Download - CELL CYCLE & DIVISION
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Elwathiq Khalid Ibrahim
University of Kassala
Department of AnatomyDecember 2010
CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION
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Cell Cycle
Stages in growth &
division
G1 Phase
S Phase
G2 Phase
M PhaseCytokinesis
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LE 12-5
G1
G2
S
(DNA synthesis)
INTERPHASE
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G1 Phase
First growth stage
Cell increasesin sizeCell preparestocopyits DNA
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Synthesis Phase
Copyingofall ofDNAs
instructionsChromosomes duplicated
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G2 Phase
Time between DNA synthesis
& mitosisCell continuesgrowing
Needed proteins produced
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M Phase
Cell growth & proteinproduction stop
Cells energyusedtomake 2daughtercells
Calledmitosisor
karyokinesis (nucleardivision)
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Life Cycle of a Cell
Mitosisisacyclewithno beginningor end.
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Interphase Resting Stage
Cellscarryingonnormal
activities
Chromosomesarentvisible
Cell metabolismisoccurring
Occurs beforemitosis
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MITOSIS
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Mitosis
The process of cell division which results in the
production of two daughter cells from a single
parent cell.
The daughter cells are identicalto oneanother and to the original parent cell.
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Parent CellParent Cell
TwoTwo
identicalidentical
daughterdaughtercellscells
Identical Daughter CellsIdentical Daughter Cells
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Mitosis can be divided into stages
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase & Cytokinesis
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Interphase
The cell prepares for division
y Animal Cell
y DNA replicated
y Organelles replicated
y Cell increases in size
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Interphase
Animal Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
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Prophase
The cell prepares for nuclear division
y Animal Cell
y P
ackages DNA intochromosomes
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ProphaseAnimal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
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Metaphase
The cell prepares chromosomes for
divisiony Animal Cell
y Chromosomes line up at the
center of the celly Spindle fibers attach from
daughter cells to
chromosomes at the
centromere
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Sketch The SpindleSketch The Spindle
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Metaphase
Animal Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
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Anaphase
The chromosomes divide
y Animal Cell
y Spindle fibers pull
chromosomes apart
y of each chromosome(called chromotid) moves to
each daughter cell
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Anaphase
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
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Telophase
The cytoplasm divides
y Animal Cell
y DNA spreads out
y 2 nuclei form
y Cell wall pinches in to formthe 2 new daughter cells
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Telophase
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm
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Cytokinesis
Occursafterchromosomes
separateFormstwo,identical
daughtercells
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Cytokinesis
Cell PlateFormingin PlantCells
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Animal Mitosis -- Review
Interphase Prophase
Metaphase Anaphase
Telophase Interphase
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LE 12-4
Chromosome
duplication
(including DNA
synthesis)
0.5 m
Centromere
Sister
chromatids
Separation
of sisterchromatids
Centromeres Sister chromatids
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Male Karyotype
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Human female karyotype
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MEIOSIS
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Meiosis
Meiosis is the type of cell division by which germ cells
(eggs and sperm) are produced.
One parent cell producesfourdaughter cells.
Daughter cells have half the number ofchromosomes found in the original parent cell
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Meiosis
but,onceDuring meiosis, DNA replicates.twicethe nucleus divides
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Meiosis: Two Part Cell DivisionMeiosis: Two Part Cell Division
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HomologsHomologs
separateseparate
SisterSister
chromatidschromatids
separateseparate
DiploidDiploid
MeiosisMeiosis
II
MeiosisMeiosis
IIII
DiploidDiploid
HaploidHaploid
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Meiosis I
First division of meiosis
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Meiosis I: Reduction DivisionMeiosis I: Reduction Division
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NucleusNucleus SpindleSpindle
fibersfibersNuclearNuclear
envelopeenvelopeEarly Prophase IEarly Prophase I
(Chromosome number(Chromosome numberdoubleddoubled))
Late Prophase ILate Prophase I Metaphase IMetaphase I
Anaphase IAnaphase ITelophaseTelophase II ((diploid)diploid)
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Synapsis & Crossing Over
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Second Division of Meiosis
Meiosis
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Meiosis II: ReducingMeiosis II: ReducingChromosome NumberChromosome Number
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Prophase IIProphase II Metaphase IIMetaphase II
Anaphase IIAnaphase II
TelophaseTelophase IIII
44 Genetically DifferentGenetically Different
haploid cellshaploid cells
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Meiosis AnimationMeiosis Animation
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Results of MeiosisResults of Meiosis
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GametesGametes (ovum(ovum & sperm) form& sperm) form
Four haploid cells with one copyFour haploid cells with one copy
of each chromosomeof each chromosome
One allele of each geneOne allele of each gene
Different combinations of allelesDifferent combinations of allelesfor different genes along thefor different genes along the
chromosomechromosome
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FertilizationFertilization Putting it all togetherPutting it all together
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11nn ==2323
22n =n = 4646