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Slide # 1
Carbonate Rock Components
Grains (fossils, ooliths, pellets,
intraclasts)
Matrix (carbonate mud)
Cements (chemical precipitate in
pores)
Pores
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Slide # 2
Carbonate Grain Types
Fossils and fossil fragments
Pellets and pelloids
Coated grains: ooliths, pisoliths etc.
Intraclasts
Lithoclasts
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Slide # 3
FOSSILS -
Volumetrically very important
component of carbonate rocks
Provide clues to environment of
deposition
recognized by external shape and by
internal microtextures/structures
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Slide # 4
Living things:
Monera (bacteria)
Protista (algae, forams, radiolarians,
dinoflagellates) Fungi
Plants
Metazoan Animals Invertebrates
Vertebrates
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Slide # 5
CYANOBACTERIA
also known as cyanophytes or as
blue-green algae
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Slide # 6
Cyanobacteria
filamentous, slimy
found in fresh water and shallow marinetoday
long geologic record, from early Precambrian
photosynthetic
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Slide # 7
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Slide # 8AAPG Memoir 27
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Slide # 9
Bathurst, Robin (1975), "Carbonate
Sediments and their Diagenesis" Elsevier
note this alternative interpretation
Gi ll
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Slide # 10
Girvanella
Scholle, P.A. (1978), "A Color Illustrated Guide to Carbonate Rock . . ." AAPG Memoir 27.
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Slide # 11
Filamentous cyanobacterium,
Western Australia,
3.5 billion years old
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Slide # 12
Cyanobacteria are important
because . . . Source of atmospheric oxygen
Micrite envelopes
Algal mats
Stromatolites
Oncoliths Mineralization controls
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Slide # 13
Blue-green photosynthetic
agents reflect blue-green light
and absorb red light.
Red light does not penetrate
far into the water, so the
cyanobacteria are confined
to shallow water.
Conversely, red algae use blue
light and can live in muchdeeper water.
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Slide # 14
J.L. Wray, in Haq and Boersma
(1978), "Introduction to Marine
Micropaleontology" Elsevier
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Slide # 15
Cyanobacteria
form slimy film on most sea-floor objects
combination of borings and adhered surfacedebris creates micrite envelopes
micrite envelopes survive considerable
diagenesis, including recrystallization,dissolution, preserving grain outlines,permitting petrographic analysis.
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Slide # 16
B th t R bi (1975) "C b t
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Slide # 17
Bathurst, Robin (1975), "Carbonate
Sediments and their Diagenesis" Elsevier
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Slide # 18
"Algal" mat
[= cyanobacterial mat]
sediment binding
flexible and tough
crinkly surface
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Slide # 19
Milliman (1974)
"Marine Carbonates"
Springer-Verlag.
Figure 20.
l l t B ffi B T
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Slide # 20
algal mat, Baffin Bay, Texas
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Slide # 21
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Slide # 22
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Slide # 23
crinkly lamination (algal mat) Jurassic England
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Slide # 24
crinkly lamination (algal mat) Jurassic, England.
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Slide # 25
Stromatolites
mound-shaped buildups created
by cyanobacteria
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Slide # 26
Wray J L (1977) "Calcareous Algae" Elsevier
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Slide # 27
Wray, J.L. (1977), Calcareous Algae Elsevier
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Slide # 28
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Slide # 29
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Slide # 30
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Slide # 31
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Slide # 32
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Slide # 33Toomey, D.F., and J. A. Babcock, (1983), Colorado School of Mines Professional Contributions #11.Conophyton-type stromatolites, Precambrian, Allamoore Formation, West Texas
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Slide # 35
Shark Bay
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Slide # 36
Hamelin Pool
Modern stromatolites, Shark Bay, Australia
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Slide # 37
Modern stromatolites, Shark Bay, Australia
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Slide # 38
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Slide # 39
Stromatolite reefs
Cyanobacteria are capable of forming
"reefs" particularly in the Precambrian
and Early Paleozoic
Examples from the Athapuscow
Aulacogen of Arctic Canada
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Slide # 40AAPG Memoir 33, page 377
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Slide # 41AAPG Memoir 33, page 382
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Slide # 42
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Slide # 43
Oncoliths
spherical, encrusting algal balls
around shells or other nuclei
oncoliths
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Slide # 44
oncoliths
Flagstaff Formation, Utah.
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