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Cell Structure and Function
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Principles of Cell Theory
• Unit of life
• All living things are made of cells (Schwann and Schleiden)
• All cells come from cells (no spontaneous generation -Virchow)
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Cells
• unicellular• Multicellular
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cells• Many types• Different functions
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Discovery of Cells
• Robert Hooke (mid-1600s)– Observed sliver of cork– Saw “row of empty boxes”– Coined the term cell
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Cell size
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Characteristics of All Cells
• Membrane around cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm – thick fluid with organelles
• Organelles – “little organs”
• DNA
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Organelles
• Cellular “organs”
• Two general kinds– Derived from membranes– Bacteria-like organelles
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Bacteria-Like Organelles• Endosymbiotic theory:
– Ancient association between symbiotic bacteria and primitive cells
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Cell Types
• Prokaryotic: bacteria
• Eukaryotic: plants, animals
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Prokaryotic Cells• No nucleus – has a “nucleoid” with DNA• Organelles without membranes• First cell type on earth• Smaller than eukaryotic cells• bacteria
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Eukaryotic Cells• Nucleus with a membrane
• Possess many organelles with membranes
• Plants, Animals, fungi, protozoans
Protozoan
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Eukaryotic vs. prokaryotic cells
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EukaryoticPlant vs animal cells
Centriolesribosomes
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Representative Animal Cell
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Representative Plant Cell
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Plasma Membrane
• Contains cell contents
• Double layer of phospholipids & proteins
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Phospholipids
• Polar– Hydrophylic head– Hydrophobic tail
• Interacts with water
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Movement Across the Plasma Membrane
• A few molecules move freely– Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen
• Carrier proteins transport some molecules– Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer– Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of
a lipid bilayer with proteins
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Membrane Proteins
1. Channels or transporters– Move molecules in one direction
2. Receptors – Recognize certain chemicals
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Membrane Proteins
3. Glycoproteins – Identify cell type
4. Enzymes – Catalyze production of substances
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Cell Walls
• Found in plants, fungi, & many protists
• Surrounds plasma membrane
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Cell Wall Differences
• Plants – mostly cellulose
• Fungi – contain chitin
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Cytoplasm• Viscous fluid containing organelles• components of cytoplasm
– Interconnected filaments & fibers – Fluid = cytosol– Organelles (not nucleus)– storage substances
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Cytoskeleton• Filaments & fibers
• Made of 3 fiber types– Microfilaments– Microtubules– Intermediate filaments
• 3 functions:– mechanical support– anchor organelles– help move
substances
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A = actin, IF = intermediate filament, MT = microtubule
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Cilia & Flagella
• Provide motility• Cilia
– Short– Used to move substances
outside human cells
• Flagella – Whip-like extensions– Found on sperm cells
• Basal bodies like centrioles
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Cilia & Flagella Structure
• Bundles of microtubules
• With plasma membrane
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Centrioles
• Pairs of microtubular structures
• Play a role in cell division
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Membranous Organelles
• Functional components within cytoplasm
• Bound by membranes
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Nucleus
• Control center of cell
• Double membrane
• Contains – Chromosomes– Nucleolus
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Nuclear Envelope
• Separates nucleus from rest of cell
• Double membrane
• Has pores
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DNA
• Hereditary material
• Chromosomes– DNA– Protiens– Form for cell division
• Chromatin
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Nucleolus
• Most cells have 2 or more
• Directs synthesis of RNA
• Forms ribosomes
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Helps move substances within cells
• Network of interconnected membranes
• Two types– Rough endoplasmic reticulum– Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Ribosomes attached to surface– Manufacture protiens– Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER
• May modify proteins from ribosomes
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• No attached ribosomes
• Has enzymes that help build molecules– Carbohydrates– Lipids
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Golgi Apparatus
• Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
• Packaging & shipping station of cell
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Golgi Apparatus Function
1. Molecules come in vesicles
2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane
3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi
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Golgi Apparatus Function (Continued)
4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle
5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus
6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents
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Lysosomes
• Contain digestive enzymes• Functions
– Aid in cell renewal– Break down old cell parts – Digests invaders
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Vacuoles
• Membrane bound storage sacs
• More common in plants than animals
• Contents – Water– Food– wastes
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Bacteria-Like Organelles
• Release & store energy
• Types – Mitochondria
(release energy) – Chloroplasts
(store energy)
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Mitochondria
• Have their own DNA
• Bound by double membrane
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Mitochondria
• Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration)
– Glucose– Fatty acids
• Release energy– ATP
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Chloroplasts
• Derived form photosynthetic bacteria
• Solar energy capturing organelle
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Photosynthesis
• Takes place in the chloroplast
• Makes cellular food – glucose
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Review of Eukaryotic Cells
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Review of Eukaryotic Cells
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Molecule Movement & Cells
• Passive Transport
• Active Transport
• Endocytosis
(phagocytosis & pinocytosis)
• Exocytosis
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Passive Transport
• No energy required
• Move due to gradient– differences in concentration, pressure, charge
• Move to equalize gradient– High moves toward low
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Types of Passive Transport
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated diffusion
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Diffusion
• Molecules move to equalize concentration
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Osmosis
• Special form of diffusion
• Fluid flows from lower solute concentration
• Often involves movement of water– Into cell– Out of cell
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Solution Differences & Cells• solvent + solute = solution
• Hypotonic– Solutes in cell more than outside– Outside solvent will flow into cell
• Isotonic– Solutes equal inside & out of cell
• Hypertonic– Solutes greater outside cell– Fluid will flow out of cell
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Facilitated Diffusion
• Differentially permeable membrane
• Channels (are specific) help molecule or ions enter or leave the cell
• Channels usually are transport proteins (aquaporins facilitate the movement of
water)• No energy is used
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Process of Facilitated Transport
• Protein binds with molecule
• Shape of protein changes
• Molecule moves across membrane
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Active Transport
• Molecular movement
• Requires energy (against gradient)
• Example is sodium-potassium pump
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Endocytosis
• Movement of large material– Particles– Organisms – Large molecules
• Movement is into cells
• Types of endocytosis– bulk-phase (nonspecific)– receptor-mediated (specific)
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Process of Endocytosis
• Plasma membrane surrounds material
• Edges of membrane meet
• Membranes fuse to form vesicle
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Forms of Endocytosis
• Phagocytosis – cell eating
• Pinocytosis – cell drinking
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Exocytosis
• Reverse of endocytosis
• Cell discharges material
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Exocytosis
• Vesicle moves to cell surface
• Membrane of vesicle fuses
• Materials expelled
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End Chapter 5