Download - Carbon Dating
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Carbon Dating
• Used for determining the age of earth materials
• Age of rocks, fossils• Every living organism on Earth has carbon• When organism dies, carbon remains but
begins to break down at a predictable rate- half life
• Half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years
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How old is it?
• Every 5,730 years the amount of carbon will reduce by half.
• This means that no matter how old something is, the amount of carbon can get smaller and smaller but never go away.
• If a fossil of a fish is found and scientists know it originally had 2g of carbon-14 and now only has 0.0625g, how old is it?
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• If carbon is in all living things, it is in rocks and soil- decomposition.
• Carbon dating is used to help estimate the age of the earth
• But the oldest rocks are usually located at the bottom of a rock profile. Why?
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Law of Superposition
• Sediments or lava are deposited on top of the existing rocks or soil.
• Those sediments are compacted to form new rock
• New rock on top, old rock at bottom
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Exceptions to the Law of Superposition
• Faulting• Non-deposition• Intrusion- injection of
lava from the mantle• Which layer is the
oldest?• Which is the youngest?
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Layers of the Earth• inner core - mass of solid
iron with a temperature of 70000 F
• outer core – liquid iron, responsible for our magnetic fields
• mantle - slow moving molten rock or magma, 20000 F
• crust - layer from 4-25 miles thick consisting of sand and rock
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But wait, There’s more!
• Lithosphere- crust and upper most part of mantle- tectonic plates move
• Asthensophere- below lithosphere, upper part of mantle
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Focus on the Mantle• Liquid rock• Heated by the core• Heat creates convection
currents• Convection currents make tectonic plates move
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Mantle moves, Plates move
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Continental vs. Oceanic Plates
• Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust
• When continental plate collides with oceanic plate, oceanic will go under the continental and oceanic plate is subducted or recycled back into the mantle.
• ***See Plate Boundaries handout ***
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When Plates Collide
• Convergent Boundary- two continental plates collide forming mountains- Mt. Everest and Himalayan Mts
• Subduction Zone- oceanic vs. continental or oceanic vs. oceanic- Ring of Fire, Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Vesuvius
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Pull Apart
• Divergent Boundary- two plates pull apart
• Forms Mid-Ocean RidgesMid-Atlantic Ridge- Iceland Volcano
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Sliding Past Each Other
• Transform Boundary ↑↓- Creates Faults
• Faults- cracks in the Earth where plates move past each other
• San Andreas Fault, New Madrid Fault
• EARTHQUAKES!
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Earthquake!
• Fault- plate boundary• Focus- point inside the
earth where earthquake begins
• Epicenter- Point on SURFACE where earthquake begins
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Earthquakes Release Energy
• P-Wave- Primary Wave• S-Wave- Secondary
Wave • Surface wave
• Waves are longitudinal or transverse
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Long Term Effects of Plate Movement
• Continental drift• Slow and gradual
movement of tectonic plates in the same direction
• Alfred Wegener• Pangaea• Caused by convection
currents in mantle
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Day Night and More
• Rotation- spinning of Earth on axis
• Revolution- orbit of Earth around the Sun
• Earth’s axis is tilted 23.5 degrees
• Altitude, longitude and latitude
• Day and Night
• Year
• Seasons
• Determines the temp and climate of a region