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Cell Membrane Transport
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GPS StandardsSAP1. Students will analyze anatomical
structures in relationship to their physiological functions.d. Relate cellular metabolism and transport to
homeostasis and cellular reproduction.
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Learning Goals
By the end of this section, you will be able to: Describe the components of the cell
membrane and their functions. Relate cellular transport to homeostasis. Differentiate between passive transport
processes and active transport processes.
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Medical Terminology
Use prefixes, suffixes, and roots sheet to define the following:• bi-• endo-• exo-• extra-• hydro-• inter-• intra-• phago-• pino-• trans-• -osis• -philic• -phobic• cyt• integral• peripheral
Use prefixes, suffixes, and roots to define the following:
• transport
• bilayer
• extracellular
• endocytosis
• exocytosis
• hydrophilic
• hydrophobic
• integral protein
• intracellular
• peripheral protein
• phagocytosis
• pinocytosis
prefix suffix root
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The Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that determines which molecules can come into the cell and which molecules can leave the cell.
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Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Transverse Section of the cell
membrane
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The Cell Membrane
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Cell Membrane Components
1. Phospholipid bilayer– Made up of
• Hydrophilic head• Hydrophobic tail
– Allows small molecules, like water and gases, to pass through the membrane easily
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Cell Membrane Components Continued
2. Proteins– Integral proteins
• Permanently imbedded in the membrane• Used as carrier proteins for large molecules
– Peripheral proteins• Loosely bonded to the internal and external
surfaces of the membrane• Mainly used in cell to cell communication and the
immune response
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Passive Transport
• A process that moves molecules across the cell membrane without energy from the cell
• Moves molecules from high to low concentrations
• Like riding a bike downhill
• Processes– Diffusion– Osmosis– Facilitated Diffusion
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Diffusion
The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
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Diffusion
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Osmosis
• The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
• Osmotic solutions can be– Hypotonic (hypo- means “less than”)
– Isotonic (iso- means “the same”)
– Hypertonic (hyper- means “more than”)
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Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic
Osmosis
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Cells in Osmotic Solutions
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Facilitated Diffusion
The diffusion of molecules across a membrane with the help of transport molecules imbedded in the cell membrane.
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Facilitated Diffusion
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Active Transport
• A process that drives large molecules across the cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration
• Like riding a bike uphill
• Processes– Endocytosis– Exocytosis– Ion Pumps
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Endocytosis
• Molecules are brought into the cell by vesicles formed from the cell membrane
• Processes– Pinocytosis. The cell takes tiny droplets
from its surroundings into tiny vesicles. – Phagocytosis. The vesicle engulfs food
particles that are digested by lysosomes.
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Endocytosis
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Exocytosis
• Molecules are forced out of the cell by vesicles made by the Golgi apparatus
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Exocytosis
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Exocytosis
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Ion Pumps
Ion pumps use integral proteins and energy (ATP) to transport ions, such as sodium (Na) and potassium (K) across the membrane.