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Carbon exchange
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Decay
Soil Organic Matter
Vegetation
Weathering & Runoff
Rock Formation
Sedimentary Rock
Coal, Oil and Gas
Phytoplankton
Ocean surface
Deep circulation
Sinking Sediments
Burning / of Fossil fuels
Deep ocean
Origin Reservoir & FLuxes
Geological C-Cycle
Biomarker/Isotopes
Recent Research
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis C-Cycle
Photosynthesis
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Available oxygen
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
C-Cycle
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Outgassing of Primordial CO2At mid ocean ridges
Metamorphosis Of subducted carbonate And outgassing of volcanic arcs
Respiration Photosynthesis Weathering
Burial of organiccarbon
Storage inCarbonate rock
Erosion andExposure of
Carbon bearing
sediments
C-Cycle
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C-Cycle
CO2(g) + H2O H2CO3
H2CO3 +H2O H3O+ + HCO3-
HCO3- +H2O H3O+ + (CO3)2-
Ca2+ + (CO3)2- CaCO3(s)CaCO3 + H2CO3 Ca2+ + 2HCO3
-
Primary Silicates + CO2 Clay + Dissolved metals +H4SiO4 + HCO3-
2KAlSi3O8 (Kspar) + 2H+ + 9H2O Al2Si2O5(OH)4 (kaolinite) + 4H4SiO4(aq) + 2K+
2KAlSi3O8 (Kspar) + 2CO2 + 11H2O Al2Si2O5(OH)4 (kaolinite) + 4H4SiO4(aq) +2K+ + 2HCO3-
Basaltic Oceanic Crust + HCO3 CaCO3 + Altered Oceanic Crust.
• CO2 absorption by surface ocean ~1 yr• Mixing to deep ocean ~300 yr• Carbonate dissolution ~6000 yr• Silicate-rock weathering ~300,000 yr
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C-Cycle
Global estimates of land area, net primary productivity (NPP), and carbon stocks in living plants and soil organic matter for ecosystems of the world
Soil C values are for the top 1 m of soil only, except for peatlands, in which case they account for the total depth of peat. Pg = Petagram = Gigatonne.
Amthor, J.S. and 21 others. 1998. Terrestrial ecosystem responses to global change: a research strategy. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, ORNL/TM-1998/27.
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Components of Soil Organic Matter Components of soil organic matter and their functions
C-Cycle
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Global carbon cycle (units are PgC.
Role of organisms and contribution of organic inputs to soil organic matter and soil biota
C-Cycle5
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Carbon sequestration by mineral carbonation or Mineral sequestration
2.1 tonnes serpentine is formed per tonne of CO2 sequestered
Source http://sequestration.mit.edu/pdf/carbonates.pdf
C-Cycle
Assuming that coal is 7% carbon
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Burial of organic carbon
Location of sediment
carbon sink
Area of carbon
sink (x1012
m2)
OC burial rate
(g/m2/yr)
Amount of OC buried
(x1012
g/yr)LAKES
Large 1.18 5 6 Small 0.32 72 23
Inland seas
1.00 5 5
Total 2.5 2.5 34
3.3 3.3 29 96
6.33 415
Margins 42Basins 320
Total 362 362 60-130
PEATLANDS (present)
TOTAL "LAND"
OCEANS
C-Cycle
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Levels (proved reserves) •Coal: 905 billion metric tonnes •Oil: 1,119 billion barrels (177.9 km3) to 1,317 billion barrels (209.4 km3)•Natural gas: 6,183–6,381 trillion cubic feet (175–181 trillion cubic metres)
Flows (daily production) during 2006•Coal: 16,761,260 metric tonnes•Oil: 84,000,000 barrels per day •Natural gas: 104,435 billion cubic feet (2,963 billion cubic metres),
http://www.grantowngrammar.highland.sch.ukC-Cycle
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Atmospheric CO2
Dissolved CO2
Carbonic Acid
(H2CO3)
CO3--H2O
H+
HCO3-
Less Acidic More Acidic
C-Cycle
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http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/file/CO2+Flux+Map
C-Cycle
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Carbon Emission Estimate
C-Cycle
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/globalwarmA4.html
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v488/n7409/full/nature11299.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20120802
http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/glo.html
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http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/global_warming/impact_ocean_acidification.html
C-Cycle
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C-Cyclehttp://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Phytoplankton
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Geological timescale with important biological events, and observations of well-preservedPrecambrian biomarkers (gray) and crude oil (black
Elsevier' Treatise on Geochemistry
C-Cycle
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720 gT
2000 gT
72000000 gT
38 000 gT
GaseousExchange
DecompositionPhotosynthesis
Sedimentation& Erosion
Foss
il Fu
el B
urni
ng
78 gT
0.2 gT
65 gT
5 gT
Global carbon system main reservoirs and fluxes. Units are gigatons C for amounts, and gigatons C per year for fluxes. Steady state assumed.
C-Cyclehttp://www.scopenvironment.org/downloadpubs/scope35/chapter15.html
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Atmosphere. LithosphereHydrosphere, Biosphere
Mantle
BPOC, BCH4 DPOC
WPOC
APOC
EPOC,
Inorg. C
Org. C
DM
AOC
WC
DC
BBC + BAC
AC
EC,
Conti.. C
OceaN C
SPOCBC
C-CycleNext
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C-CycleNextPrevious
Atmosphere. LithosphereHydrosphere
DM
DC
DPOC
BBC BAC BCH4 BPOC
WPOC
wC-Sil
WC-SIL
WC
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Sink of Carbon Wc+ W C-SIL + W O-SIL + B POC + BAC +BCH4
Source of CarbonDM + D C + DPOC + W
POC + BACPrevious C-Cycle
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-34
-32
-30
-28
-26
-24
-22
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Corg/NTot
δ13C
(‰)
C4Terrestrial plants
Fresh water POC
Marine POC
Algae
Pichavaram mangrove
Vellar estuary
Coleroon estuary
C3Terrestrial plants
-34
-32
-30
-28
-26
-24
-22
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Corg/NTot
δ13C
(‰)
C4Terrestrial plants
Fresh water POC
Marine POC
Algae
Pichavaram mangrove
Vellar estuary
Coleroon estuary
C3Terrestrial plants
Typical δ13Corg and C/Ntot ranges for organic inputs to coastal environments
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304420311000594C-Cycle
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C-CycleNext
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NextPrevious C-Cycle