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Property Rights, Asset Accumulation and
Patrimonial Violence in EcuadorCarmen Diana DeereUniversity of Florida
2011 Robert G. Mead, Jr. Endowed Lecture Center for Latin American Studies, University of Connecticut, Storrs
November 9, 2011
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Physical Sexual Verbal and/or psychological Economic
◦ Acts that restrict women’s ability to generate or control their own income and the income necessary to support their own families
Patrimonial ◦ Violations of women’s property rights
Forms of Violence against Women
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◦ Denial of women’s rights to individual or community property
◦ Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Mexico, Venezuela: Husband steals, damages or destroys his wife’s
property When he prohibits her from using, managing or
disposing of her own property If he commits any kind of fraud regarding the
couple’s community property If he appropriates for himself the profits from a
family business
Patrimonial Violence in Latin America
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Women’s well being and that of her family related to women’s ownership of property
Ownership of assets an important determinant of a woman’s fall back position should the household dissolve
The stronger a woman’s fall back position, the greater her bargaining power in the household◦ Greater role in household decision-making◦ Inversely related to domestic violence◦ More likely to receive better attention from children in
widowhood
Propositions of Feminist Theory
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1. Are women aware of their property rights and are these honored in practice?
2. In what kinds of situations is patrimonial violence most likely to occur?
3. Are women’s property rights sufficiently strong so that they are able to accumulate assets on par with men?
Main Questions:
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Part of an international, comparative study on women’s accumulation of assets in Ecuador, Ghana and India
Funded by Dutch Foreign Ministry’s MDG3 Fund for Gender Equality & Women’s Empowerment
Ecuador study carried out through a collaborative research agreement between University of Florida and FLACSO-Ecuador
The Ecuador Study
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Methodology of the Ecuador Study
Qualitative field work
3 provinces: Azuay, Pichincha & Manabí
40 focus groups with 23 organizations
58 interviews with key informants (lawyers, judges, real estate agents, etc.)
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Field Work Sites
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Quantitative: 2010 Ecuador Household Assets Survey
2,892 Households, nationally representative stratified sample
Included Coast & Sierra, rural & urban areas
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Marital Regime: partial community property
Women’s Property Rights in Ecuador
Assets acquired prior to marriage
Assets acquired during the marriage
Inheritances
Individual property
Joint property of the couple
Individual property
If marriage dissolves, split 50-50
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Consensual unions have the same rights as formal marriages if meet certain conditions Monogamous, 2 years duration, can’t be
married to someone else
Inheritance Regime: all children, irrespective of sex, inherit equally from parents
Women’s Property Rights in Ecuador
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1. In FGs, most women aware that assets accumulated during marriage constitute community property
2. Less certain about what happens in consensual unions
◦ Tendency to identify the owner of an asset as the person with whose income it was purchased
Patrimonial violence: “Everything is in his name, since he’s the one who
works”
Marriage and Consensual Unions
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Graph 1: In marriage/union to whom does the property purchased with your own income belong?
Yourself Couple Don't know0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
120.0%
MenWomen
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The “double signature”: to sell a major asset, both husband and wife must sign
Means that even if husband put house in his own name, if he wants to sell, needs signature of wife
Patrimonial violence: • Husband falsifies signature• Women signs without understanding what it is
about (faith that he will protect her interests)• Husband purchases an asset and puts it in the
name of a third party (usually in anticipation of divorce)
Protection for married women
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In FG we found confusion about status of assets women had brought to marriage
◦ Tendency for them to consider their own assets as “family assets”
◦ At the same time, to recognize husband’s prior assets as his
Confusion over Individual Property in Marriage & Consensual Unions
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Graph 2: Once you marry, to whom does the property you acquired while single belong?
Yourself Couple Don't know0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
MenWomen
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Graph 3: If you inherit property during marriage, to whom does it belong?
Yourself Couple Don't know0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
MenWomen
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Respondents answer to all three ‘legal literacy’ questions similar: the couple
Could reflect various factors:◦ People unsure, but felt “the couple” was the
socially appropriate answer◦ Notion of community property well entrenched
Even if disregards rights over individual property Nonetheless, found important differences
according to marital status among those whose responses conformed to Civil Code
Marriage & Consensual Unions
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0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
Single Married Civil Union Widow Divorced Separated Total
When you inherit property during marriage, the property belongs to you.
Men
Women
Graph 4: “Correct” answer according to marital status
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Perhaps it is the experience of divorce/separation that makes people aware of their property rights◦ That is, it is a rupture in the marriage/union that
makes property rights relevant for most people Also related to social conventions
◦ Inappropriate to discuss ‘material things’ when in love
◦ Fear of breaking harmony of the union
Why are separated and divorced women more aware of legal norms?
