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1
2.5 : Cells are grouped into tissues
(A) Animal
CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
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CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Microscopic structures of plant and animal
cell
Structures & functions:Cell membrane and
organelles
Cell transport
Cells are grouped into tissue
Animal Plant
Epithelial Nerve Muscle Connective
MeristemParenchymaCollenchymaSclerenchyma Xylem Phloem
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Types&
Specialized cell
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From a ball of cells (embryo)…
Nerve cells
osteocytes Blood cells
Muscle cells
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cell organization
cell
tissue
organ
system An integrated group of cell with
a common structure,
function, or both.
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Types of tissues
epithelial
muscle
nerve
connective
Striated muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle Bonecartilage blood
squamous
cuboidal
columnar
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At the end of this lesson, student should be able to:
Describe the structure, distribution and function of the following cell:
a) Epithelial
b) Nerve
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Simplest tissues.
It can be built up into tissues of varying complexity.
Lining tissues : in it simplest form, it consists of a single layer of cells covering the surface of the body and the organs within it.
A) Epithelial Tissues
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Also lines various spaces and tubes ( in which situation it is usually referred to as endothelium).
Firmly attached to each other.
Rest on basement membrane
Have free surface
A) Epithelial Tissues
basement membrane
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A) Epithelial Tissues
MAIN FUNCTION Protection
OTHER FUNCTIONS
•To increase the surface area for absorptionof material
•Exchange materials by diffusion
•As a gland ; secrete mucus and enzyme
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TYPES EPITHELIAL
Cell
Shape
SIMPLE
- single layer of cells
STRATIFIED
- multiple layers of cells
PSEUDO-STRATIFIED
-single layer but it appears to be stratified because the cells vary in length
SQUAMOUS
CUBOIDAL
COLUMNAR
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TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Simple EpithelialTissues
Stratified EpithelialTissues
PseudostratifiedEpithelialTissues
Simple squamousEpithelial tissues
Simple cuboidalEpithelial tissues
Simple columnarEpithelial tissues
Stratified squamousEpithelial tissues
Stratified columnar
Epithelial tissues
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i) Simple Squamous Epithelial tissues
Cells are flattened
The sheet of cell is delicate, thin, and leaky
basement membrane
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Exchange of materialLubricates the movement between adjacentsurfaceThe thinness of squamous facilitates diffusion across it
Lining of blood vesselsAir sacs of lungs
EPITHELIAL: SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
FUNCTION
DISTRIBUTION
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ii)Simple Cuboidal Epithelial tissues
Cells are cubical in shape (dice-shaped)
View from free surface are polygonal
Have similar height and width
Nucleus in the centre
basement membrane
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FUNCTION
Specialized for secretion
DISTRIBUTION
Make up the epithelial of kidney tubulesIn many glands ; thyroid & salivary glands
EPITHELIAL: SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
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iii)Simple Columnar Epithelial tissues
Cells are elongated at the right angle of the basement membrane
Cell are taller compare to their width
Large cytoplasmic volume
Nucleus found lower in cell, closer to the cell base
Have numerous goblet cells (secrete mucus)
basement membrane
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Secretion & absorption Secrete digestive juices and absorb nutrient
Linings of small intestine (many microvilli)Upper part of respiratory tract
EPITHELIAL: SIMPLE COLUMNAR
FUNCTION
DISTRIBUTION
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Stratified Epithelial Tissues
Stratified squamousEpithelial tissues
Stratified columnarEpithelial tissues
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i) Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissues
Several layer of cells
Lower ones are columnar & metabolically active
Division of lower cells causes the older ones to pushed upward forward surface & becoming flattened as they move
Outer layer continuously
sloughed off and replaced
from below
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FUNCTION
Provide protection from abrasion
DISTRIBUTION
Outer skinLinings of esophagus, anus and vagina.
EPITHELIAL: STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
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Consists of only 2 or 3 layers of cuboidal or low columnar cells
ii) Stratified Columnar Epithelial Tissues
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FUNCTION
Provide more robust lining
DISTRIBUTION
Exocrine glandsSalivary glands
EPITHELIAL: STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
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Pseudostratified Epithelium Tissues
The appearance looks like more than one layer of cells
True simple epithelial because all cells rest on basement membrane
Nucleus disposed at different levels.
Cilia are present
Mucus - secreting cilia
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FUNCTION
Provide replacement for cells lost or damagedForm mucous membraneCilia – move the film of mucus along surface
DISTRIBUTION
Respiratory tract
EPITHELIAL: PSEUDOSTRATIFIED
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Figure 40.1x Epithelial tissues
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Figure 40.1 The structure and function of epithelial tissues
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Identification of cell[shape, layer of cell]
FunctionDistribution
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FINISH FOR EPITHELIAL TISSUES
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Include:
Nerve tissues
NEURONS
NEUROGLIA
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Nerve tissues…
Nerve cells
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Fundamental unit of the nervous system
Having structure and properties that allow it to conduct signals by taking advantage of the electrical charge across its cell membrane
Include neuron and neuroglia or supporting cells
B) Nerve Cell
NEURONS
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The pathway of the communication between the brain and the body
Transmit signals called nerve impulse
Receptor Effector(skin) (mucle/gland)
Include neuron and neuroglia or supporting cells
B) Nerve Cell
NEURONS
Impulse
Impulse pass along the nervous from organ that receive stimuli (receptor) such as skin to organ that effect change (effector) such as muscle or gland
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Three part of neuronCell body Contain nucleus and other organelles
Dendrites Are short, highly branched Receive incoming stimulation and
conduct electric event to the cell body
Axon Axons much longer than dendrite Are enclose by an insulating layer
called the myelin sheath Single fibre extension that conduct
impulse away from the body cell
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Further increase the speed of
transmission
( found throughout the Myelin sheath )
Myelin sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
Part of neuron
formed from Schwann
enclose the axon
Function: as electrical
insulation in a neuron and
accelerates impulse
transmission
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Part of neuron
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Cell Body
Dendrites
Axon
Nodes Of RanvierMyelin
Sheath
Contain nucleus and other organelles
-Formed from Schwann cell
-As electrical insulation and accelerates impulse transmission
• Short, highly branched
• received incoming stimuli and conduct electric event to cell body. -Single fiber extension
-Conduct impulse away from the body cell
Increase the speed of transmission
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Types of neuron :
-classified by the number of their fibre or by their function
-The functional classification of neuron is based in which they transmit impulse and on the position
they occupy in the nervous system
Sensory neuron
Intermediary / Relay neuron
Motor neuron
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Sensory neuron
Typical location :eye, surface of skin
Function :- receive information about body’s condition and external environment
- send impulse from sensory receptorto central nervous
system (CNS)
Types of neuron :
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Intermediary / Relay
neuron
Typical location :brain and spinal cord
Function :integrate information, conduct impulse between neurons within CNS
Types of neuron :
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Motor
neuron
Typical location :brain and spinal cord
Function :conduct impulse out of CNS toward muscles and glands
Types of neuron :
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46
Types of neuron :
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Supporting cells in the central nervous system are called glial cell (glue cell)
Several types of glial cell in the brain and spinal cord glue neurons together
Do not conduct electrical impulse but instead support and insulate neurons
Neuroglia
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Oligodendrocytes(CNS) and Schwann cell (PNS) are gliathat form an insulating covering (myelin sheath) around axon of many neuron
Neuroglia
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49
NERVOUS TISSUE
ANIMAL TISSUES TYPES AND SPECIALISED CELL: ANIMAL
Basic unit
NEURON
Types of neuron
Sensory neuron Interneuron Motor neuron
Support by
Neuroglia
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Finish for nerve tissues