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Carsten Rahbek, PhDPatterns of Diversity
Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
Ryan BurnerCommunity Ecology
23 April 2013
scholar.google.com
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Education
University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Biology, B.Sc., 1988
University of Wisconsin, USA, visiting graduate student, 1990 - 1991
University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Zoology, M.Sc., 1992
Smithsonian Institution, NMNH, Research Fellow 1993 - 1995
University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Biogeography, PhD, 1995
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AppointmentsCurrently: Professor and Director, Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate at University of Copenhagen andPresident-Elect, International Biogeography Society
2005-present. Full Professor, Department of Biology, Univ. of Copenhagen, Denmark;
2001-2005. Professor MSO, Zoological Museum, Univ. of Copenhagen, Denmark;
1995-2005. Head of the Copenhagen Bird Ringing Centre & Curator of Birds;
1998-2001. Associate Professor, Zoological Museum, Univ. of Copenhagen, Denmark;
1995-1998. Assistant Professor, Zoological Museum, Univ. of Copenhagen, Denmark.
http://blog.ujjvalpanchal.com/
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Research Interests
• Patterns of species distribution, species range sizes, species assemblages, species richness
and• Mechanisms that determine these patterns– “contemporary and historical factors or perhaps
also just a bit of chance”
“Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate”Shahid Naeem; http://macroecology.ku.dk/
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Early Work
• A survey of the montane forest avifauna of the Loja province, southern Ecuador; 1991. H. Bloch, M. K. Poulsen, C. Rahbek, J. F. Rasmussen
• Lista de aves del Parque Nacional Podocarpus 1992. J. F. Rasmussen, M. K. Poulsen, C. Rahbek, H. Bloch
• Avian body weights from southern Equador 1993. C. Rahbek, H. Bloch, M. K. Poulsen, J. F. Rasmussen
Orange-headed Tanagerwikipedia.com
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• The elevational gradient of species richness: a uniform pattern? 1995. C. Rahbek– 493 citations, beginning of a major theme in his work
• The relationship among area, elevation, and regional species richness in neotropical birds 1997. C. Rahbek
biogeography.org
Species Richness, Gradients, Patterns, and Mechanisms
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• The functional biogeography of species: biogeographical species roles of birds in Wallacea and the West Indies 2013. D. W. Carstensen, B. Dalsgaard, J. C. Svenning, C. Rahbek, J. Fjeldså, W. J. Sutherland, J. M. Olesen
• The role of mountain ranges in the diversification of birds 2012. J. Fjeldså, R. C. K. Bowie, C. Rahbek
• Dispersion fields, diversity fields and null models: uniting range sizes and species richness 2010. M. K. Borregaard, C. Rahbek
• Predicting continental-scale patterns of bird species richness with spatially explicit models 2007. C. Rahbek, N. J. Gotelli, R. K. Colwell, G. L. Entsminger, T. Rangel, G. R. Graves
• s
Species Richness, Gradients, Patterns, and Mechanisms
J. Fjeldså N. Sanders w/ CR G. Graves R. Colwell N. Gotelli
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Conservation and Biogeography
• Species richness and endemism in South American birds: implications for the design of networks of nature reserves 1997. J. Fjeldså, C. Rahbek
• Continent-wide conservation priorities and diversification processes 1998. J. Fjeldså, C. Rahbek
• Priorities for conservation in Bolivia, illustrated by a continent-wide analysis of bird distributions 1998. J. Fjeldså, C. Rahbek
• Conserving biodiversity in a world of conflicts 2007. M. B. Araújo, C Rahbek
x
Holt et al. 2012
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Holt et al. (2012)
Redrawing Wallace’s Eco-regions
by Taxa,using Phylogenetic
Relationships
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Recent Focus
• On “the effect of climate change, the role of scale and conceptual formulation, and practical design of null- and predictive models that allow direct testing of hypotheses related to patterns of diversity”
• Views his theoretical work as informing conservation priority setting and hypothesis testing
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Effects of Climate Change on Species Diversity
• Habitat stability affects dispersal and the ability to track climate change 2012. C. Hof, M. Brändle, D. M. Dehling, M. Munguía, R. Brandl, M. B. Araújo, C. Rahbek
• Using species co occurrence networks to assess the impacts of climate ‐change 2011. M. B. Araújo, A. Rozenfeld, C. Rahbek, P. A. Marquet
• Additive threats from pathogens, climate and land-use change for global amphibian diversity 2011. C. Hof, M. B. Araújo, W. Jetz, C. Rahbek
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Habitat Stability, Dispersal,
and the ability to trackClimate Change
Hof et al. 2012
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Elevational Gradients in Species Diversity
