitetail [1] - 126:15
whitetails [1] - 126:4
who've [1] - 31:9
whole [13] - 47:2; 50:5;
52:10; 60:7; 117:2; 196:4;
216:17; 224:24; 242:24;
263:19; 271:9; 284:7
wide [4] - 72:18; 97:4, 14, 16
wide-open [1] - 72:18
widely [2] - 33:18; 124:17
wife [4] - 125:20; 130:21;
135:7; 148:20
wildlife [58] - 19:25; 72:18;
74:5; 104:6; 125:15, 24;
127:14, 24; 128:1, 3;
131:24; 132:11, 13, 24;
134:16, 18; 138:11;
142:23; 143:12, 21, 24;
144:3, 9; 145:9, 14, 19;
157:7, 12, 19, 21, 24-25;
158:17, 24; 175:12;
181:16, 20; 182:16-18,
20-21; 183:4, 6, 9; 184:9,
12, 23; 185:14; 186:3, 5, 7,
12; 188:12, 25
Wildlife [1] - 84:11
wildlife-viewing [1] - 157:21
willing [4] - 16:1, 11; 25:20;
47:21
willingness [1] - 280:24
Williston [8] - 20:17; 134:15;
142:22; 144:23; 145:4, 19;
146:4; 158:20
win [3] - 30:13; 35:11; 39:19
wind [9] - 212:18; 218:6, 9;
222:18; 224:24; 225:4, 23;
261:14
window [2] - 34:13; 42:10
window-dressing [2] -
34:13; 42:10
winds [2] - 224:22; 227:19
windshield [2] - 207:17;
216:4
wing [2] - 211:5; 227:10
wings [1] - 216:1
winter [16] - 71:14; 102:10;
106:22; 125:25; 126:14,
16; 127:5, 11, 18; 182:22;
183:6, 10; 184:13; 186:6;
215:15
wisdom [1] - 93:11
wisely [1] - 36:23
wish [4] - 25:19; 92:6;
251:22; 282:11
withdrawal [1] - 171:3
withdrawals [1] - 169:20
withstand [1] - 148:2
WITNESS [1] - 285:13
witness [1] - 47:12
witnesses [1] - 179:19
wonder [7] - 43:10; 57:6;
88:23; 96:19; 99:9; 222:20;
223:7
wondered [2] - 184:18, 24
wonderful [4] - 67:12; 88:9;
99:25; 200:7
wondering [20] - 8:17; 42:24;
55:4; 83:17; 85:15; 87:10;
93:5, 19; 98:3, 8; 107:3, 6;
108:6; 109:15; 113:18;
114:13; 118:24; 119:3;
155:17; 179:24
wood [4] - 131:14; 212:7;
214:6, 25
woody [2] - 245:15; 255:19
word [11] - 32:16; 67:16;
86:14; 141:16; 206:10;
213:22, 25; 214:3, 18;
216:14; 217:19
words [2] - 22:10; 33:18
worker [2] - 10:11; 268:23
workers [7] - 17:16; 18:4, 7;
56:1; 98:13; 154:18; 269:2
workforce [4] - 45:9, 14;
154:16
works [4] - 50:4; 70:13;
203:8
workshop [4] - 27:25; 33:2;
45:3; 259:12
workshops [1] - 257:3
world [11] - 30:4; 50:16;
66:2; 69:6; 72:15; 85:13;
206:17, 23; 213:4; 241:13;
242:6
worldwide [1] - 152:18
worried [2] - 109:10; 110:18
worry [1] - 149:20
worst [2] - 222:24; 227:2
worth [1] - 97:13
worthwhile [2] - 16:4; 92:1
wrapped [1] - 51:18
wreck [1] - 210:13
writing [2] - 81:24; 214:11
written [4] - 66:3; 149:5;
213:1; 230:8
Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]
39
wrote [1] - 32:4
Y
Y2Y [1] - 265:8
yard [1] - 223:14
year [38] - 10:25; 13:1; 28:1;
30:12; 40:21; 46:25; 49:5,
12; 52:25; 53:1; 54:6;
64:23; 66:7, 23; 86:11;
95:12; 98:15; 110:3, 23;
111:2; 117:2, 9; 126:4, 7-8;
146:11; 148:6; 149:17;
158:4; 162:5; 186:24;
190:9; 191:10; 220:20;
281:11; 283:20
year-by-year [1] - 149:17
years [45] - 29:9; 30:9; 36:20;
40:10, 20, 24; 48:9, 13;
49:4, 19; 51:11; 52:3, 10,
24; 68:21; 95:22; 96:9;
97:9; 105:15; 106:10, 15;
109:19; 112:16; 117:25;
120:18; 130:6; 134:5;
135:7; 136:2, 14; 148:7;
149:19; 152:15; 154:4, 20;
155:22; 191:5; 201:19;
203:7; 206:18; 222:16, 19;
266:22; 267:16
yellow [3] - 37:23; 67:21
Yellowknife [1] - 203:21
yesterday [8] - 8:9; 11:24;
25:13; 56:9; 78:10; 262:18;
264:10; 271:4
York [1] - 31:22
young [9] - 36:17; 37:1, 25;
44:7; 45:12; 46:14; 47:2;
147:7
younger [3] - 37:25; 38:5;
43:23
Youngson [1] - 283:25
yourself [1] - 104:18
youth [3] - 39:6; 51:4; 100:7
YURKOVICH [8] - 9:19; 57:8;
84:16; 89:1; 129:2; 201:6;
262:11; 283:9
Yurkovich [5] - 3:6; 4:4;
7:17; 129:10, 21
Z
Zaa [1] - 133:15
Zealand [1] - 69:3
zone [21] - 108:24; 125:19,
24; 126:1, 11; 191:22;
208:10, 12, 15, 18; 209:6;
212:10; 213:6; 215:17;
217:13; 221:9, 11; 224:6;
254:25; 265:14
zones [2] - 91:2; 126:5
zooplankton [1] - 256:4