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Prof. Peter A.L. Masawe 21 st Sept 2016
Cashew Research Innovations
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Presentation Outline
2
• Introduction• Challenges in Cashew Industry• Research Innovations
– Planting Material Development – Multiplication of Planting Materials – Good Agricultural Practices– Value Addition of Cashew and Cashew By-
products
• Conclusion
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Introduction
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• Importance of cashew in Tanzania– Main Source of Cash Income– Foreign Exchange Earning (2nd to Tobacco)– Industrial Raw Materials– Health Nutrition (Kernels Cholesterol Free)– Animal/Poultry Feed and Shade – Employment (Rural and Urban)– Carbon Sequestration– Soil Conservation – Source of Fuel (wood/shells)
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Challenges in Cashew Industry
4
• Low Productivity (200-1000 kg/ha)– Lack of Varieties – Inefficient Multiplication Methods– Overcrowding– Old Age of the Trees– Poor Agronomic Practices – Disease and Insect Pest– Inefficient Extension Services
• Low Level of Value Addition (kernels, shells, CNSL, apples and pulps)
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Research Innovations
5
• Breeding and Propagation• Agronomy• Diseases and Insect Pests• Value Addition for Cashew and its
By-products
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Achievements in Cashew Breeding
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• The biggest Cashew Gene Bank in Place• 2 Standard Cashew Varieties Identified in
Tanzania (AZA2 & AC4)• Cashew Hybridization was Successful in
1991• 16 Varieties Registered 2006• 22 Cashew Hybrids Registered 2015
• New Dwarf Cashew Registered 2016• New Cashew Descriptor in place 2015
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Criteria to Identify Improved Planting Materials and Mother Trees
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• High Yielding• Good Nut Quality
– Nut Count (100-150/kg)– Nut Shape– Percentage Kernel Out-turn (25-32%)– Wholes Recovery at Processing– Easy Peel of Testa– Easy to Detach from the Apple
• Duration of Nut Picking- Less 90 Days
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High yielding
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Yield in Kg
Age (Yrs) <10 10-15 20-30 >30 >40
<10 Good Best Elite Elite* Elite**
10-15 Bad Good Best Elite Elite*
>15 Bad Bad Good Best Elite
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AZA2 - Standard Variety – Dwarf (Nut count 141/kg, Shell %= 32, WW240)
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Age (Years)
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Kg/tree 5 13 20 15 32 49 41 45 54 50 52 51
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AC4-Standard Variety -Common(Nut count 100/kg , Shell %= 28, WW210)
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Age (Yrs) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Kg/tree 11 9 27 22 43 37 67 61 61 65 69 50
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AC4 Variety at CDC Nanyanga Tanzania
Planted by Retired President of Tanzania HE A. H. M winyi20th Sept 1991 (25 years)
Age Years
Yield Kg/tree
19 2009 92.5
20 2010 86.2
21 2011 76.0
22 2012 82.0
23 2013 87.0
24 2014 97.0
25 2015 115.0
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Nut Quality Assessment in Field
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Nut Quality Assessment
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Nut External Appearance
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Easy/Uneasy Separation of Nut from Apple
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Duration of Nut Picking
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
15/9 30/9 15/10 30/10 15/11 30/11
A C28 A C4/105 A C4/17 A C4/285 A C4/4
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Germplasm collection
Local , Regional or international
(Mass Selection)
Hybridization by
Controlled hand
Pollination
Release of Varieties or Hybrids
Advanced Genetic trials
(GxE Interaction)
DUS Test
Establishment of Scion
orchards(In Cashew Development
centers)
Multiplication (Central/Village nurseries)
5-6 Years
4-6 Years
Sell to Growers
Polyclonal Seed Orchards
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2 Year Old Cashew Hybrid(5kg)
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Multiplication of Planting Materials
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• In modern agriculture cashew is mainly propagated by vegetative propagation – Grafting (Tip or Side) – Chip Budding– Tissue culture has not been successful,
however; embryo culture have been achieved in Tanzania
• Seed multiplications is possible through development of polyclonal seeds
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Vegetative Propagation
• Tip Grafting not efficient
• Budding is More Efficient
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Successful Embryo Culture in Tanzania 2015
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Good Agricultural Practices
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• Planting in a Hole with Manure• Spacing (New Planting)• Formative Pruning/Annual pruning• Thinning (Overcrowded Farms) • Intercropping with Food Crops• Rehabilitation and Upgrading Farms
– Top working
• Diseases and Insect-pests Control• Post Harvest Handling
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Intercrop to Reduce Weeding Costs
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• Avoid annual crop that shares pest– Pigeon pea– Castrol bean– Cowpeas – Intercrop Rows Facing East-West– Distance from the Tree Trunk
• 1st Year 1m each side• 2nd year 2m each side• 3rd year 3….
• Avoid tall crops that lasts more than four months
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Why Top-working
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� Change unproductive trees� Change to new varieties
� Processing demand � high %out-turn, easy shelling/peeling
� Market driven (Consumer preference i.e. uniform kernels, big kernels)
� Disease out-breaks� Insect-Pest out-breaks
� Quick economic returns
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Powdery Mildew Disease (most destructive)
25
• No disease • Crop loss 50-100%
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Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)
26•M
ost v
arie
itsar
e re
sist
ant
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Cashew Leaf and Nut Blight Disease
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• Blight on tender leaves • Blight on leaves & inflorescence
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Cashew Nut Blight Disease (>50% loss)
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Fusarium Wilt
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a b c
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Cashew Sucking Bugs
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Coconut Bug (Pseudotheraptus wayi)
Tanzania
Anoplocnemis curvipes - Ghana
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Kernels Damaged by pest (p. wayi)
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Helopeltis spp
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Mealybug Infestation
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Stem Borer (Mecocorynus loripes) in East Africa
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.
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Cashew Value Addition
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• Majority of Processors in Africa concentrate in production of kernels only
• Cashew has little profit margin– Require large volumes to break even– Require efficient processing technology– Require byproduct value addition to increase
profit
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Cashew & Byproducts Value Addition
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• Raw Cashewnuts• Cashew Kernels• Cashew Shells• CNSL• Cashew Apples
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Processing Raw Cashewnuts
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WW180 WW240 WW320 WW450
Butts Large Splits Baby bits
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Cashew Kernel Products
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Cashewnut Shells Products
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• Cashewnut Shell Liquid (CNSL) 20-25% of nut weight
• Shell Cake / Briquette
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Main Commercial Cashew Products
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• Cashewnuts (main product)
• Cashew apples (underutilized)
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Cashew Apples Products
(Vitamin C – x 5 than citrus fruits
• Juice/Jam/Syrup• Wine• Brandy• Gin• Animal feed• Poultry feed
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Cashew Apple Pulps
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• Animal feed (Direct or dried)
• Poultry Feed (Dried)• Compost Manure
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Conclusion
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• Development of varieties must be given highest priority in Africa– Share new varieties developed in Tanzania– Adhere to recommended spacing
• Monitor - Outbreak of Diseases and Insect pests – must be a priority in West Africa
• Control of Diseases and Insect-pest -Compulsory• Value addition on Cashew and Cashew By-products
will Make Processing in Africa to be competitive and will also create jobs
• Cashew-A crop suitable to drought prone areas• Cashew Combat global warming-Carbon Sequestration
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Thursday, October 6, 2016
Cashew Research Programme
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