![Page 1: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Endocrine Control
The Endocrine System
![Page 2: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Key Concepts:
Hormones integrate activities of individual
cells in ways that benefit the whole body
Only the cells with receptors for specific
hormones are the targets
Hormones affect the target cells in various
different ways
![Page 3: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Key Concepts:
The hypothalamus and pituitary
gland interact to coordinate the
activities of endocrine glands
Other factors besides hormones
trigger hormone secretions
![Page 4: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Hormones & Other
Signaling Molecules
In the human body, the responses of millions to billions of cells must be integrated to keep the whole body alive and functioning.
This integration is brought about by signaling molecules.
These are hormones, neurotransmitters, local signaling molecules, and pheromones.
![Page 5: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Hormones and Other
Signaling Molecules
Hormones
Are secreted by endocrine glands
Sent via the blood
Target sites throughout the body
Neurotransmitters
Released from axons
Local signaling molecules
Released by body cells for a local response
Pheromones
Odorless secretions diffuse through air
![Page 6: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Neural - Endocrine
Control Center
Pituitary gland (endocrine) interacts with the hypothalamus (nervous – part of the brain)
![Page 7: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Human Endocrine System
![Page 8: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Hormonal Action
Hormones & other signaling molecules interact with protein receptors of target cells.
When a hormone reaches a target cell that cell will either be stimulated or inhibited.
![Page 9: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Composition of Signaling
Mechanisms
Steroids
Testosterone, Estrogens, Progestins, Cortisol,
Thyroid, Vitamin D, Aldosterone
Peptides
Glucagon, ADH, Oxytocin, TRH
Proteins
Insulin, Somatotropin, Prolactin
Glycoproteins
FSH, LH, TSH
![Page 10: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Hypothalamus and
Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus (found deep
in the forebrain)
Monitors internal
activities and organs
Pituitary Gland (suspended
from the hypothalamus and
about the size of a pea)
Has Two Lobes
Posterior Lobe
ADH
Oxytocin
Anterior Lobe
![Page 11: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Hypothalamus and
Pituitary Gland
Pituitary Gland
Anterior lobe
ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, GH (growth hormone)
![Page 12: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Examples of Abnormal
Pituitary Output
Gigantism
Excess GH in childhood
Dwarfism
Underproduction of GH
Diabetes insipidus
Diminished ADH secretion
Acromegaly
Excess GH in adulthood
![Page 13: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Fig. 37.7, p. 634
age 9 age 16
age 33 age 52
![Page 14: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Sources and Hormones
Adrenal Cortex Glucocorticoids
Adrenal medulla Epinephrine Norepinephrine
Thyroid Thyroxine Calcitonin
Parathyroid PTH
Gonads
Testes Androgens
Ovaries Estrogen Progesterone
![Page 15: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Sources and Hormones
Pancreas Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Thymus Thymosins
Pineal Melatonin
Stomach Gastrin
Small intestine Gastrin
Secretin
![Page 16: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Sources and Hormones
Liver Somatomedins
Kidneys Erythropoietin
Angiotensin
Calcitriol
Heart Atrial natriuretic
hormone
![Page 17: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Feedback Control of
Hormonal Secretions
Two types of
feedback
Negative
Feedback
Some positive
feedback
Labor and
delivery
![Page 18: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Thyroid
Produces
Thyroxine
Made from
iodine
TSH from the
anterior pituitary
gland stimulates
thyroid
Hypothyroidism
Goiter
Hyperthyroidism
![Page 19: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Feedback Control of
the Gonads
Loop to the
hypothalamus
and pituitary
gland from the
ovaries
![Page 20: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Secretions from
Parathyroid Glands
PTH
Regulates calcium
levels in blood
Low calcium blood levels
---->
Parathyroid secretes PTH
![Page 21: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Secretions from
Pancreatic Islets
Alpha cells
Glucagon
Glycogen conversion to glucose
Beta cells
Insulin
Glucose uptake by cells
Delta
Somatostatin
Control of digestion
![Page 22: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Fig. 37.12, p. 639
Many cells, especially muscle cells, take up glucose and use it as an energy source or convert it to glycogen.
Liver converts glucoseto glycogen, fats, proteins.
Blood glucose levels decline to a set point; stimulus calling for insulin diminishes.
Stimulus:Cells use or store glucose between meals.
Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon into blood.
Liver converts glycogen to glucose, stops synthesizing glycogen.
Blood glucose levels increase to a set point; stimulus calling for glucagon diminishes.
Stimulus:Glucose is absorbed following a meal.
Beta cells of pancreas release insulin into blood.
GLUCAGON
INSULIN
![Page 23: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Applications Manual (p96)
60 points
Endocrine disorders can develop due to abnormalities in the endocrine glands, the endocrine or neural regulatory mechanisms, or the target tissues. Listed below are various endocrine disorders. Describe each one:
![Page 24: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Disorders (30 points)
Thyroid Gland Disorders
Hypothyroidism
Goiter
Grave’s Disease
Parathyroid Disorders
Hyperparathyroidism
Adrenal Cortex Disorders
Addison’s Disease
Cushing’s Disease
![Page 25: Cell Division and Mitosis...Feedback Control of Hormonal Secretions Two types of feedback Negative Feedback Some positive feedback Labor and delivery The Thyroid Produces Thyroxine](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022051907/5ff9c2b455583f14477aec5c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Diabetes (30 points)
Diabetes is a fairly common problem in the U.S. Diabetes comes in two forms: Insulin-dependent diabetes, or Type I, & non-insulin dependent diabetes, or Type II. Describe each form of the disease. Make sure to include symptoms, testing for the disease, as well as treatment.