CEE 210 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY FOR ENGINEERS
Lecture 3: Cell Biology
Instructor: L.R. ChevalierDepartment of Civil and Environmental EngineeringSouthern Illinois University Carbondale
Environmental Biology
for Engineers
Cell Biology
ObjectivesReview the size and basic structure of the
cell Identify major differences between
prokaryotes and eukaryotesReview cell reproductionUnderstand the difference between binary
fission, mitosis and meiosisReview current research trends
Environmental Biology
for Engineers
Cell Biology
CELLS alive! How Big?
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Relative Sizes and Detection Devices
1m
1m 10-1m 10-2m 10-3m 10-4m 10-5m 10-6m 10-7m 10-8m 10-9m 10-10m 10-11m
1dm 1cm 1mm 100mm10mm 1mm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 1 A 0.1 A
Human Eye
Light Microscope
Electron Microscope
Apple
Wasp
Ant
Hair
Cell
Bacteria
Virus
DNA
SmallMolecule
Atom
ElectronOrbital
Human
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Cell Biology
Types of cells Prokaryotes
◦ Include bacteria Eukaryotes
◦ Plants, animal and _____◦ _______ eukaryotes do not have a cell wall◦ Feature lost by the single-celled organisms that gave rise to
the kingdom Animalia Main distinction
◦ Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, all genetic material is contained in a single circular strand of DNA that floats freely in cytoplasm
◦ Eukaryotes have a nucleus that contains long, complex chains of DNA called chromosomes
Most cells range in size between 1 and 100 micrometers and are thus visible only with the aid of a microscope.
Environmental Biology
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Cell Biology
Types of cells: ProkaryotesThe highest level of biological classification,
the domain, is based on the cell typeProkaryotes are single-celled organisms that
are the __________________of life on earthProkaryotes are/are not able to live and
thrive in various types of environments including extreme habitats such as hydrothermal vents, hot springs, swamps, wetlands, and the guts of animals
A scanning electron micrograph of Listeria monocytogene cells
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Cell Biology
Prokaryotesprokaryotes (from the Greek pro, meaning "before" and karyon, meaning "kernel" or "nucleus") because they contain a nucleoid region rather than a true nucleus where their genetic material is found.
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Cell Biology
CELLS alive! Prokaryotes
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Cell Biology
Types of Cells: EukaryotesMore complex than prokaryotic cells
◦ Can either be single-celled (amoeba) or multi-celled◦ Can reproduce in one of several ways (e.g. meiosis,
mitosis)Have cell nucleus within containing its
_______The nucleus is the most evident distinction
between eukaryotes and prokaryotesMost organisms that we can see, such as
trees, grass, worms, flies, mice, humans, mushrooms and yeast are eukaryotes
Human breast cancer cell
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Cell Biology
Overview Comparison
___________, a phospholipid bilayer with proteins that separates the cell from the surrounding environment and functions as a selective barrier for the import and export of material
_________, the rest of the material of the cell within the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleoid region or nucleus, that consists of a fluid portion called the cytosol and the organelles and other particulates suspended in it
___________, the organelles on which protein synthesis takes place
_______, the genetic material contained in one or more chromosomes
nonmembrane bound nucleoid region in prokaryotes
membrane-bound nucleus in eukaryotes
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Cell Biology
Types of Cells: EukaryoticEukaryotic cells (from the Greek eu, meaning "true" and karyon, meaning "kernel" or "nucleus"). Below is an animal cell.
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Cell Biology
Eukaryotic: Plant Cells
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Cell Biology
Structure and Function of Cell Parts
Organelles in Eukaryotic Cells
Structure Function
Nucleus Contains genetic material
Ribosomes Protein synthesis
Endoplasmic reticulum Synthesis/modification and transport of proteins and lipids
Golgi apparatus Processing, distribution of proteins, lipids
Lysosomes Digestion of substances in cell
Peroxisomes Digestion and detoxification
Chloroplasts Photosynthesis
Flagella/Cilia Cell movement
Vacuole and vesicle Storage of cellular substances
Centriole Cytoskeletal organization
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Cell Biology
CELLS alive! Eucaryotic Cell Interactive Animation
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Cell Biology
Plant and Animal Cell Simulation
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Cell Biology
How cells divide Most prokaryotes reproduce asexually
◦ Binary fission◦ Single DNA molecule replicates and the original cell is
divided into two identical cells. Begins with the single DNA molecule replicating Cell membrane begins to grow between the two DNA
molecules Once the cell just about doubles its original size, the
cell membrane begins to pinch inward A cell wall then forms between the two DNA
molecules dividing the original cell into two identical daughter cells
Cell membrane
DNA
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Cell Biology
Binary Fission: Desmid
B0004467 Credit Spike Walker, Wellcome Images Desmid (Micrasterias) undergoing binary fission, LM
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Cell Biology
Video Resource: Single Cell Organisms
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Cell Biology
How cells dividePresence or absence of a nucleus is
important when it come to cell reproductionRecall that prokaryotic cells divide by binary
fission◦ Genetic material is in a single strand of DNA
Typical eukaryotic cell contains about ______ more DNA
Instead of a single strand, DNA forms many distinct molecules called _____________
Mitosis is the complex and multistep process for assuring that daughter cell receives one and only one of each ________________
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Cell Biology
How cells divide: Mitosis
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Cell Biology
Reproduction: Mitosis
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Cell Biology
NSF VISUAL Exhibit (Image 4)
This image shows a mammalian cell getting ready to pinch into two daughter cells
The purse-string is made up of the same molecular components found in our muscles
In this image, the muscle-like material is shown in red; it forms a band around the edge of the cell and at the middle, where the purse-string-like contraction occurs
Also, notice that the red purse-string appears to be cutting through the green filaments-the microtubules-near the middle of the cell
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Cell Biology
Cell Differentiation The majority of organisms consist of many more than one
type of cell About 200 different types of cells -- many highly specialized --
make up the tissues and organs of the human body. Human originate as a single, simple-looking cell -- a fertilized
egg, or zygote -- so tiny that it can barely be seen without a microscope. (A human egg cell is about 1/100th of a centimeter in diameter, or a bit smaller than the width of a human hair. )
Shortly after fertilization, the zygote begins dividing, replicating itself again and again
All cells develop from this zygote Cell differentiation is controlled by genes, the genetic
instructions encoded in the DNA of every cell Genes instruct each cell how and when to build the proteins
that allow it to create the structures, and ultimately perform the functions, specific to its type of cell.
