Download - Cell Division and Mitosis
![Page 1: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cell Division and Mitosis
Starr/Taggart’s Biology:
The Unity and Diversity of Life, 9e
Chapter 9
![Page 2: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Key Concepts:Continuity of life depends on
reproductionAfter cell division, each daughter cell
must receive the same amount of DNA
The cell cycle: Interphase and Mitosis DNA and proteins make up
chromosomes in eukaryotic cellsMembers of the same species have
the same number of chromosomes in their cells
![Page 3: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Key Concepts:
The body cells of many organisms have a diploid chromosome number
Mitosis keeps the chromosome number constant
Mitosis is the basis of growth and tissue repair in multicelled eukaryotes.
Single-celled eukaryotes and many multicelled eukaryotes reproduce by mitosis
![Page 4: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Overview
DNA contains hereditary instructions
Before cells reproduce, they must undergo nuclear division Mitosis
Meiosis
Multicelled organisms grow and repair themselves by mitosis
![Page 5: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Overview
Mitosis and meiosis are nuclear division mechanisms
Mitosis in somatic cells allows growth, repair, and asexual reproduction
Meiosis occurs in germ cells, produces gametes, allows sexual reproduction
Prokaryotic cells reproduce asexually
![Page 6: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Chromosomes
Each chromosome duplicates in preparation for mitosis
Sister chromatids remain attached
![Page 7: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Mitosis and Chromosome Number
Chromosome number = Total of chromosomes in somatic cells Humans 46
Gorillas 48
Pea plants 14
Chromosomes are in pairs Humans 23 pairs
2n “diploid”
1n “haploid” (gametes)
![Page 8: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Cell Cycle
A diploid cell produces two diploid daughter cells
Two phases in cell cycle
InterphaseLongest phase
Increase in mass, doubles components, and duplicates DNA
MitosisNuclear division
![Page 9: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
InterphaseG1
“Gap” - cell growth before DNA replication
S
“Synthesis” - DNA replication
G2
“Second Gap” - preparation for division
The length of each part differs among different cell types
![Page 10: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
The Cell Cycle
![Page 11: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Mitosis
Four stages
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis Cytoplasmic division
![Page 12: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Prophase
Chromosomes become visible
Spindle apparatus formsCentrioles move apart to opposite poles
Microtubules break apart into tubulin subunits
New tubulin subunits form the spindle
Nuclear envelope breaks up
![Page 13: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Prophase
![Page 14: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Metaphase
Chromosomes interact with
microtubules on spindle apparatus Attachment at centromeres
•Kinetochore
Tubules pull on chromosomes
Orientation of sister chromatids to opposite poles
Alignment of chromosomes midway between the poles
![Page 15: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Metaphase
![Page 16: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Anaphase
Separation of sister chromatids Movement
toward opposite poles
![Page 17: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Separation of Sister ChromatidsMicrotubules attached to
centromeres shorten and pull chromosomes towards poles
![Page 18: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Separation of Sister ChromatidsSpindle elongates and the spindle
poles are pushed farther apart by overlapping microtubules
![Page 19: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Telophase
Chromosomes arrive at spindle poles Chromosomes return to threadlike forms
New nuclear membranes form
Two nuclei form
Cytokinesis Division of cytoplasm
Forms two cells
![Page 20: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Metaphase to Interphase
![Page 21: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Cytoplasmic Division
Cytokinesis
Between late anaphase and end of telophase
In plants: cell plate formsVesicles fuse
In animals: cleavageCleavage furrow - depression forms at
cell’s midsection
![Page 22: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
In ConclusionA parent cell provides each daughter
cell with hereditary instructions
Eukaryotes divide by mitosis or meiosis and prokaryotes divide by binary fission
Each chromosome is one DNA molecule with proteins attached
Cells with a diploid number (2n) contain two of each kind of chromosome
![Page 23: Cell Division and Mitosis](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081603/568134fc550346895d9c46d7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
In ConclusionMitosis maintains the chromosome
number from one cell generation to the next
Mitosis is the basis of growth and tissue repair, and asexual reproduction in some eukaryotes
The cell cycle includes interphase and mitosis
The phases of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
developed by M. Roig