Download - Cells
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Biology
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Characteristics of Living Things
Reproduction
Growth
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Characteristics of Living ThingsDevelopment
Energy Capture
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Characteristics of Living Things
Energy UtilizationResponse to Stimuli
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Characteristics of Living Things
Composed of Cells
Adaptation
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Basic BiochemistryTextbook Chapter 3 (Sections 1 and 3)
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Biochemistry Atom: single unit,
found on periodic table
Molecule: combination of multiple atoms via bonds
Element (atoms) vs. Compound (molecules)
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Cells
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Levels of Organization “SMALLER” LEVELS
Cells Tissues* Organs Organ Systems Organisms
“LARGER” LEVELS
Organisms Populations* Communities* Ecosystems Biosphere
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“Cell” Theory1. All living things are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function within organisms.
3. All cells are derived from other cells.
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Macromolecules
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4 Essential Macromolecules All carbon-based
because…
Smaller molecules LINKED to form chains, called “polymers”
Important in nutrition
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1.) CARBOHYDRATES Structure: single sugars (carbon rings)
which can be joined
Monosaccharides (1), Disaccharides (2), Polysaccharides (many)
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1.) CARBOHYDRATES Primary energy source
(utilized first)
Cell-recognition
Structural support (chitin and cellulose)
Examples in foods: starches, sugars, bread, and fruit
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2.) LIPIDS Structure: long carbon/hydrogen chains
Fats, waxes, oils
One use: long-term energy storage
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2.) LIPIDS Often insoluble (barrier to water) because
hydrocarbon chains are “hydrophobic”
What things are made out of lipids?
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3.) PROTEINS Structure: small AMINO
ACIDS linked into long chains
20 different amino acids
Function of a protein related to order of AAs
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3.) PROTEINS Structural building blocks of cells (tissue, bones, skin, muscles)
Extremely complicated structures,
Also called“polypeptides”
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4.) NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA carries genetic information
Structure: small “nucleotides” linked together
Order of four different nucleotides creates the “code” found in DNA
ATP: energy currency in cells
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Topics Covered: Week 1 Characteristics of living things
(1.4) Cell theory (7.1) Basic chemistry (3.1, 3.2) Levels of organization (7.3) Four macromolecules (3.3)
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Water Interactions
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Cell Environment Primarily water
Molecules are dissolved / suspended
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Types of Solute (Solute = dissolved
particles)
HYDROPHILIC (usually have pos. or neg. charge)
HYDROPHOBIC (usually uncharged)
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Cells
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Cell Size/Shape Varies based on type of
cell
Ex. Neurons are thin, but can be nearly a meter
Size scale: micrometers (μm)
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Why are cells so small? A small volume (size)
requires fewer nutrients
A larger surface area allows a cell to transport more across the cell membrane
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Surface Area-To-Volume Ratio Most efficient cells
have small volumes and large surface areas
A large surface area-to-volume ratio is best
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Surface Area-To-Volume Ratio The larger the cell, the smaller the SA-V ratio
Diameter of cube:
Surface area:
Volume:
Ratio:
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Surface Area-To-Volume Ratio The larger the cell, the smaller the SA-V ratio
Diameter of cube: 1 μm
Surface area: 6 μm2
Volume: 1 μm3
Ratio: 6.0
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Surface Area-To-Volume Ratio The larger the cell, the smaller the SA-V ratio
Diameter of cube: 1 μm 2 μm
Surface area: 6 μm2 24 μm2
Volume: 1 μm3 8 μm3
Ratio: 6.0 3.0
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Surface Area-To-Volume Ratio The larger the cell, the smaller the SA-V ratio
Diameter of cube: 1 μm 2 μm 3 μm
Surface area: 6 μm2 24 μm2 54 μm2
Volume: 1 μm3 8 μm3 27 μm3
Ratio: 6.0 3.0 2.0
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Surface Area-To-Volume Ratio The larger the cell, the smaller the SA-V ratio
Diameter of cube: 1 μm 2 μm 3 μm 4 μm
Surface area: 6 μm2 24 μm2 54 μm2 96 μm2
Volume: 1 μm3 8 μm3 27 μm3 64 μm3
Ratio: 6.0 3.0 2.0 1.5
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Surface Area-To-Volume Ratio The larger the cell, the smaller the SA-V ratio
Diameter of cube: 1 μm 2 μm 3 μm 4 μm 5 μm
Surface area: 6 μm2 24 μm2 54 μm2 96 μm2 150 μm2
Volume: 1 μm3 8 μm3 27 μm3 64 μm3 125 μm3
Ratio: 6.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.2
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Surface Area-To-Volume Ratio By increasing surface area with
folds, cells can be more efficient
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PROKARYOTIC CELLS Bacteria
First organisms on Earth
No nucleus. Few cell structures.
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EUKARYOTIC CELLS Part of multi-celled
organisms
More specialized
Nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
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What Cells Do… All the functions that
allow an organism to survive
Including: respiration, growth, reproduction, energy utilization, etc.
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Cell Membrane Outer covering of all
cells Gives cell its shape Controls what enters
and exits the cell Made up of lipids
(hydrophobic)
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Nucleus “Brain” of the cell Controls all functions Contains DNA
(chromosomes) Surrounded by a
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE that is similar to the cell membrane
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Cytoplasm Watery, jelly-like material that
contains dissolved solutes, nutrients, etc.
Located in-between cell membrane and nucleus
Surrounds most other cell parts
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Ribosomes Made of protein & RNA
Structures in which proteins are made
Some proteins kept, others exported by Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Mitochondria Small, rod-like
structures “Powerhouse” of the
cell Extract energy from
food and makes ATP
What kind of cells have the most?
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Vacuoles Storage sacs
within cells Can store: food,
water, minerals, waste, or toxins
MUCH larger within plant cells (keeps plant rigid)
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Lysosomes Sacs containing digestive enzymes
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Specialized Organelles
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Only In Plant Cells: Chloroplasts (and chlorophyll) Cell Wall
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Cell Wall Surrounds and
supports plant cells (and some fungi, bacteria, and algae)
Made of cellulose (most abundant biological molecule in nature)
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Chloroplast Structure in which plant
cells create sugars
Contain chlorophyll (green) which captures sunlight
Sugars made in chloroplasts are used in mitochondria as energy
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