Download - Cartography 2
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Instruction
Suppose Geog 1 is your last class for today
(yehey!). As you feel excited, recall thepath you usually take on your way home.
Then, create your own map showing this.
Take note of the landmarks, streets,
establishments, etc. necessary for locatingyour current address.
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Historical Development
The European voyages of discovery can betraced to Portugals Prince Henry the Navigator
(1394-1460), who set up a school of navigationand financed numerous expeditions with theobjective of circumnavigating Africa in order toestablish a profitable sea route for spices fromIndia. The knowledge of winds, ocean currents,natural harbours, and watering places built up
by Henrys captain was an essential foundationfor the subsequent voyages of the otherPortuguese explorers (Knox et.al., 2004).
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Factors that led to the growth of cartography
Two World Wars
Invention of Photography Invention of Airplanes
Rapidly increasing population & urbanization
Automation & Computer Application
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Definition
the art, science & technology of making maps,
together with their study as scientific documents& works of art
the body of practical and theoretical knowledge
about making distinctive visual representations
ofearths surface
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Representations of earths surface could be in
the form of:
Plans
Charts
Sections
3D models
Globe, and of course MAPS
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Definition
2D graphic representations that use lines and
symbols to convey information or ideas aboutspatial relationships
often present enormous amounts of information
very effectively through visual, numerical &
conceptual form
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Definition
an abstraction of reality used for analyzing,
storing, & communicating information about thelocations, attributes & interrelationships of
physical & social phenomena that are distributed
over the earths surface.
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Kinds of Maps
MAPS
Tangible
Reference
Thematic
MentalQuantitative
Qualitative
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Mental Maps
cognitive maps
psychological representations of locations thatare made up from peoples individual ideas &
impressions
spatial representation that arises in memory
exhibit distortion, biases & emotions
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Tangible Maps
the typical map, aka paper maps
the maps that we know, make and use
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Reference Maps
also known as General Purpose Maps
display objects & features of a given area(i.e. boundaries, landforms, coastlines, rivers,
etc.)
ex: Topographic map, atlas, Political Map, Road
Map
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Thematic Maps (Special Purpose Maps)
also known as Special Purpose Maps
designed to represent the spatial dimensions of aparticular conditions, processes, or events
represent a particular theme about an area
ex: Land Use Map, Climate Map, Soil Map, Pop.
Density Map
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Types of Thematic Maps
Dot Maps
Proportional (Graduated) Symbol Map Choropleth Maps
Isopleth Maps
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Types of Thematic Maps
Dot Maps - uses dots or other symbol to represent aspecified number of occurrences of some particular eventor phenomena.
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Types of Thematic Maps
Proportional (Graduated) Symbol Map -uses polygonsor other pre-assigned shapes that are in proportion to thefrequency of occurrence of phenomena at a given location.
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Types of Thematic Maps
Choropleth Maps - tonal shadings are graduated toreflect area variations in number, frequency or density.
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Types of Thematic Maps
Isopleth Maps - uses isolines which connects places ofequal data value to portray spatial information.
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Other Map Types
Cadastral Maps
Plan Flow Line Map
Aerial Photo
Charts
Topographic Map Picture Maps
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Other Map Types
Cadastral Maps - geographic relationship among thevarious parcels of land, records property & boundaries.
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Other Map Types
Plan-detailed map showing buildings, roadways etc.
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Other Map Types
Flow Line Map - uses variation in line width to representvariation in the amount of traffic or movement.
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Charts - serves purposes of navigators, both
nautical and aeronautical.
Topographic Map - elevation map, designed to
represent the form of the earths surface and to
show permanent features such as buildings,
mountains etc.
Picture Maps
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Characteristics of Maps
1. Maps are drawn on a predetermined scale.
Scale is a defined dimensional relationshipbetween reality & map.
Scale sets a limit on:
a. the info that can be included
b. manner that the info can bedelineated/presented
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2. Maps are selective.
Show only features which are important for the
purpose of the mapRetain as many of the helpful features as can be
without crowding the map
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3. Maps emphasize certain of the selected
features. This is done through:
large symbols
heavy lines
prominent colors (black, red)
inscriptions/ labels
pointing arrows
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4. Maps are generalized. This consists of
achieving a level of detail appropriate
for the purpose of a map. A map should beuseful & recognizable representation of the
real world, yet does not overwhelm the
viewer w/ excessive details.
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5. Maps are symbolized
6. Maps are lettered, titled, labeled.
7. Maps involve transformations of variouskind.
___
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Essential Parts of a Map
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Essential Parts of a Map
Title
Legend Scale
North Arrow/Direction
Grid: Latitude & Longitude
Source of Information Creator/ Publisher
Date of Publication
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Scale - dimensional relationship between
reality & the map. It links the measurement
in the map to the actual distance in the
field.
Scale = (Map distance) / (ground distance)
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Scale Classification
1. Small Scale (1:500,000 or more)
it covers wide areas such as countries & continents.Shows less detail and gives generalized info on the
areas covered.
2. Medium Scale (between 1:50,000 and
1:500,000)
3. Large Scale (1:50,000 or less)
shows restricted area in greater detail
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Representations of Map Scales
1. Word Statement: ex: 10 cm to 1 km
Adv: can relate map distance on arecognizable distance on the ground.
Disadv: not convenient for measuring
purposes.
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2. Representative Fraction (RF)
Ex: 1:10,000 or 1 / 10,000
1: 250,000 or 1/ 250,000Adv: Accurate scale statements & is
easily understood
Disadv: Needs Conversion
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3. Graphical Representation
Adv: convenient for measuring distances.
It is easy to measure actual distances.When map shrinks or expands, graphic
scale expands or shrinks accordingly.
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A way of recording & storing information.
A means of analyzing locational distributions &
spatial patterns:
(a) tool for visualizing spatial relationship; &
(b) tool for analyzing conditions, processes or
observations on the earths surface.
As a method of storing & presenting information:
maps are only as good as the information youstore & present in it.