• A major recurring theme in Carsten Rahbek’s research, and my focus for the rest of this presentation
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Gradients in Species Diversity• The patterns and causes of elevational diversity gradients 2012. N. J. Sanders, C. Rahbek
• Contrasting patterns of phylogenetic assemblage structure along the elevational gradient for major hummingbird clades 2011. J. L. Parra, C. Rahbek, J. A. McGuire, C. H. Graham
• Elevational zonation of afrotropical forest bird communities along a homogeneous forest gradient 2009. T. S. Romdal, C. Rahbek
• Scale effects and human impact on the elevational species richness gradients 2008. D. Nogués-Bravo, M. B. Araújo, T. Romdal, C. Rahbek
• The Mid Domain Effect: There’s a Baby in the Bathwater‐ 2005. R. K. Colwell, C Rahbek, NJ Gotelli
• The Mid Domain Effect and Species Richness Patterns: What Have We Learned So Far? ‐ 2004 R. K. Colwell, C. Rahbek, N. J. Gotelli
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Marine Fish Species by Latitude
From Rohde (1978) and Rohde (1993), combined in Rohde (2011)
Latitudinal Gradients in Species Diversity
• One of the ‘most universal biogeographic patterns’
PacificAtlantic
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Latitudinal and Elevational Gradients
Similarities
-Generally declining diversity-Generally declining temperatures-Generally declining vegetation cover and primary productivity
Differences
-Seasonality-Location of humidity peak-Scale-Replication
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What Pattern? A First Question
From Rahbek (1995)From Rahbek (1995)
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The Richness/Elevation RelationshipLocally
From Rahbek (1995), citing Terborgh (1977)
Raw Data Standardized
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The Richness/Elevation RelationshipContinent Wide
Raw Data Standardized
From Rahbek (1995)
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Simple Models of
Observed Distributions
Rahbek (1997)
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Models predicting a monotonic declineMonotonic Richness/
Productivity
Rahbek (1997)
Rapoport’s ‘Rule’
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Models predicting a hump-shaped distribution
Rahbek (1997)
Hump-shaped Species/ Productivity relationship
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Rahbek (1997)
Models predicting a hump-shaped distribution
Bounded Random Geographical Ranges
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Simple Models of
Observed Distributions
Rahbek (1997)
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Sampling Effects: multiple draws from the same data set
Rang
e of
Ele
vatio
nal
Grad
ient
(m)
Spatial Grain Size (km^2)Rahbek (2008)
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Sampling Effects: multiple draws fro the same data set
Rang
e of
Ele
vatio
nal
Grad
ient
(m)
Spatial Grain Size (km^2)Rahbek (2008)
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Sampling Effects: multiple draws from the same data set
Spatial Grain Size (km^2)
1 25 81
Rang
e of
Ele
vatio
nal
Grad
ient
(m)
Rahbek (2008)
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Worldwide Average Human Impact by Elevation
Percent Original Vegetation Human Impact Index
Rahbek (2008)
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Proposed Mechanisms
• Some of the most frequently tested:– climate and productivity – source-sink dynamics– mass and area effects– disturbance– geometric factors– evolutionary history– competition
N. J. Sanders and C. Rahbek (2012)
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Thanks
science.ku.dk
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For Future ReferenceColwell, R. K., et al. (2004). "The Mid Domain Effect and Species Richness Patterns: What Have We Learned So Far?" ‐ The American Naturalist 163(3): E1-E23.
Colwell, R. K., et al. (2005). "The Mid Domain Effect: There’s a Baby in the Bathwater." ‐ The American Naturalist 166(5): E149-E154.
Hof, C., et al. (2012). "Habitat stability affects dispersal and the ability to track climate change." Biology letters 8(4): 639-643.
Holt, B. G., et al. (2013). "An Update of Wallace’s Zoogeographic Regions of the World." Science 339(6115): 74-78.
Nogués-Bravo, D., et al. (2008). "Scale effects and human impact on the elevational species richness gradients." Nature 453(7192): 216-219.
Rahbek, C. (1995). "The elevational gradient of species richness: a uniform pattern?" Ecography 18(2): 200-205.
Rahbek, C. (1997). "The relationship among area, elevation, and regional species richness in neotropical birds." The American Naturalist 149(5): 875-902.
Rohde, Klaus (2011). Latitudinal Gradients in Species Diversity: Why are there so many species in the tropics? [Internet]. Version 1. Clinical Sciences. Available from: http://clinicalsciences.wordpress.com/article/latitudinal-gradients-in-species-xk923bc3gp4-56/.
Sanders, N. J. and C. Rahbek (2012). "The patterns and causes of elevational diversity gradients." Ecography 35(1): 1-3.