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Cell Biology
Cell Differentiation
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Cell Biology
Cell Differentiation
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Cell Biology
How Cells Divide: Mitosis vs Meiosis To make the move from asexual to sexual
reproduction, nature took a system by which parent cells reproduced simply by dividing (asexual reproduction) and altered it to allow two parent cells to combine to create offspring (sexual reproduction)
It met this challenge by devising (again, speaking from a human perspective) a system by which parent cells incorporate genetic information from both of its parents but contain half the amount of DNA
With only half the DNA, when the parent cell combines with another parent cell, the proper amount of DNA is maintained
This solution is called ___________
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Cell Biology
How Cells Divide: Mitosis vs Meiosis _______ describes the process by which the nucleus of a
cell divides to create two new nuclei, each containing an identical copy of DNA.
Cytokinesis describes the division of the rest of the cell. Almost all of the DNA duplication in your body is carried
out through mitosis. ______ is the process by which certain sex cells are created. If you're male, your body uses meiosis to create sperm
cells; if you're female, it uses meiosis to create egg cells. Others cells in your body contain 46 chromosomes: 23
from your father and 23 from your mother Your egg (or sperm) cells contain only half that number - a
total of 23 chromosomes When an egg and sperm unite to make a fertilized egg, the
chromosomes add up to equal 46
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Cell Biology
How Cells Divide: Mitosis vs Meiosis
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Cell Biology
Biology: An Overview of NSF Research
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Cell Biology
ObjectivesReview the size and basic structure of the
cell Identify major differences between
prokaryotes and eukaryotesReview cell reproductionUnderstand the difference between binary
fission, mitosis and meiosisReview current research trends
Environmental Biology
for Engineers
Cell Biology
ReferencesEnvironmental Biology for Engineers and
Scientists – Chapter 4Cells Alive
◦ http://www.cellsalive.com/toc_cellbio.htmProkaryotes
◦ http://biology.about.com/od/cellanatomy/ss/prokaryotes.htm
Biology Reference◦ http://www.biologyreference.com/index.html
Environmental Biology
for Engineers
Cell Biology
Images Scanning electron micrograph of Listeria
monocytogene cells◦ http://www.biologyreference.com/Bl-Ce/Cell.html
Schematic of prokaryote and eucaryotes (plant and animal)◦ Wikimedia Commons, Mariana Ruiz Villarreal◦ http://commons.wikimedia.org/
Binary fission◦ http://medphoto.wellcome.ac.uk/◦ B0004467 Credit Spike Walker
Human breast cancer cell from Cellupedia◦ http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryote_examples.
html Mitosis
◦ http://myersscience.barrow.wikispaces.net/Biology+Home
Environmental Biology
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Images Relative Sizes and Detection Device
Adapted from Molecular Expressions http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/index.html
Biology – An overview of NSF Research http://www.nsf.gov/news/overviews/biology/int_full.jsp
NSF VISUAL Exhibit (Image 4) http://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/mmg_disp.cfm?med_id=61577&fr
om=mmg
Environmental Biology
for Engineers
Cell Biology
Video and Flash Mitosis (tdc02_vid_dnadivide)
◦ http://www.teachersdomain.org. ◦ ©1995, 2002 WGBH Educational Foundation◦ Teachers' Domain Collection funded by National Science
Foundation Binary Fission (Single-Celled Organisms
tdc02_vid_singlecell)◦ http://www.teachersdomain.org. ◦ © 2002 WGBH Educational Foundation◦ Teachers' Domain Collection funded by National Science
Foundation Cell Differentiation (tdc02_vid_different)
◦ http://www.teachersdomain.org ◦ ©1993, 2002 WGBH Educational Foundation◦ Teachers' Domain Collection funded by National Science
Foundation
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Video and FlashPlant and Animal Cell Simulation
◦ http://www.forgefx.com/casestudies/prenticehall/ph/cells/cells.htm
How Cells Divide: Mitosis vs Meiosis◦ Nova Online◦ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/baby/divide.html
Dance of Development (sps07_int_devdance)◦ http://www.teachersdomain.org ◦ © 2007 WGBH Educational Foundation. ◦ Adapted from the Exploratorium‘s Dance of
Development http://www.exploratorium.edu/index.html
◦ Teachers' Domain Collection funded by National Science Foundation
Environmental Biology
for Engineers
Cell Biology
Sources of photographs and images in the sidebar Human brain
◦ http://www.healthnak.com/mind/
X-rays images◦ http://martingallerycharleston.com/index.html
Cold Virus (altered in Photoshop)◦ http://medphoto.wellcome.ac.uk/
About the Instructor
Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering Fellow, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Diplomat, Water Resources Engineering, American Academy of
Water Resources Engineering (AAWRE) Board Certified Environmental Engineer, American Academy of
Environmental Engineers (AAEE) Licensed Professional Engineer, State of Illinois