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1. The right to the family home (the major asset of most households = 62% gross
wealth)• CC: linked to who has custody of the children• Women assume this is their right (based on
social custom); don’t realize only a usufruct right (until children reach 18)
Patrimonial violence:• If husband insists, house is sold to divide up gains• Women do anything to get out of a bad relationship,
particularly in situations of domestic violence• Don’t demand property rights
Divorce
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2. Loss of inheritanceCC: part of individual patrimony Patrimonial violence:
Women inherited land where couple built house; in divorce, land & house treated as community property without recognizing her inheritance
Related to: Lack of property titles Failure to make a “capitulation”, a legal declaration
that the land constitutes individual property
Divorce
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• Capitulations, separation of property marital regime rarely utilized
• In survey, used by less than 2% of the sample
• Principally used by people marrying for second timeo Not considered socially appropriate o Thus only used when one has already had
experience with patrimonial violence (in previous relationship) or to protect the patrimony of one’s children
Mechanisms to protect individual property
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Survey: 27.9% of sample in consensual union Most common on the Coast Not generally understood that these convey same
property rights as marriages
Problem of enforcing property rights of Consensual Unions:
Legal status is that of “Single”◦ If show ID to purchase a major asset, no one is going to
ask “are you in a consensual union?” Result: asset is registered in the name of
the person who purchased it
Consensual Unions & Separation
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Difficult to prove that one was in a consensual union since these are rarely registered
◦ Survey data: less than 10% of consensual unions are registered
Patrimonial violence: Partner only has to demonstrate that he had other
relationships at the same time so that union doesn’t meet the legal requirements for her to claim property rights
Result: Few women in unions claim property rights• More likely to fight for child support
Consensual Unions & Separation
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Most women understand that if widowed, they should receive half of the community property, with the other half going to the children◦ Considerable confusion over what this half
represents: an inheritance from their husband vs. their property right in the marriage/union
Few aware that they have no inheritance rights at all to the individual patrimony of their husband◦ CC: Spouse is in the second order of inheritance
Widowhood
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Usually the main asset is the family home, and this becomes the joint property of the widow and her children
◦ If there are minor children, the widow has the right to remain in the home in usufruct
◦ Confusion over whether widow has the right to remain in the home until her death
Patrimonial Violence: The children pressure the widow to sell the family
home and divide the proceeds
Widowhood
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Increased when the home is already in the name of the children
Children can mortgage or sell and leave the widow homeless
Common practice to divide up the inheritance among the children when parents are still alive (donations, fictitious sales)
• Upon death of spouse, few assets left to support widow• Widow must depend on good will of children
Vulnerability of the Widow
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Wills rarely usedPractice of ‘advance inheritance’ quite
common among all social classes◦ Rural areas: when you marry, parents will “show
you your inheritance”
Generally both sons and daughters inherit from their parents
Inheritance by Children
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Graph 5: Evidence of Relatively Equitable Inheritance practices
Yes
No, th
e m
en/b
roth
er in
herit
ed m
ore
No, th
e wom
en/si
ster
inhe
rited
mor
e0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
Did the brothers and sisters receive an inheritance of equal value?
MenWomen
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For many, the main way that they accumulate individually-owned property
Inheritances often constitute their “fall back” position – what they can count on in the case of separation, divorce & widowhood
Importance of Inheritance for Women
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Mode of acquisition by Individual vs. Joint Property
Men Women Couple Total0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
36
26
54
43
59
74
44
55
5.30123178500915 1.640675943015
66 2
Mode of acquisition of agricultural parcelsPurchase Inheritance
Other
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Mode of acquisition by Individual vs. Joint Property
Men Women Couple Total 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
20 2227
23
64 6268 66
13 15
3
10
41 1 1
Mode of acquisition of the principle residence (%)
Purchase
Construction
Inheritance
Other
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Our estimate: Women own 52.2 % of gross household wealth◦ Represent 53.5% of adult population◦ Suggests gender equality
The problem: wealth distributed very unequally◦ Gini wealth coefficient of 0.68
(perfect inequality = 1.0)
How Impacts Wealth Accumulation?
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I II III IV V0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
222 1,3133,508
8,132
28,288
Adult Per Capita Wealth by Quintile and Sex
Male Female Total
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1. Smaller household size (3.95)2. Highly feminized (1.32 adult women per 1
adult man)3. Men & women in consensual unions over-
represented4. Separated women over-represented5. Female household heads concentrated
among asset poor
Characteristics of the asset poor (Q I)
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Quintile 1 Quintile 2 Quintile 3 Quintile 4 Quintile 50%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Non partnered MaleNon partnered Female
Distribution of Male and Female Heads across Total Household Wealth Quintiles
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Patrimonial violence affects all social classes, but likely, most severe consequences for poor women
Separation, divorce, widowhood can be devastating, particularly if accompanied by patrimonial violence
Implications
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1 (Poorest) 2 3 4 5 (Richest)0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% Savings Consumer durables Business Livestock Other real estate Agricultural land Housing
Composition of Wealth by Quintile
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1. Overall, women in Ecuador have fairly strong property rights and these generally are respected
Comparative context:
IMPLICATIONS:Marital & inheritance regimes make a difference!
Conclusions
Country Female Share of Physical Wealth (%)
Ecuador 52.5
Ghana 30.2
India 19.0
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2. Gender equality in overall distribution of wealth in Ecuador largely explained by joint property rights in marriage and equal inheritance among all children Evidence suggests that these legal norms are
largely respected
Conclusions
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3. Class differences outweigh gender differences in the distribution of wealth
◦ Bottom 40% the asset poor Little security to meet emergencies Few assets to climb out of poverty
◦ Worrisome that female household heads overrepresented among poorest 20%
4. Marital Status and Class◦ Consensual unions concentrated in Bottom 40%◦ Where property rights most difficult to enforce and patrimonial violence seems most common
Conclusions
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5. Legal Literacy needs to be promoted so that both men and women are aware of their property rights • Most confusion is over individual property
To reduce conflict at moment of separation, divorce & widowhood, promote:• registration of consensual unions• use of capitulations• titling of real estate
Conclusions
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6. Patrimonial Violence should be recognized as a form of violence against women and their human rights
Closely related to physical, psychological and sexual violence◦ Only these forms recognized in Ecuador’s 1995 Law
Against Family Violence Crucial for women’s empowerment and well-
being
Conclusions
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45